我国与欧盟、美国、日本、CAC畜禽兽药残留限量标准对比研究

对我国与欧盟、美国、日本、国际食品法典委员会（CAC）关于畜禽兽药残留限量标准进行对比研究。分别对更新频率、兽药种类、限量值进行逐级对比。结果表明：我国畜禽兽药残留限量标准更新较为缓慢。欧盟、美国、日本、CAC现行畜禽兽药残留限量标准中,已经有较大比例严于我国标准。应加快我国畜禽兽药残留限量中尚未覆盖的兽药限量标准制定,更新检测设备及检测方法以应对贸易壁垒。     

生鲜乳中农兽药残留限量分析比对

整理了国际食品法典(CAC)、美国、加拿大、欧盟、日本、新西兰、澳大利亚以及我国生鲜乳中农兽药残留限量,分析了我国与其他国家或组织生鲜乳中农兽药残留限量标准存在的差异,并提出了完善我国生鲜乳中农兽药残留限量标准的措施和建议。     

中国与欧盟和美国牛奶中兽药残留限量标准的对比研究

近年来,动物源性食品安全问题备受关注。滥用违禁药品、超量或盲目用药、不遵循休药期等现象屡禁不止,这些行为将会导致食品中兽药残留过量进而严重危害人类健康,因此建立合适的兽药残留限量标准是有效监控动物源性食品安全的关键。我国为更加有效地监管兽药使用情况,于2019年新颁布了GB 31650—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留限量》。本文比较了我国新旧国家标准以及新国家标准与欧盟和美国的牛奶中兽药残留限量标准的差异,结果表明,新国家标准对旧标准进行了一定程度上的补充与修改,但其与发达国家的食品安全标准仍存在一定差异。未来我国仍需结合兽药实际使用情况进一步完善乳制品中兽药残留限量的相关标准,使其向国际标准靠拢,提高我国乳制品在国际市场的竞争力,这对打破国际技术性贸易壁垒、保障食品安全具有十分重要的意义。     

畜禽产品兽药残留限量标准现状与发展方向

对国际食品法典委员会、欧盟、美国、日本等国际组织和主要发达国家与地区以及我国的畜禽产品兽药残留限量标准现状进行了介绍,比对分析了我国与上述组织和国家在兽药残留限量标准数量和限量值方面的主要差异,提出了我国兽药残留限量标准存在问题和今后的发展方向。     

我国与欧盟、美国、国际食品法典委员会的禽蛋抗生素类兽药残留限量标准对比分析

近年来,鸡蛋中兽药残留成为食品安全问题的焦点。本文对国际食品法典委员会、欧盟、美国、中国关于禽蛋中抗生素类兽药的最大残留限量和限制种类进行总结比较。结果表明,我国关于动物源性食品中兽药最大残留限量的法规更新速度慢,禽蛋抗生素类兽药限制种类不全面,限量值有待进一步研究。2020年4月1日实施的食品安全国家标准(GB31650-2019)基本覆盖了我国兽药种类和动物组织,进一步完善了我国的兽药管理制度。结合我国实际,需加强兽药监管能力建设,加快相关标准的修订与更新,为我国养殖业的科学用药提供法规依据,从源头上减少和控制兽药的使用。     

食品中兽药残留限量标准的差异

本文介绍了CAC、美国、加拿大、欧盟以及我国食品中兽药残留限量标准现状,分析了我国与CAC、美国、加拿大及欧盟食品中兽药残留限量标准存在的差异,并提出了完善我国食品兽药残留限量标准的措施和建议。     

我国与国际食品法典委员会（CAC）食品中兽药最大残留限量标准的对比分析

对比分析我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中兽药最大残留限量标准的异同。从标准涉及的兽药种类、具体食品种类、残留限量值三个层面逐级对比。结果表明我国标准涉及的兽药种类为217种,CAC标准为57种,二者相同的兽药种类42种;我国标准在残留具体食品动物的种类与数量上与CAC标准基本相同;我国兽药残留限量指标的总数为1035个,远远多于CAC的477个;在可比指标范围内,我国有302个残留限量指标值与CAC相同,26个残留限量指标值严于CAC,仅8个残留限量指标值宽于CAC。因此我国兽药残留限量标准中有98%的可比指标值已达到或超过CAC标准的要求。     

欧盟与中国禽蛋食品安全农兽药残留限量对比分析

近年来, 由于我国与欧盟(European Union, EU)在制定蛋制品中农兽药最大残留限量(maximum residues limits, MRLs)上的不同, 我国出口欧洲的蛋制品中农兽药残留超标及检出违禁药物的食品安全事件频繁报道, 严重阻碍了中国禽蛋出口贸易的发展。为了解我国与欧盟在禽蛋中农兽药残留限量标准方面的差异, 提升中国禽蛋产品在国际市场的竞争力, 本文对欧盟和中国禽蛋中农药和兽药残留的种类和最大残留限量值进行对比分析, 发现目前我国禽蛋农兽药残留限量标准存在种类尚不全面、残留限量指标的严宽程度有待研究等问题。针对我国实际, 本文提出一些完善蛋制品农兽药残留标准体系的思路和对策措施, 为保障食品安全与产品出口提供重要参考依据。     

我国与主要贸易国家间猪肉中农药残留限量对比分析

掌握不同国家、地区猪肉中农药最大残留限量（Maximum Residue Limits，MRL）要求现状，分析其差异性，以便降低猪肉贸易风险。收集我国和主要贸易国家，联合国粮农组织食品法典委员会（Codex Alimentarius Commission，CAC）、澳大利亚、美国、日本、新西兰、欧盟现行的猪肉农药MRLs标准和技术法规进行对比分析。由于各国饮食习惯、膳食结构不同，我国与主要贸易国家之间存在农药MRL差异，主要表现在：部分农药残留物的定义中所包含的农药转化物、代谢物、反应产物等的不同；农药最大残留限量指标数量和品种的不同，其中我国与欧盟、日本和澳大利亚等国在指标数量上差异较大；相同农药残留限量指标的宽严程度不同，个别指标差异较大。我国应继续加强国际间猪肉农药残留限量标准制定交流，进一步完善我国猪肉农药残留限量标准体系。     

国内外蛋类兽药最大残留限量标准对比分析

对比了我国蛋类兽药最大残留限量与CAC、美国、日本、新加坡、加拿大的异同。从涉及的兽药种类、耙组织分类、残留限量值三个方面进行了对比。结果表明我国蛋类兽药最大残留限量与发达国家相比存在以下差距:涉及兽药种类少;耙组织规定比较单一;一些兽药的限量值不尽合理;风险评估研究不够。并提出了完善我国蛋类兽药残留限量标准的措施和建议。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the