T91耐热钢退火优化工艺

通过退火工艺实验,优化了T91钢的热处理工艺.结果表明,试样正火后得到板条马氏体组织,经过不同工艺热处理后,试样高温回火后组织为回火马氏体,碳化物强化作用减小,硬度降低.退火工艺为780℃保温1h后空冷,试样的硬度为23.7 HRC,满足实际生产需要；改进后的退火工艺较原始退火工艺时间缩短,提高了退火炉的利用率.     

汽车齿轮模具的退火工艺研究

对20CrMnMo汽车齿轮模具进行不同工艺的退火处理,并进行了不同退火工艺下试样的表面硬度测试、显微组织观察和冲击试验.结果表明,与770、890℃的退火加热温度相比,选择830℃退火更有利于降低20CrMnMo汽车齿轮模具锻造后的硬度,细化晶粒,得到颗粒状弥散分布的碳化物,提高韧性,延长模具的使用寿命；其表面硬度降至98HB,剪切断面率高达89％.     

DT300钢高温退火组织演变及硬度研究

采用正火空冷+ 660℃退火和正火热送+660℃退火两种不同的热处理工艺对DT300钢进行软化退火研究,以此说明在实际生产中锻件在未冷却到室温的情况下进行退火可能会对锻件的退火组织和硬度造成的影响.结果表明,正火+退火后试样硬度随退火保温时间的延长而下降；热送+退火后在实验时间内得到的金相组织均为高硬度的淬火态马氏体,不能降低硬度改善其加工性能.     

合金工具钢6CrSi2MoV退火工艺研究及应用

通过对轧态和不同球化退火工艺下的6CrSi2MoV钢进行组织观察和硬度检验,确定了6CrSi2MoV钢的相变点,并根据相变点制定了完全退火和不完全退火工艺,同时在实践中进行了应用.结果表明:6CrSi2MoV钢轧态的组织分布不均匀,其带状组织可在退火后得到改善;不完全球化退火工艺优于完全退火工艺,实际生产时采用不完全球化退火工艺可满足用户的使用要求.     

退火处理对ECAP纯铝L2的影响

采用等通道转角(ECAP)挤压工艺,对原始晶粒为1 mm的工业纯铝L2进行4次挤压,得到了晶粒尺寸为1 μm的近等轴晶组织,然后进行不同温度下的退火处理.研究结果表明,经150℃/2 h退火处理后,硬度基本不变化,与退火前相比,试样的抗拉强度和伸长率分别提高了9%和18%.当退火温度高于200℃时,组织中出现了回复,试样硬度下降.退火温度越高,硬度下降幅度越大.     

GCr15SiMn钢轴承环淬火缺陷

试验料为7002136Д单列向心短圆柱轴承内外圈,其有效厚度为15mm。一、热处理工艺 1.退火工艺退火在反射炉中进行,燃料为煤,每炉装六箱每箱内有内外圈共11套,总共66套。硬度要求HB179～217。金相组织为2-4级球化组织,所采用的热处理工艺如图1所示。金相组织如图2所示,退火硬度为HB187～207。     

不同温度重度变形及退火对工业纯铝组织的影响

采用重度冷轧及退火工艺制备超细晶工业纯铝,利用透射电镜和显微硬度实验对比研究了室温轧制和深冷轧制（液氮）及退火工艺所得到的超细晶工业纯铝组织特性和硬度。结果表明：深冷轧制细化晶粒的能力高于室温轧制,前者等轴状超细晶粒尺寸约为0.5μm,后者则约为1μm;深冷轧制试样的硬度值均高于对应状态下的室温轧制试样,温度低于200℃退火时,硬度值变化平缓,显微组织处于回复阶段;高于200℃退火时,硬度值迅速下降后趋于定值,与原始退火态相当,显微组织处于再结晶阶段。     

精密成形模具材料热处理工艺研究

为满足轻合金等温精密成形模具的工作条件要求,通过合理选择综合性能符合要求的模具材料H13钢,采用不同的热处理工艺对试样进行退火、淬火、回火试验,测试其硬度、冲击韧性,并观察金相组织,作为H13钢模具工艺优选的依据.试验结果表明H13钢在最佳完全退火温度、淬火温度、回火温度下可得到最优综合性能.     

均匀化退火对WE43镁合金铸坯组织和性能的影响

为改善铸态WE43镁合金的成形加工性能,对钢模铸坯试样进行了均匀化退火处理,通过组织观察和维氏硬度测试,分析了不同均匀化退火温度和时间对合金组织和显微硬度的影响.通过拉伸试验测定了其退火后的力学性能,并用SEM观察了断口形貌.结果表明,最优的均匀化退火制度为440℃× 18h;在该工艺下均匀化退火后,合金表现出了较好的塑性.     

含钨钒高铬白口铸铁退火工艺的研究

研究了退火工艺对含钨钒高铬白口铸铁组织和硬度的影响.结果表明,采用1050℃保温4h,随后于720℃保温10h的退火工艺,硬度最低,为36HRC,机加工性能最好.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.