混流式水轮机转轮叶片频率可靠性分析

以混流式水轮机为研究对象,应用有限单元法建立转轮叶片的动力学方程,根据转轮叶片的频率方程计算转轮叶片的固有频率,依据水流激励频率与转轮叶片固有频率之差在规定范围内的关系准则,推导转轮叶片的共振失效概率和可靠度的计算公式,并通过实例对混流式水轮机转轮叶片的频率可靠性进行分析.     

混流式水轮机转轮叶片裂纹故障及其原因分析

混流式水轮机转轮叶片裂纹故障严重影响了水电站的安全稳定运行和经济效益的发挥。大部分叶片裂纹是疲劳裂纹，主要由流固耦合共振诱发的、过大交变应力引起。转轮在设计和制造过程中形成的各种缺陷以及过大的残余拉应力加速了裂纹的萌生和扩展。     

基于Pro/E软件平台的混流式水轮机转轮叶片形状拟合

根据混流式水轮机叶片设计方程，基于Pro／ENGEINEER软件设计平台，对混流式水轮机叶片进行了形状拟合，得到了叶片拟合形状，完全符合叶片加工的工艺要求，也为研制水轮机修复专用机器人提供了研制条件。     

一种混流式水轮机整铸转轮加工工艺改进

针对混流式整铸转轮叶片数控加工工艺进行研究,介绍了一种混流式水轮机整铸转轮的结构特点和加工难点,提出了一种整铸转轮叶片的加工工艺流程,通过对整铸转轮结构特点分析,得出了整铸转轮叶片加工编程方法,为今后混流式整铸转轮的加工提供参考依据,保证整铸转轮加工的质量。     

大型混流式水轮机转轮叶片裂纹及其成因分析

大型混流式水轮机转轮计片裂纹故障是水电站普遍存在的问题，它严重影响了水电站的安全稳定运行。转轮叶片裂纹是多种因素综合作用造成叶片材料疲劳．导致叶片疲劳开裂。叶片的各种制造缺陷是裂纹萌生的始点，而各种水力激振因素引发的流固耦合共振是转轮叶片疲劳开裂的根本诱因。     

部分负荷下混流式水轮机转轮叶片变形对流场的影响

将CFD流动分析软件与结构刚强度软件有机结合,对混流式转轮在不同工况下的流动进行分析。通过程序将流场参数加载到结构分析软件上,对变形后的叶片再次进行网格划分流场计算,并计算出混流式转轮叶片上的应力和变形,详细分析了转轮变形后的流场,达到了真正意义上的流固耦合。研究结果表明:最大应力发生在转轮叶片的出水边与上冠的连接处,应力集中较明显,易于发生疲劳破坏。产生最大变形的部位是转轮叶片的出水边与下环的连接处,且从上冠到下环变形量逐渐增大,即此部位就是叶片振动的敏感区域;转轮变形后对水轮机内部流场的影响表现在叶片进口边头部压力增大,叶片出口边靠下环处流速增大、压力下降,空化性能降低。变形后的流场使得尾水管内部的涡带产生、紊动加剧,说明叶片变形后对水轮机内部流场的影响是引起水轮机裂纹和振动的真正原因。     

混流式水轮机转轮简化模型焊接过程的数值模拟

在确定混流式水轮机转轮简化模型、解决分段焊焊接热源加载的问题及解决各独立实体间接触边界节点不重合的热传导问题的基础上,对转轮模型焊接过程的温度场与应力场进行了数值模拟。得到了焊接过程中各起弧点的热循环曲线、纵向应力的演变规律与焊后应力场的分布情况。结果表明:焊后应力的峰值出现在叶片与上冠或叶片与下环接触面附近的叶片上。这个结果可以较好地解释水轮机转轮叶片疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展的失效行为。     

焊接顺序对混流式水轮机转轮焊接应力的影响

在解决叶片与上冠或下环之间的热传导问题以及焊接热源沿任意空间路径移动的加载问题的基础上,对混流式水轮机转轮焊接过程的温度场与应力场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,叶片焊后残余拉应力场出现在焊缝及其附近区域,并且应力峰值出现在焊缝区域的叶片出水边处。同时,不同焊接顺序的转轮残余拉应力峰值的对比表明,焊缝两侧金属在焊接过程中填充的越均匀,残余拉应力的峰值越小。     

基于CFX数值模拟的水轮机转轮叶片优化设计

介绍了水轮机转轮的优化方案,基于ANSYS-CFX11.0仿真软件对混流式水轮机转轮叶片的三维流动及能量分布进行了数值计算、模拟仿真,重点对削薄后的转轮叶片进行了数值模拟和分析。     

大型混流式水轮机转轮疲劳设计方法的研究

本文针对大型混流式水轮机的复杂运动工况和特殊的工作环境,在大量统计和试验的基础上,应用随机疲劳和腐蚀疲劳等理论,提出了一个完整的疲劳设计方法,它包括了载荷谱的确定,腐蚀环境中材料的疲劳特性及其影响系数的实验研究以及寿命和安全系数的计算方法等。这一研究成果打破了大型混流式水轮机长期以来只能采用静强度设计的状况,能有效地评估水轮机在设计和运行中疲劳强度的安全可靠性。     

铝合金铸造锻造新工艺

利用铸造余热的锻造工艺叫铸造锻造工艺。6061合金经铸造锻造工艺加工后,抗拉强度提高47%,伸长率提高83%。工业纯铝经铸造工艺加工后,与加入Al-Ti-B中间合金工艺相比,晶粒更加细小,硬度提高18%。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊技术研究

论述了搅拌摩擦焊的焊接方法、工艺过程和基本原理；通过大量的工艺参数优化，解决了焊缝中的孔洞问题，使ＬＦ６板材搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝达到与母材等强，ＬＹ１２焊后未经热处理，连接强度接近母材的８０（。由金相分析可以看出，搅拌摩擦焊属于固相连接，焊缝晶粒细小，无气孔、夹杂、裂纹等焊接缺陷。初步应力测试发现，搅拌摩擦焊焊缝比熔焊焊缝的残余应力低。试验研究结果表明，搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程稳定可靠，焊接接头性能良好，具有广泛的应用前景。     

锻铝合金闪光对焊接头区的研究

对锻铝合金闪光焊接头区组织进行了研究。认为接头中组织组成物的形态与母材不同,是接头中出现亮带的主要原因,焊后固溶处理可消除亮带。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A VARIABLE FLOW STRESS MACHINING THEORY FOR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

This paper describes the development of a variable flow stress predictive machining theory for aluminium alloys. This theory is based on the Oxley's machining theory which allows for the high strain-rate/high temperature flow stress and thermal properties of the work materials and has so far been applied and tested for plain carbon steels.

The developed predictive theory for aluminium has been applied in predicting cutting forces, chip thicknesses, etc., for a wide range of cutting conditions (cutting speeds ranging from 100 to 1000 m/min) when machining two alloys: one with 97.64%Al and the other with 93.89%Al (a free machining aluminium alloy). The flow stress properties required in applying the predictive method were obtained from bar turning test results and by applying the machining theory in reverse. For the above mentioned aluminium alloys, a comparison between predicted and experimental cutting force results shows good agreement.     

锻锤锤杆弹性缓冲装置的优化设计

为提高蒸气－－空气锻锤的锤杆寿命，本文在锤杆下端设计－弹性缓冲装置，再通过－球连体使之与锤头连接。对这种的锤村锤头部件进行动态计算，并用复合形法对该缓冲装置的主要技术参数进行了优化设计，在保证该装置对锻锤打击效率影响最小的情况下、提高锤杆寿命。     

RIGID-PLASTIC MECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE FORGING METHOD WITH HORIZONTAL V-SHAPED ANVIL

In order to decrease the anisotropy of mechanical properties, the rigid-plastic mechanical model for the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil is presented. The forging method, through the change of anvils shape, is able to control fibrous tissue direction, to improve the anisotropy of mechanical properties of axial forgings, to realize uniform forging. Therefore, the forging method can overcome the defect that conventional forging methods produce. The mechanism of the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil and the process of metal deformation are analyzed. The agreement of theoretical analysis with experimental study verifies the fact that the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil can control effectively the mechanical properties of axial forgings.     

铝合金焊接接头疲劳评定的应力平均法

应力平均法（the stress averaging approach,简称SAA）是局部应力方法之一,文中采用此方法对3A21铝合金焊接接头进行疲劳评定,用有限元计算局部应力值,建立试验结果和评定结果的S-N曲线,并分析接头形式、焊趾半径对疲劳强度的影响。结果表明,SAA法评定的结果是偏于安全的,但Neuber建议把焊趾处视为尖锐缺口（即令ρ=0,ρ^＊=0．15mm）,在工程上有一定的适用件,在理论上并不完全正确。这样在焊趾处将产生较大的应力集中,由此得到的局部应力值远远大于实际值。接头形式对采用名义应力幅值△σ表示的疲劳强度有较大影响;焊趾是决定焊态接头疲劳性能的关键部位,应力集中区的最大应力存在于焊趾部位。     

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF STRAIGHT BEVEL GEAR FOR PRECISION FORGING DIE BY DIRECT MILLING

In the manufacture of straight bevel gears, a precision forging method has been mainly used in recent years and the precision forging die has been usually manufactured using electric discharge machining. However, it is difficult to content the high productivity and low manufacturing cost using electric discharge machining because the gears are produced through a process of several steps. In this article, a design and manufacture of a straight bevel gear for a precision forging die by direct milling is developed in order to improve the productivity and manufacturing cost for the gear production. The tooth profile of a straight bevel gear generated by a quasi-complementary crown gear instead of a usual complementary crown gear is introduced. For this study, first the numerical coordinates on the tooth surface of the straight bevel gear were calculated and the tooth profiles were modeled using a 3D-CAD system. Afterward, the direct milling of the precision forging die of the straight bevel gear in the hardened state was carried out using a CNC milling machine based on a CAM process through the calculated numerical coordinates.     

星形套闭塞模锻光塑性模拟研究

利用光塑性方法以聚碳酸脂为模拟材料研究轿车等速万向节星形套闭塞模锻成形过程，获得星形套闭塞模锻成形过程的三维光塑性应变分布，提出其应变分布特征，并对典型截面应变进行计算分析，研究结果可实际钢质星形套闭塞模锻工艺和模具设计起一定的指导作用。     

HIGH THROUGHPUT DRILLING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS

The experiments of high throughput drilling of Ti-6Al-4V at 183 m/min cutting speed and 156 mm3/s material removal rate using a 4 mm diameter WC-Co spiral point drill are conducted. At this material removal rate, it took only 0.57 s to drill a hole in a 6.35 mm thick Ti plate. Supplying the cutting fluid via through-the-drill holes and the balance of cutting speed and feed have proven to be critical for drill life. An inverse heat transfer model is developed to predict the heat flux and the drill temperature distribution in drilling. A three-dimensional finite element modeling of drilling is con-ducted to predict the thrust force and torque. Experimental result demonstrates that, using proper machining process parameters, tool geometry, and fine-grained WC-Co tool material, the high throughput machining of Ti alloy is technically feasible.