多拓扑路由技术的实现

多拓扑路由技术是传统路由技术的扩展,基于物理拓扑构建多个逻辑拓扑,将物理网络划分为多个层次,数据包在每个层次上分别路由。本文基于开源路由平台QUAGGA实现了多拓扑路由算法。配置接口拓扑信息,扩展链路状态信息,并对原有路由计算过程进行改进,每一个拓扑编号对应一个独立的最短路径树。最后,给出了一个实际拓扑中的配置案例及测试结果。     

Some routing problems on Broadband ISDN

In this paper, three related virtual channel routing problems on Broadband ISDN are investigated and shown to be NP-complete. A distributed routing heuristic is proposed to reduce the call blocking rate while preserving a fast call setup time. Various traffic patterns and network topologies are employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed heuristic by simulations. Two existing famous routing schemes are also applied for comparison. The simulation results show that the proposed heuristic performs better in most cases than the other two schemes.     

用遗传算法寻找OLSR协议的最小MPR集

节点可以自由、自主地进入网络拓扑的特性,使得移动Ad hoc网络(mobile ad hoc network,简称MANET)被广泛应用于诸如灾难救援、战场等多种环境中.MANET中的路由要能迅速地适应频繁的网络拓扑结构的变化,同时最大限度地节约网络资源.OLSR(optimized link state routing protocol)协议是一个重要的MANET路由协议,而支撑此协议的一个关键技术是MPR(multipoint relays).在介绍了OLSR协议及MPR技术之后,揭示了目前启发式算法在寻找最小MPR上的弱点,提出了一种基于遗传算法(genetic algorithm,简称GA)的新算法,并证明了该算法的收敛性.通过采用不同遗传策略将此遗传算法衍生成了4个系列算法,并在随机生成的拓扑上对其进行模拟.模拟结果分析显示:提出的遗传算法是可行和适用的,选择的启发式策略也是恰当和正确的.     

基于信任的P2P真实性查询及副本管理算法s

文档安全性对于信息共享Peer-to-Peer(或P2P)系统而言是一项重要的性能指标,以P2P系统的文档安全性优化为目标.P2P系统的文档安全性主要取决于两方面的因素:其载体的安全性和文档相关机制的构造,如副本管理等.对于P2P这样高度自主的分布式系统而言,文档安全性的提高无法依赖于结点安全性的提高,而应依靠对文档相关机制的控制来实现.首先设计了一个对文档安全性敏感的查询协议,以该查询协议为基础,与文档相关的机制就可以形式化地表述为函数,而系统文档安全性的提高就转化为函数空间上的数学分析.基于函数分析的结果,设计了一套旨在提高文档真实性的副本管理算法集合.理论分析的结果表明:在理想情况下,该算法集合可达到文档真实性的优化.对于实际系统,经过大量的模拟实验结果验证,该算法集可以获得良好的效果,接近优化水平.     

一种改进负载均衡的网络编码多播路由算法

已有研究证明,在多播网络中使用网络编码可以显著提高多播通信的性能。总结了网络编码多播理论的研究进展,同时对网络编码多播路由问题进行了研究与分析。考虑到影响链路负载和资源消耗的因素,提出了一种改进链路负载均衡的网络编码多播路由算法,优化了路径间链路的共享。通过使用常见的Waxman网络拓扑模型,产生随机网络拓扑。在这些拓扑中,分别针对传统IP多播路由、低速率网络下的网络编码多播路由以及提出的路由算法进行性能仿真。仿真结果表明,与其他两种路由算法相比,该算法在可达吞吐量、资源消耗和负载均衡等性能上均有很好的表现。     

Architectural considerations in the design of WDM-based optical access networks

We describe a WDM-based optical access network architecture for providing broadband Internet services. The architecture uses a passive collection and distribution network and a configurable Feeder network. Unlike earlier papers that concentrate on the physical layer design of the network, we focus on higher layer architectural considerations. In particular we discuss the joint design of the electronic and optical layers including: WDM Medium Access Control protocols; the choice of electronic multiplexing and switching between the IP and WDM layers; joint optical and electronic protection mechanisms; network reconfiguration algorithms that alter the logical topology of the network in response to changes in traffic; and traffic grooming algorithms to minimize the cost of electronic multiplexing. Finally we also discuss the impact of the optical topology on higher layer protocols such as IP routing, TCP flow control and multi-layer switching.     

A novel admission control mechanism in GMPLS-based IP over optical networks

With the migration of real-time and high-priority traffic in IP networks, dynamic admission control mechanisms are very important in high-capacity networks where IP and optical technologies have converged with a GMPLS-based control-plane. In this paper proposes, we propose an integrated multilayer traffic engineering framework that considers both physical and logical (optical layer) topologies for dynamically admitting new label switched paths (LSPs) in GMPLS networks. The dynamic admission control mechanism is based on an optimal resolution of an integer linear programming model that takes into account both lightpaths availability, wavelength continuity and routing constraints. In order to minimize LSPs set up delays, this mechanism first considers the logical topology (set of lightpaths) that is already in place before setting up a new lightpath for the incoming LSP, resulting in an additional set up signaling delay. When tested by simulations, results confirm that the proposed formulation effectively improves the network performance by reducing the connection blocking rate, while guaranteeing strict delay and noise constraints.     

A deadlock-free routing algorithm for dynamically reconfigurable Networks-on-Chip

We address routing in Networks-On-Chip (NoC) architectures that use irregular mesh topologies with Long-Range Links (LRL). These topologies create difficult conditions for routing algorithms, as standard algorithms assume a static, regular link structure and exploit the uniformity of regular meshes to avoid deadlock and maintain routability. We present a novel routing algorithm that can cope with these irregular topologies and adapt to run-time LRL insertion and topology reconfiguration. Our approach to accommodate dynamic topology reconfiguration is to use a new technique that decomposes routing relations into two stages: the calculation of output ports on the current minimal path and the application of routing restrictions designed to prevent deadlock. In addition, we present a selection function that uses local topology data to adaptively select optimal paths.The routing algorithm is shown to be deadlock-free, after which an analysis of all possible routing decisions in the region of an LRL is carried out. We show that the routing algorithm minimises the cost of sub-optimally placed LRL and display the hop savings available. When applied to LRLs of less than seven hops, the overall traffic hop count and associated routing energy cost is reduced. In a simulated 8 × 8 network the total input buffer usage across the network was reduced by 6.5%.     

Topology-Aware Multiple Routing Configurations for Fault Tolerant Networking

Real-time services require reliable and fault tolerant communication networks to support their stringent Quality of Service requirements. Multi Topology Routing based IP Fast Re-route (MT-IPFRR) technologies provide seamless forwarding of IP packets during network failures by constructing virtual topologies (VTs) to re-route the disrupted traffic. Multiple Routing Configurations (MRC) is a widely studied MT-IPFRR technique. In this paper, we propose two heuristics, namely mMRC-1 and mMRC-2, to reduce the number of VTs required by the MRC to provide full coverage for single link/node failures, and hence, to decrease its operational complexity. Both heuristics are designed to construct more robust VTs against network partitioning by taking their topological characteristics into consideration. We perform extensive experiments on 3200 topologies with diverse structural properties using our automated topology generation and analysis tool. Numerical results show that the amount of reductions in VT requirements get higher up to 31.84 %, as the networks tend to have more hub nodes whose degree is much higher than the rest of the network.     

Using genetic algorithms to design mesh networks

Designs for mesh communication networks must meet conflicting, interdependent requirements. This sets the stage for a complex problem with a solution that targets optimal topological connections, routing, and link capacity assignments. These assignments must minimize cost while satisfying traffic requirements and keeping network delays within permissible values. Since such a problem is NP-complete, developers must use heuristic techniques to handle the complexity and solve practical problems with a modest number of nodes. One heuristic technique, genetic algorithms, appears to be ideal to handle the design of mesh networks with capability of handling discrete values, multiobjective functions, and multiconstraint problems. Existing applications of genetic algorithms to this problem, however, have only optimized the network topology. They ignore the difficult subproblems of routing and capacity assignment, a crucial determiner of network quality and cost. This article presents a total solution to mesh network design using a genetic algorithm approach. The application is a 10-city network that links Hong Kong and nine other cities in China. The development demonstrates that this method can be used for networks of reasonable size with realistic topology and traffic requirements     

A new approach for designing fault-tolerant WDM networks

In recent years, path protection has emerged as a widely accepted technique for designing survivable WDM networks. This approach is attractive, since it is able to provide bandwidth guarantees in the presence of link failures. However, it requires allocating resources for backup lightpaths, which remain idle under normal fault-free conditions. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for designing fault-tolerant WDM networks, based on the concept of survivable routing. Survivable routing of a logical topology ensures that the lightpaths are routed in such a way that a single link failure does not disconnect the network. When a topology is generated using our approach, it is guaranteed to have a survivable routing. We further ensure that the logical topology is able to handle the entire traffic demand after any single link failure. We first present an ILP that optimally designs a survivable logical topology, and then propose a heuristic for larger networks. Experimental results demonstrate that this new approach is able to provide guaranteed bandwidth, and is much more efficient in terms of resource utilization, compared to both dedicated and shared path protection.     

On graph-based characteristics of optimal overlay topologies

In this paper, we address the challenge of overlay topology design by considering which overlay topology best minimizes cost function, taking into account overlay link creation cost and routing cost. First, we formulate the problem as Integer Linear Programming (ILP) given a traffic matrix and assuming cooperative behavior of nodes. Then, we propose some heuristics to find near-optimal overlay topologies with a reduced complexity. The solutions to the ILP problem on real network topologies have been analyzed, showing that the traffic demands between the nodes affect the decision to create new overlay links. Next, the obtained optimal and near-optimal overlay topologies are thoroughly analyzed and the heuristics are compared through extensive numerical evaluations. Finally guidelines for the selection of the best heuristic as a function of the cost parameters are also provided.     

卫星路由算法研究

对目前几种主流的组网技术,包括异步传输模式(ATM),网际互连协议的协议栈(IP),多协议标签交换(MPLS),卫星网络与地面网络的网络构成、拓扑以及通信时延等特点作了分析比较,同时对地面网络上的主要的路由算法进行了分析,主要包括距离向量算法和链路状态算法等：给出了运行于卫星网络上的路由算法,并对路由算法的三种策略进行了分类分析,其中基于虚拟拓扑路由策略的路由算法多用于基于像ATM等面向连接的网络;而采用虚拟节点概念的路由算法常用于基于IP的路由;基于拓扑依赖策略的路由算法,对于特定的星座网络将会有较高的效率。     

一种光因特网中的一体化QoS组播路由算法

讨论了IP/DWDM光因特网中的一体化多约束QoS组播路由和波长分配算法。给定一个QoS组播请求,包括带宽需求、组播端到端延迟上界和延迟抖动上界,提出了一种算法,它能够找到一棵同时满足上述三个约束的组播树。提出的算法基于一种类似于波长图的逻辑拓扑来构造组播树。逻辑拓扑上的路径同时指出路由和该路由上的可用波长。通过这种方式,算法将路由和波长分配集成在一起一体化考虑。最后,阐述了算法的正确性。     

一种基于虚拟IP的PLCSN组网路由算法

针对传统基于逻辑拓扑的低压电力载波网络不可靠不稳定的问题,提出了一种基于虚拟IP的组网路由算法。该算法按深度优先遍历策略搜索全网,结合可变功率方法探测未知节点,根据节点间的信号衰减得出基于物理拓扑的网络平等簇结构,采用反映拓扑结构的虚拟IP进行网络编址,从而实现节点定位及高效路由。     

Adding structure to unstructured peer-to-peer networks: the use of small-world graphs

The “small-world” graph structure is pervasive and is observed to arise “without-design” or “naturally” in many practical systems such as the World Wide Web. In contrast to natural systems, overlay networks provide an opportunity to design structure. We seek the advantages of designing overlay topologies with small-world properties to support file sharing in peer-to-peer networks. We focus on two metrics of performance: (a) search protocol performance, a local gain perceived directly by peer-to-peer network users and (b) network utilization, a global property that is of interest to network service providers. We propose a class of overlay topologies and show, by simulation, that a particular topology instance of this class where every node has many close neighbors and few random neighbors (i.e., a small-world graph) exhibits very good properties. In this overlay topology, the chances of locating files are high, and the nodes where these files are found are, on average, close to the query source. This improvement in search protocol performance is achieved while decreasing the traffic load on the links in the underlying network. We propose a simple greedy algorithm to construct such overlay topologies where each node operates independently and in a decentralized manner to select its neighbors.     

基于启发式遗传算法的时分星间网络拓扑优化设计

针对北斗导航系统对星间网络的测量与数传业务需求,提出一种基于启发式遗传算法的网络拓扑优化设计方法,首先通过理论分析制定了拓扑规划的基本原则,给出一个能满足大部分需求的拓扑框架,以此作为初值,利用遗传算法对拓扑进行了优化,在路由规划中采用了分时以最短时延为原则的路由算法,最后,对星间网络测量指标进行了统计分析,以星间数据传输和星星地数据下传作为星间网络数据传输的典型工况,对星间网络拓扑路由规划的结果进行了逻辑仿真验证,仿真结果表明,该网络拓扑规划能满足导航星座常规业务的基本测量与数传需求,为解决导航星座星间网络的复杂运行管理提供了一种解决问题的思路。     

An effective methodology to improve the performance of the up*/down* routing algorithm

Networks of workstations (NOWs) are being considered as a cost-effective alternative to parallel computers. Most NOWs are arranged as a switch-based network and provide mechanisms for discovering the network topology. Hence, they provide support for both regular and irregular topologies, which makes routing and deadlock avoidance quite complicated. Current proposals use the up*/down* routing algorithm to remove cyclic dependencies between channels and avoid deadlock. However, routing is considerably restricted and most messages must follow nonminimal paths, increasing latency and wasting resources. We propose and evaluate a simple and effective methodology to compute up*/down* routing tables. The new methodology is based on computing a depth-first search (DPS) spanning tree on the network graph that decreases the number of routing restrictions with respect to the breadth-first search (BFS) spanning tree used by the traditional methodology. Additionally, we propose different heuristic rules for computing the spanning trees to improve the efficiency of up*/down* routing. Evaluation results for several different topologies show that computing the up*/down* routing tables by using the new methodology increases throughput by a factor of up to 2.48 in large networks with respect to the traditional methodology, and also reduces latency significantly.     

Interface split routing for finer-grained traffic engineering

Legacy IP routing restricts the efficacy of traffic engineering solutions. This restriction stems from the constraint that traffic at a node must be uniformly split across all next-hop nodes corresponding to equal cost shortest path to a destination. Proposals that alleviate this constraint either completely overhaul legacy IP routing, or introduce complex control and/or forwarding plane components. This additional complexity departs from the elegant simplicity of legacy routing protocols where statically optimized link weights embed all traffic engineering semantics.

We present Interface Split Routing (ISR), which retains the basic forwarding and control mechanism of legacy IP routing. Furthermore, a set of link weights embed all traffic engineering semantics in ISR. However, ISR makes possible finer-grained traffic engineering by configuring independent sets of next-hops to a destination at each incoming interface. This lends itself well to modern router architectures where each incoming interface has its own forwarding table. Consequently, at the aggregated node level, traffic to a particular destination may be non-uniformly distributed across next-hop nodes. Hence, ISR allows additional flexibility in routing traffic as compared to default IP routing while retaining its simplicity. We conduct simulation studies on representative ISP topologies to compare ISR with traditional link-weight-optimized routing. ISR reduces the difference between optimal routing and weight-optimized routing by 50%.     

Valiant load-balanced robust routing algorithm for multi-granularity connection requests in traffic-grooming WDM mesh networks

The paper considers the problem of establishing robust routes for multi-granularity connection requests in traffic-grooming WDM mesh networks and proposes a novel Valiant load-balanced robust routing scheme for the hose uncertain model. Our objective is to minimize the total network cost when construct the stable virtual topology that assure robust routing for all possible multi-granularity connection requests under the hose model. Since the optimization problem is shown to be NP-complete, two heuristic algorithms are proposed and evaluated. Finally we compare the traffic throughput of the virtual topology by Valiant load-balanced robust routing scheme with that of the traditional traffic-grooming algorithm under the same total network cost by computer simulation.