改进Xception模型的乳腺钼靶图像识别研究

乳腺X线摄影技术是早期发现乳腺癌的主要方法,但其结果很大程度上受放射科医师临床诊断经验的限制;基于卷积神经网络对乳腺钼靶图像自动分类的研究可以为放射科医师临床诊断提供意见,然而乳腺癌肿块边缘模糊且良恶性肿块特征差异较小,分类任务面临重重挑战;为了提高乳腺钼靶图像分类的准确率,提出一种基于Xception模型的改进优化算法,改进模型中的残差连接模块,并嵌入Squeeze-and-excitation（SE）注意力机制对模型进行优化;采用优化后的Xception模型并结合迁移学习算法进行乳腺钼靶图像特征提取,并优化全连接层网络进行图像分类,使用公开的乳腺癌图像数据库CBIS-DDSM进行实验,将乳腺钼靶图像自动分为良性和恶性;实验结果表明该方法可以有效提高模型的分类效果,准确率和AUC分别达到了97.46%和99.12%。     

基于改进DenseNet的乳腺钼靶肿块分类方法

乳腺X线摄影技术是目前乳腺癌早期发现和诊断的重要手段。然而乳腺X线图像中肿块边缘模糊,分类相对困难,因此提升乳腺肿块的诊断精度从而及早预防和治疗仍是医学领域的一大挑战。针对乳腺肿块的特点,提出了一种结合密集卷积神经网络（DenseNet）和压缩激励（SE）模块的新网络（DSAMNet）,该网络融合了二者优势,既加强特征重用,又实现特征提取过程中的特征重标定。根据SE模块嵌入DenseNet的不同位置,提出了模型SE-DenseNet-A、SE-DenseNet-B和SE-DenseNet-C。对SE-DenseNet的池化函数进行改进,提出了模型DSAMNet-A、DSAMNet-B和DSAMNet-C。综合不同结构和不同深度的网络模型在公开数据集CBIS-DDSM上进行训练和测试。实验结果表明,DSAMNet-B有更加优异的性能,其准确率比DenseNet模型的准确率提高了10.8%,AUC达到了0.929。     

乳腺辅助诊断系统中可疑肿块分割方法研究

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,早发现早治疗是防治的关键。而计算机辅助诊断技术能够有效地对具有乳腺癌重要特征的可疑肿块进行分割、检测和分类,从而提高影像医生的诊断效率和准确率。综述了目前出现的一些较好的乳腺可疑肿块分割方法,对这些算法进行了深入的研究,对它们的优点和性能进行了对比和分析。最后展望了基于肿块分割方法可能提高精准度的一些途径。     

基于边缘检测的多类别医学图像分类方法

针对乳腺X光医学图像多类分类精度普遍较低的问题,提出了一种基于边缘检测的医学图像多类分类新方法。首先对乳腺X光医学图像进行预处理包括图像去噪和图像增强,再通过边缘检测方法,获取乳腺X光医学图像中的肿块区域,对检测到的肿块区域使用灰度共生矩阵提取特征,对于提取到的特征,采用支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）的方法进行分类;对于检测不到肿块区域的乳腺X光医学图像可直接分类为无乳腺癌（即正常）类。实验结果表明,与传统的支持向量机多类分类算法相比,基于边缘检测的医学图像多类分类新方法在乳腺X光医学图像上具有更高的分类精度。     

基于邻域关系模糊粗糙集的医学图像分类研究

对医学图像进行分类时,特征选择是影响分类准确率的非常重要的因素。针对医学图像的特殊性,以及目前提出的特征选择算法在应用于医学图像分类时效果不够理想等问题,提出一种基于邻域关系的模糊粗糙集模型,基于该模型给出特征选择算法,并将其应用于乳腺X光图像。实验结果表明,同已有的算法相比,该方法能有效选择特征,分类精度有较大的提升。     

医学图像增强算法与特征提取算法研究与实现

医学图像质量是医生判读准确率高低的基础,医学图像增强是提高图像质量的重要方法。文中对医学图像的平滑处理方法和边缘特征提取算法进行了研究与实现,主要包括邻域平均法、加权平均法、中值滤波法、形态学增强处理、Canny边缘提取算子以及形态学提取边缘的方法。从模拟结果可以看出,经过增强处理后的图像以及所提取的边缘特征明显优于原图像。这样不仅可提高医生的判断速度和准确率,而且有助于对医学图像的特征描述、匹配、重建等工作。     

基于纹理特征的超声图像乳腺肿块识别

针对乳腺超声图像,提出一种基于图像纹理特征提取的乳腺肿块识别方法,从而有助于使用计算机辅助鉴别的方法判断乳腺肿块是否发生癌变,辅助放射科医生对影像的性质作出预判.首先对乳腺超声图像进行最大响应滤波处理,在保证一定边缘组织结构完整的同时去除主要的噪声干扰.在此基础上,提取乳腺图像的一阶和二阶纹理特征,然后用人工神经网络对...     

双侧特征融合的乳腺肿块检测

乳腺癌是妇女最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,面向乳腺钼靶X线图像的计算机辅助肿块检测技术可以帮助影像科医师早期发现乳腺病变.针对于单侧的乳腺肿块检测中准确率有待提升的问题,提出双侧特征融合的乳腺肿块检测算法.首先,进行图像预处理,并利用相干点漂移完成乳腺轮廓配准;然后,利用配准得到的变换矩阵获得双侧乳腺感兴趣区域,再在其中提取左右侧乳腺的单侧特征向量和双侧对比特征向量,从而建立融合的特征模型,并采用遗传选择算法对特征向量进行特征选择;最后利用极限学习机基于选择后的特征进行乳腺肿块检测.实验结果表明,与传统的基于单侧的乳腺肿块检测算法相比,文中算法能有效地提高检测准确率.     

改进标记分水岭的乳腺X线图像肿块检测方法

乳腺X线图像肿块大小不一,固定参数的传统标记分水岭算法无法实现乳腺X线图像肿块的有效检测。针对此问题,文中提出了一种结合形状特征和改进型标记分水岭的乳腺X线图像肿块检测方法。在计算前景标记时,结合标记的形状特征判定前景标记,通过对前景标记进行形态学膨胀并提取边缘以获得背景标记,利用改进型自适应参数标记分水岭算法实现肿块检测。实验结果表明,文中算法通过结合形状特征,自适应地选择合适的形态学参数,使得肿块检测准确率高于传统标记分水岭算法。     

基于深度学习和迁移学习的水果图像分类

图像识别作为深度学习领域内的一项重要应用,水果图像的分类识别在智慧农业以及采摘机器人等方面具有重要应用。针对以往传统图像分类算法存在泛化能力差、准确率不高等问题,提出一种在TensorFlow框架下基于深度学习和迁移学习的水果图像分类算法。该算法采用Inception-V3的部分模型结构对水果图像数据进行特征提取,采用Softmax分类器对图像特征进行分类,并通过迁移学习方式进行训练得到迁移训练模型。测试结果表明,该算法与传统水果分类算法对比,具有较高识别准确率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).