刺参多糖的提取、分离纯化及活性研究进展

海参是一种珍贵的海珍品,是“八珍”之一,刺参被誉为“海参之冠”,富含多糖等活性物质,具有极高的食用和药用价值。海参多糖具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血压、抗疲劳等多种活性。海参多糖的提取、分离、纯化和活性成为当前国内外的研究热点。文章总结了刺参多糖的提取方法、分离纯化方法和生物活性,并对刺参多糖的前景进行了展望,旨在为刺参多糖的进一步开发利用提供指导。     

木瓜蛋白酶提取刺参消化道多糖

采用酶解法提取仿刺参消化道多糖并进行初步性质测定。方法：通过木瓜蛋白酶酶解获得粗多糖,并综合考虑酶解时间、温度、加酶量的影响,获得优化的酶解条件;采用三氯醋酸法除蛋白,Sephacryl S-400 凝胶柱层析进行纯化,并测定其相对分子质量和硫酸基含量。结果：酶解最佳条件为加酶量10400U/g,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间6h,多糖得率8.11‰;纯化多糖为组分单一的酸性多糖,分子质量约25kD,硫酸基含量约为9.29%。     

仿刺参肠道多糖的纯化及理化分析

目的：对仿刺参肠道多糖进行纯化,并对纯化产物进行理化分析。方法：使用葡聚糖凝胶(G-100)层析柱分离出两种仿刺参肠道多糖,选取其中多糖A进行研究。使用葡聚糖凝胶(G-100)柱层析法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳法进行纯度检测,葡聚糖凝胶(G-200)柱层析测定分子质量,高效液相色谱法确定其单糖组分,并结合红外吸收光谱法与核磁共振对其结构进行初步检测。结果：实验所得纯化产物多糖A为均一组分,主要含有氨基糖醛酸、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐和岩藻糖3种单糖,并含有少量的氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖。其中岩藻糖有α和β两种构型,以α-岩藻糖硫酸酯残基、β-岩藻糖硫酸酯残基形式存在。分子质量约为18.8×104D。结论：该纯化产物多糖A为一种酸性多糖,推测其为硫酸软骨素类。     

仿刺参纵肌多糖的纯化及体外抗氧化

目的：以仿刺参纵肌多糖为对象,探讨其纯化方法,并对其抗氧化活性进行研究。方法：仿刺参纵肌经木瓜蛋白酶水解、三氯乙酸去蛋白、Sephacryl S-400凝胶柱层析,得到一种多糖,进行红外光谱、分子质量和硫酸基含量测定,并进行硫酸酯化及体外抗氧化实验。结果：红外光谱初步显示所得纯化多糖具有酸性糖胺聚糖结构,分子质量约为676kD,硫酸基含量为10.98%,取代度为0.285;硫酸酯化后硫酸基含量为17.43%,取代度为0.360;纯化多糖及酯化多糖都具有抗氧化活性。结论：仿刺参纵肌多糖随着硫酸基含量及取代度的提高,抗氧化活性逐渐增强。     

小根蒜多糖的提取纯化及其单糖组分的鉴定

对小根蒜汁液进行反复脱脂、除蛋白、去果胶、分级醇沉处理,并经过凝胶柱SephadexG-25、SephadexG-50进行纯化,得到了单一的小根蒜多糖。通过对小根蒜多糖酸水解液进行薄板层析（TLC）和液相色谱分析（HPLC）,确定了其单糖组分主要为果糖和葡萄糖,比例为7.98:1。      

小根蒜多糖的提取纯化及其单糖组分的鉴定

对小根蒜汁液进行反复脱脂、除蛋白、去果胶、分级醇沉处理,并经过凝胶柱SephadexG-25、SephadexG-50进行纯化,得到了单一的小根蒜多糖。通过对小根蒜多糖酸水解液进行薄板层析(TLC)和液相色谱分析(HPLC),确定了其单糖组分主要为果糖和葡萄糖,比例为7.98:1。     

仿刺参卵多糖的分离纯化及体外抗肿瘤活性

目的：探究仿刺参卵多糖的结构及体外抗肿瘤活性。方法：通过酶解醇沉获得仿刺参卵粗多糖（polysaccharides from Apostichopus japonicus spawn,SPS）;通过色谱柱纯化后进行理化性质分析;采用噻唑蓝法研究卵多糖对HeLa、HGC-27细胞的体外增殖抑制作用。结果：获得3 种不同多糖组分SPS-1、SPS-2、SPS-3,对干预的肿瘤细胞均有显著抑制作用。SPS-1抑制作用最强,对HeLa及HGC-27细胞的最高抑制率分别为98.04%、99.4%。结论：从仿刺参卵中分离出3 种多糖组分,均表现出一定的抑制肿瘤细胞增殖活性。     

茶叶多糖的提取纯化及其单糖组分的鉴定

研究了用水煮醇沉法提取茶叶多糖,用savage法除蛋白,苯酚-硫酸法测多糖含量,通过正交试验确定茶叶多糖的最佳提取条件;粗多糖经Sephadex-100柱层析纯化,得到精制茶叶多糖;薄层层析法鉴定单糖组分。结果表明:最佳提取条件为95℃,料液比1∶20(g:mL),提取时间2h,提取3次,茶叶多糖含量为35.92mg/g。茶叶多糖中含有2种不同的多糖,水解得到单糖D-半乳糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖、L-阿拉伯糖等。     

冬瓜多糖的提取和纯化研究

冬瓜多糖具有许多重要的生理功能,研究了其提取和纯化方法。依次经热水浸提、无水乙醇沉淀和盐酸脱蛋白三步骤得到冬瓜粗多糖。冬瓜粗多糖经凝胶柱层析得纯多糖。红外(IR)光谱分析表明该多糖具有β-D-吡喃糖苷键,凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测得其分子量约为22800。紫外(UV)吸收光谱分析和苯酚—硫酸法分析表明所得冬瓜多糖具有较高的纯度。薄层层析(TLC)分析表明冬瓜多糖是由半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖和鼠李糖这6种单糖组成。     

防刺参不同部位营养成分的分析及综合评价

对仿刺参体壁、肠、呼吸树营养成分作了分析和测定,结果表明,参肠、呼吸树中蛋白质、粗脂肪、多糖、皂苷含量均高于体壁,氨基酸的EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA指标更接近FAO/WHO的理想模式,脂肪酸EPA的含量高于体壁。经综合评价分析,海参肠、呼吸树具有较高的营养价值。     

仿刺参与进口海参营养品质的比较分析

为比较仿刺参与进口海参的综合品质,对仿刺参和6种进口海参的水分、灰分、盐分、蛋白质、总糖、水溶性总糖、含砂量、复水后干重率、海参多糖、海参皂苷指标进行检测,并采用主成分分析法进行综合品质评价。7种干海参水分、盐分、水溶性总糖含量(质量分数)分别低于15%、40%、3%;蛋白质含量高于40%;总糖含量为2.90%～12.56%;含砂量为0.52%～11.23%;复水后干重率为36.09%～64.63%;海参多糖含量为1.88%～7.71%;海参皂苷含量为ND～0.140%。主成分分析结果得出,7种海参的综合营养品质顺序为仿刺参>红极参>墨西哥海参>南美刺参>腰参>岩刺参>阿拉斯加红参。仿刺参的营养丰富,含砂量低且复水后干重率高,综合品质最佳。     

10种海参营养成分分析

目的分析子安辐肛参、智利瓜参、黑海参、绿刺参、美国肉参、红刺参、黑北极参、糙刺参、阿拉斯加红参和黄秃参10种海参的营养成分组成。方法分别采用凯氏定氮法、高温灼烧法、亚甲基蓝比色法、氨基酸自动分析及电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定海参中的蛋白、灰分、黏多糖、氨基酸和21种无机元素含量,并分析10种海参的营养价值。结果 10种海参在营养成分上存在一定的差异,其粗蛋白含量范围为73.58~87.20%,灰分含量范围为4.10~8.71%,黏多糖含量范围为7.86~13.15%,总氨基酸含量范围为61.42~75.84%,10种海参必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量的比值(essential amino acid/total amino acid,EAA/TAA)均低于刺参。10种海参均富含人体必需的Fe、Zn、Cu、se等微量元素,而Cd、Pb、As、Cr等有害元素含量均符合GB 2762-2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》规定的限量标准;10种海参中21种元素含量差异显著。结论本研究证实10种海参均具有较高的营养价值,从而为进一步开发利用进口海参资源提供参考。     

不同状态下海参中的铝含量测定及安全分析

目的 建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定海参中铝含量的方法,并比较评价不同状态下海参中的铝含量.方法 选取不同地市的30个干海参样品和15个即食海参样品,经微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱进行测定.结果 铝在0～2.0 mg/L质量浓度内的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9998,该方法检出限为0.5 mg/kg,...     

Dielectric properties of sea cucumbers (Stichopus japonicus) and model foods at 915 MHz

Short-time microwave (MW) sterilization is a feasible technology to produce high-quality shelf-stable sea cucumbers (SCs) (Stichopus japonicus). Selection of a model food matching the sea cucumbers in dielectric properties (DPs) is one of the most important steps for developing the MW processing. The test results revealed that rehydrated sea cucumber has much lower relative dielectric loss factor (9.73-5.62) than muscle foods, including salmon fillets and sliced beef, which were reported in the literature. The whey protein gel formulations that had been developed in our laboratory as a tool in heating pattern studies for those products are, therefore, not appropriate for sea cucumber. Adding 1.0% gellan powder sharply reduced the amount of whey protein concentrates needed to form firm gels and significantly lowered the dielectric loss factor. The dielectric properties of the sea cucumbers and model food samples with different formulations were measured using a custom-built temperature controlled test cell and an Agilent 4291B impedance analyzer in the temperature range 20-120 °C. Based on comparison of the measured dielectric properties and the calculated microwave power penetration depths among the sea cucumbers and model foods, appropriate formulation with whey protein concentration 5%, whey protein isolation 3%, gellan gum 1%, d-ribose 0.5% and water 90.5% was chosen as the model food for the sea cucumbers for the purpose of MW processing development.     

Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of three different fresh and dried commercial sea cucumbers from Turkey

Proximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of three commercial sea cucumbers; Holothuria tubulosa, Holothuria polii and Holothuria mammata caught from Aegean Sea of Turkey were analysed. The effects of regional variation and drying process on FA composition were also investigated. Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of the species ranged between 81.24% and 85.24%, 7.88% and 8.82%, 0.09% and 0.18%, and 5.13% and 7.85%, respectively, with a significant changes among species (P < 0.05) with some exceptions. Although FA values varied significantly (P < 0.05) among species and regions, the changes for most FA types representing the same region for different species were not significantly different. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found to be higher than total saturated (SFA) and monosaturated FAs (MUFA) accounting for 53.0–62.12% for ∑PUFA, 13.28–16.41% for ∑MUFA and 13.99–19.21% for ∑SFA. While some individual SFAs and PUFAs decreased after drying process, various individual FAs of MUFA increased in their amounts (P < 0.05). Among PUFAs, the highest mean value of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid for all regions were determined for H. polii as 7.25% and H. tubulosa as 12.37% in fresh samples, respectively. This study represents new information relating to FA contents and drying effect on FA profile for these species.     

不同加工工艺对南移仿刺参品质的影响

以南移养殖仿刺参为原料,按不同工艺加工成刺参产品,通过对食用状态的刺参水分、重量、营养及功能成分、质构等的测定,比较分析不同加工工艺对南移刺参品质的影响。结果显示,不同加工工艺处理的刺参,其营养及功能成分均有一定损失,冻干刺参粉营养及功能成分流失最少,糖干刺参流失最多;冷风淡干刺参发制速率快,具有良好的弹性和咀嚼性,是一种较理想的干制方式。      

Regulation mechanism of peptides derived from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas) for modulation of learning and memory

Food Science and Biotechnology - Peptides derived from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas have immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. Three dosage levels of peptide hydrolysates were fed...     

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of sea cucumbers

BACKGROUND: The dried form of sea cucumbers has been a seafood and medicinal cure for Asians over many centuries. In this study the chemical composition and nutritional quality of eight common sea cucumbers (Stichopus herrmanni, Thelenota ananas, Thelenota anax, Holothuria fuscogilva, Holothuria fuscopunctata, Actinopyga mauritiana, Actinopyga caerulea and Bohadschia argus) were determined. RESULTS: All species except T. anax and A. caerulea had higher protein and lower fat levels. A. mauritiana and B. argus had less ash content. Glycine was the dominant amino acid found in all species, and content ranged from 126 to 216 mg g^?1 of crude protein. All species exhibited low lysine:arginine ratio and higher essential amino acid scores were obtained by threonine and phenylalanine + tyrosine. A. mauritiana had proportionally less saturated fatty acids (31.23%), and more monounsaturated fatty acids (45.64%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 23.13%) than other species. Arachidonic acid (C20:4n‐6) was the major PUFA in all species. T. ananas, A. mauritiana and A. caerulea contained more n‐3 PUFA. The n‐3/n‐6 ratios of eight sea cucumbers species ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. CONCLUSION: Sea cucumbers are a seafood with high protein and low fat levels. The amino acid contents were similar but fatty acid profiles were different among species. The comparison showed that T. ananas, A. mauritiana and B. argus possessed higher nutritional values than other sea cucumber species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry