带钢平整轧制板形控制行为及效应的研究

定义一项板形控制效应描述指标——极限纵向塑性延伸应变差和两种区别反映板形控制行为的带钢平整轧制塑性变形状态——板形调控有效状态和板形调控饱和状态,应用ABAQUS有限元软件对平整轧制过程进行三维弹塑性建模及仿真研究,揭示带钢屈服强度对板形控制行为与效应的影响规律,解释高强/超高强度带钢平整轧制板形控制困难现象。带钢的极限纵向塑性延伸应变差与屈服强度呈正比例关系;当带钢宽度方向上压下量分布不均匀程度较小时,带钢处于板形调控有效状态;当带钢宽度方向上压下量分布均匀程度较大时,带钢处于板形调控饱和状态;当带钢处于板形调控有效状态时,压下量与前后张应力对纵向塑性延伸应变差分布影响很小,当带钢处于板形调控饱和状态时,压下量与前后张应力对纵向塑性延伸应变差分布有更明显影响。     

推进剂界面脱黏的有限元分析

采用黏结界面单元对推进剂的界面脱黏过程进行模拟,通过分析发现,由于推进剂内各组分的材料属性不同,受载条件下推进剂的应力应变分布很不均匀,基体变形大,颗粒变形小。推进剂黏结界面颗粒大小、取向以及相互之间的靠近程度对应力应变分布的影响较大,粒径越大,对应力应变分布的影响越大。应力集中首先出现在大颗粒周围,随着载荷的增加,大颗粒对应力应变分布的影响增大;并且界面脱黏位置受颗粒之间的影响较大,颗粒之间的相互作用影响了推进剂中微观损伤的演化,大颗粒之间的相互影响较大。     

基于动力显式算法的镍镀层钢带成形模拟

利用LS-DYNA软件采用实体单元及动力显式算法模拟了镍镀层钢带深冲成形过程。板料与模具之间采用主从面对算法,摩擦力服从库仑摩擦定律,界面结合采用固连断开接触模型。结果表明:镀层与基体在深冲成形过程中不会出现界面失效,基体与镀层应力-应变分布以及材料流动规律大致相同,但镀层的应力-应变分布情况更复杂,表现为个别地方分布的不均匀;同时通过改变板料与模具间的摩擦因数,可减小摩擦有利于材料成形性能的改善。     

双相钛合金拉伸时微观应力和应变的有限元模拟

利用扫描电子显微镜获取了Ti-6Al-4V双相钛合金的显微组织,然后结合图像处理、几何建模等技术建立了基于显微组织的代表性体积单元(RVE)有限元模型;利用ABAQUS有限元软件对RVE进行了拉伸时的微观应力和应变有限元模拟,并采用单轴拉伸试验进行了验证。结果表明:RVE的应力-应变曲线与试验结果吻合得很好,说明所建立的RVE有限元模型是准确的;在外加载荷作用下,微观应力和应变的分布不均匀,最大应力存在于β相中,最大塑性应变则出现在α相中,在α/β相界面区域发生应力和塑性应变的较大波动;应变局部化主要在靠近α/β相界面的α相内出现,随之形成的塑性应变失效带在α相中扩展。     

内高压成形矩形断面圆角应力分析

采用力学分析和数值模拟方法对圆角部位在内高压成形过程中的应力分布和变形机理进行分析,揭示出圆角和直边过渡区的减薄以及开裂的力学机理。提出内高压成形中圆角和直边的过渡区材料最易满足塑性屈服条件, 并发生厚度方向的压缩应变,因此在过渡区易发生剧烈的减薄变形;并且当管材壁厚与圆角半径的比值大于0．5 时,直边区和圆角区的屈服条件差别较大,引起变形不均匀性增大,更易导致过渡区的过度减薄和开裂。分析结果有助于指导内高压成形零件设计和工艺设计,改善矩形断面零件内高压成形件产品质量。     

非均质焊接接头裂纹尖端塑性区

采用平面应力弹塑性大应变有限元法分析了非均质焊接接头裂纹尖端塑性区的扩展规律，指出在非均质焊接接头中存在着塑性变形的不同时性与不均匀性，且焊缝金属强度匹配、材料本构关系以及裂纹长度（韧带长度）对塑性区的发生发展均有重要影响。     

双金属板软化界面的止裂与分层机理

采用带软化界面层的双金属层状板,分析了裂纹垂直于界面扩展过程中的力学行为.带单边裂纹的钢/铝层板的实验表明,裂尖到达界面时裂纹扩展速率降低;载荷增高后,易在界面上产生分层.利用有限元软件分析了裂纹前沿应力和应变的变化.计算结果表明,软铝界面层出现较大塑性应变,增加了裂纹扩展阻力,使裂纹扩展应力降低,而界面分层应力提高,导致了裂纹扩展速率降低和界面分层现象.     

油(气)管用钢板的包辛格效应

研究了输油（气）管用X70、X80钢板在不同的应变类型（轴向加载和弯曲加载）、不同预应变量和不同反向应变量下所导致的应变抗力的减小（称为包辛格效应,简称BE）,并探讨了影响钢板BE的主要因素。结果表明：强度较高的X80钢比强度较低的X70钢有较大的BE,说明材料的形变硬化能力影响到BE的大小;预应变量和反向应变的大小都对BE有显著的影响。弯曲加载方式引起试样横截面上弹、塑性应变分布的不均匀性,在反向应变时产生的宏观残余应力对BE也有不可忽视的影响。     

屈服强度对压痕应变法测量焊接应力中应变增量的影响

压痕应变法测量焊缝残余应力时采用母材的标定系数,常常由于焊缝和母材屈服强度的较大差异而带来严重误差.文中首先针对焊缝应力的计算方法提出改进,然后采用有限元数值模拟,针对直径2.0 mm球形压头和0.2 mm的压入深度,分析距离压痕中心4 mm～6 mm范围内不同屈服强度材料的塑性区变化特征,以及不同屈服强度材料的压痕叠加应变增量和有效应力(外加应力和屈服强度之比)之间的关系,获得一系列有价值的结果,基本解决了压痕应变法测量焊缝残余应力中用母材标定结果计算焊缝应力存在的误差问题.     

粘着与速度对滑动摩擦变形影响的研究

研究了在不同剪切强度和滑动速度参数下,两粗糙面间滑动过程中对等效塑性应变、y向和x向变形的影响。随着界面剪切强度增加,等效塑性应变的分布由良好对称转变成沿接触界面与滑动反方向扩大。在滑动中,界面剪切强度和滑动速度都影响y向和x向变形。随着滑动速度的减小,粗糙表面的变形越大黏着效应越明显。     

Interfacial Stress and Failure Analysis for Piston Ring Coatings under Dry Running Condition

A two-dimensional thermomechanical finite element model was developed to analyze the sliding process of a piston ring with coating sliding on cylinder liner under dry running condition. Thermal and mechanical effects were considered simultaneously in the model. The aim of the current work is to study the mechanisms of scuffing, failure, and seizure occurrence in a piston ring-liner system. It is shown that coating thickness plays an important role in the thermal and mechanical stress status at the contact area, coating bulk body, and interface of the coating and piston ring substrate. The coating thickness also exhibits a significant influence on the temperature rising at the contact area and interface of the ring coating and substrate, which could cause failure at the interface of the coating and substrate before it happens at the contact surface under some specific conditions. The results also show that thinner coating thickness in some specific range could have a higher possibility of cracking or failure. Furthermore, it is found that the thermal loading is the key cause of scuffing or failure of the piston ring coating.     

Three-dimensional finite element modelling of the scratch test for a TiN coated titanium alloy substrate

A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulation of a rigid Rockwell C indenter scratching a TiN/Ti-6Al-4V coating/substrate system is presented. Coulomb friction between the indenter and the surface of the coating/substrate system was considered. The material properties of the coating and substrate were assumed to be elastic–plastic following a bilinear law with isotropic strain hardening. The von Mises yield criteria was used to determine the onset of plastic deformations. The scratch depth profiles at different moving distances were studied. The distributions of the stress field at the contact surface, in the coating, and at the interface of the coating/substrate system were investigated. The finite element results can be used to explain the failure modes of coated materials at the scratch test.     

近疲劳强度载荷下WC/Co涂层对300M钢疲劳性能的影响

研究了在近疲劳强度载荷下超音速火焰喷涂WC/Co涂层和电镀铬层对300 M低合金钢疲劳性能的影响.结果表明：WC/Co涂层、电镀铬层试样和300 M钢基体的疲劳强度分别为753,600和720 MPa.在近疲劳强度载荷下,WC/Co涂层试样的疲劳寿命分别为基体和电镀铬层试样的1.5～2和5～10倍.三者的主裂纹源均为基体内部的Al2O3和SiO2夹杂物.电镀铬层中的次裂纹穿过界面并向基体中扩展,在基体表面形成新的次裂纹源,加快了基体中主裂纹源的形成和主裂纹的扩展;而WC/Co涂层中的次裂纹经过界面时向界面方向偏转,形成无支撑涂层,并最终使涂层剥落.     

梯度覆层体受粗糙面滑动作用时的弹塑性分析

运用大限元软件分别虽对单覆层体及梯度体受多微凸体粗糙面滑动使用时产生的应力在变进行了计算和研究，着重比较两种覆层体爱相同表面载荷作用下，在基体及表面出现部分塑性变形时，表面层、基体内及表面 基体界面处的应力、应变分北度层在防止其本产生塑性变形及改善界面应力等方面比单纯层体具有明显的优点。本文的研究结果表为表南 选一览表主加工提供参考。     

功能梯度Al2O3涂层残余热应力分析

Al2O3/316L功能梯度材料是一种聚变反应堆第一壁的候选材料。为避免制备过程中因材料之间热物理性能差别产生的热应力过大造成材料的失效,须对梯度材料进行合理的热应力缓和设计。运用有限元软件,分析成分分布指数、梯度涂层厚度和梯度层数目等参数对Al2O3/316L功能梯度材料残余热应力的影响。分析结果表明：体积分布指数p=1.0时所受热应力最小,涂层承受压应力作用;梯度层数为9时热应力缓和效果最好;梯度层厚度不宜过大;将非功能梯度材料与优化后的功能梯度材料的残余热应力进行比,结果显示：功能梯度材料缓和热应力效果十分显著。最后利用等离子喷涂方法制备了梯度涂层测试涂层残余应力,并与有限元结果进行对比,以验证模拟的准确性。     

器件韧性镀膜微划痕破坏机理研究

对硅基体上之韧性镀膜（铝膜）的粘结强度及破坏机理进行微划痕实验及理论研究,从实验中观察出该体系的破坏特征,进而测量出微划前水平驱动力、划痕深度随划前水平位移并伴随着界面脱胶发生的变化规律,针对微刈痕破坏特征,建立了双粘聚力模型,并对由微划痕引起的界面弹塑性脱胶进行了数值模拟,给出界面脱胶时能量释放率随其他材料参数变化的理论预测曲线,并将预测值与文中的铝／硅实验结果及与文献中关于铂／氧化镍的实验结果进行对比,达到基本符合。通过以对韧性薄膜／脆性基体的微划痕实验研究和理论分析,获得如下主要结论：（1）韧性膜的微划痕破坏特征为,当划刀尖端接近界面时,将突然发生薄膜测界面的脱胶现象,并在界面附近脆性基一侧形成界面裂纹并扩展;微划痕的水平驱动力表征了整个薄膜脱胶体系的能量释放率;薄膜或涂层材料的塑性变形对微划痕过程有较强的抑制作用。（2）界面的分离强度和材料的剪切强度对微划痕过程有重要的影响。（3）划痕刀片的几何特征角对刻痕水平驱动力影响不大。     

梯度结构对氧化铝陶瓷涂层抗冲击载荷性能的影响

梯度结构陶瓷涂层以其优异的抗热震性表现出巨大的工程应用前景。为推动梯度陶瓷涂层在机械零件表面强化上的应用,采用“三明治”式梯度结构形式,建立镍基氧化铝梯度陶瓷涂层在冲击载荷作用下有限元模型,分析冲击载荷作用下涂层的力学性能,以及梯度层的结构形式、厚度及层数等参数对涂层的力学性能影响。结果表明：较无梯度结构陶瓷涂层相比,梯度结构能有效减缓涂层与基体结合面上的应力突变,涂层内部最大Mises应力明显降低,合理的梯度结构能改善涂层内部Mises应力分布,改变应力分布特征,减缓表面陶瓷涂层的冲击应力,从而防止陶瓷涂层在冲击载荷作用下脱落。最后对制备层状结构梯度陶瓷涂层时,如何进行梯度层结构设计进行了探讨,并提出了采用0.25次方幂指数梯度结构,得出10层中间层就可有效减缓冲击载何、降低Mises应力突变的结论。     

对一种涂层剪切结合强度测定方法的有限元评价

采用恰当的试验方法对涂层／基体的结合强度进行正确评价,是表面工程技术中耐磨涂层体系研究发展中的重要工作。本文采用有限单元法对一种普遍采用的涂层剪切结合强度测定标准进行了力学计算。通过对涂层／基体交界面上的应力分布的分析表明,采用这一试验方法测定涂层剪切结合强度将会造成较大的误差。提出了一种改进的试验方法,在这种方法中对试件的形状和尺寸进行了修改,并验证了其有效性     

Finite element analysis of coating adhesion failure in pre-existing crack field

Abstract

The influence of a pre-existing crack field on coating adhesion failure in a steel surface coated with a 2 μm thick titanium nitride (TiN) coating was investigated by finite element method modelling and simulation. The stress and strain fields were determined in contact conditions with a spherical diamond tip sliding over the coated surface at a loading of 8 N. One crack in or at the coating increased the maximum tensile stresses with six times from 82 to 540 MPa when the crack was vertical through the coating or L shaped and with nine times when the crack was horizontal at the coating/substrate interface. A simulated multicrack pattern relaxed the tensile stresses compared to single cracks. The results indicate that a cracked coated surface needs to have about five to nine times higher adhesive and cohesive bonds to resist the same loading without crack growth compared to a crack free surface. For optimal coated surface design, the strength of the adhesive bonds between the coating and the substrate in the vertical direction needs to be 50% higher than the cohesive bonds within the coating and the substrate in the horizontal direction. The first crack is prone to start at the top of the coating and grows vertically down to coating/substrate interface, and there it stops due to the bigger cohesion within the steel material. After this, there are two effects influencing that the crack will grow in the lateral direction. One is that steel cohesion is normally bigger than the coating/interface adhesion, and the second is that there are higher tensile stresses in the horizontal than in the vertical cracks. Several vertical cracks can stop the horizontal crack growth due to stress relaxation.     

Surface stresses in coated steel surfaces—influence of a bond layer on surface fracture

Thin hard coatings in the thickness range of only a few micrometers deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) on components or tools can improve the friction and wear properties by several orders of magnitude. A 2 μm thick TiN (E=300 GPa) coating on a high-speed steel substrate with a bond layer at the interface between the coating and the substrate was modelled by micro-level three-dimensional finite-element method (3D FEM) in order to optimise a coated surface with regard to coating fracture. Both compliant low modulus (E=100 GPa) and stiff high modulus (E=500 GPa) bond layers at the coating/substrate interface of 200 and 500 nm thickness were investigated. First principal stresses were simulated for scratch test geometry in the load range of 7.5-15 N. Very high stress concentrations of above 5700 MPa tensile stresses were observed in the bond layer just behind the contact zone for the stiffer bond layer. The stiff bond layer generated 5 times higher tensile stress maxima compared to the compliant bond layer. There was approximately 3.5 times larger strain in the compliant bond layer compared to the stiff bond layer. The general coating design advice based on this exercise is that when a bond layer is used e.g. for coating/substrate adhesion improvement should the bond layer be less stiff than the coating not to generate high and critical tensile stresses. The thickness of the bond layer may vary and is not critical with respect to generated stresses in the surface.