Validation of the Australian Propensity for Angry Driving Scale (Aus-PADS)

The present study used a university sample to assess the test–retest reliability and validity of the Australian Propensity for Angry Driving Scale (Aus-PADS). The scale has stability over time, and convergent validity was established, as Aus-PADS scores correlated significantly with established anger and impulsivity measures. Discriminant validity was also established, as Aus-PADS scores did not correlate with Venturesomeness scores. The Aus-PADS has demonstrated criterion validity, as scores were correlated with behavioural measures, such as yelling at other drivers, gesturing at other drivers, and feeling angry but not doing anything. Aus-PADS scores reliably predicted the frequency of these behaviours over and above other study variables. No significant relationship between aggressive driving and crash involvement was observed. It was concluded that the Aus-PADS is a reliable and valid tool appropriate for use in Australian research, and that the potential relationship between aggressive driving and crash involvement warrants further investigation with a more representative (and diverse) driver sample.     

A comparison of the Driving Anger Scale and the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale

The present study investigated the factor structures of the 14-item version of the DAS (Driving Anger Scale) and the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale (PADS) using a sample of New Zealand drivers drawn from the general population. The two scales were also investigated with regards to their relationships with general trait anger, risky driving behaviour, along with crash involvement and a variety of crash-related conditions. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported both scales as unidimensional, although the PADS was reduced from a 19-item to an 18-item scale. Both the PADS and DAS were significantly related to trait anger, risky driving behaviour and near-misses. However, once the influence of the demographic variables and trait anger had been partialled out, the addition of the PADS and DAS made a significant contribution to predicting violations, but it was only the PADS which was significant. In contrast, after the demographic variables and trait anger had been partialled out, the addition of the DAS and PADS again made a significant contribution to the prediction of near-misses, but this time it was only the DAS which made a significant contribution. The present study clearly shows that both scales are robust measures, measuring similar, but slightly different aspects of driving anger.     

An exploratory study of the relationship between road rage and crash experience in a representative sample of US drivers

The phenomenon of road rage has been frequently discussed but infrequently examined. Using a representative sample of 1382 US adult drivers, who were interviewed in a 1998 telephone survey, exploratory analyses examined the relationship between self-reported measures of road rage, generally hazardous driving behaviors, and crash experience. Regarding specific road rage behaviors, most respondents reported having engaged in verbal expressions of annoyance; however only 2.45% reported ever having been involved in direct confrontation with another car or driver. After controlling for gender, age. driving frequency, annual miles driven and verbal expression, an angry/threatening driving subscale of road rage was significantly associated with hazardous driving behaviors that included frequency of driving over the legal blood alcohol limit, receipt of tickets in the past year. and habitually exceeding the speed limit as well as crash experience. However, the verbal/frustration expression subscale was not associated with crash experience or hazardous driving indicators, except for number of tickets, after controlling for other crash-related factors such as gender and age. Direct confrontation by deliberately hitting another car or leaving the car to argue with and/or injure another driver was rarely reported. Results suggest that angry/threatening driving is related to crash involvement; however, after controlling for exposure and angry/threatening and hazardous driving the relationship of milder expressions of frustration while driving and crash involvement was not significant.     

Driving anger,emotional and instrumental aggressiveness,and impulsiveness in the prediction of aggressive and transgressive driving

The present study investigates the potential contribution of three predictors of aggressive and transgressive behaviors on the road: driving anger, impulsiveness and aggressiveness. A total of 455 participants (laypersons), of all age and gender, filled self-reported measures evaluating driving anger, impulsiveness, two forms of aggressiveness (instrumental and emotional forms), driving behaviors and aggressive and transgressive behaviors. Main results indicate: (1) a significant gender effect for almost all variables; (2) gender was involved in the prediction of Lapses and Errors; (3) driving anger, impulsiveness and aggressiveness were involved in a complementary manner in the prediction of aggressive and transgressive driving; (4) Aggressiveness and Impeded Progress were the best predictors of violations and aggressive violations. Results support that transgressive driving behaviors are relevant indicators of aggressive driving.     

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”蓝色经济国际合作:驱动因素、领域识别与机制构建

当今世界,蓝色经济已经成为全球海洋领域发展的重点,它强调的是海洋经济的可持续发展,突出国家间通过通力合作共同促进海洋资源开发与海洋生态环境保护。"21世纪海上丝绸之路"建设恰为中国与沿线国家的蓝色经济合作提供重要平台。从这一关系为切入点,研究沿线国家蓝色经济合作的驱动因素,构建包括国家战略发展、区域比较优势、政府政策导向、区域环境安全在内的蓝色经济合作领域选择依据,在考虑蓝色经济合作的一般领域的基础上,选择了资源能源、海洋产业、海洋科技、海洋生态环境作为中国与沿线国家合作的重点领域,并针对合作领域构建了以市场主导、陆海统筹、协作治理与利益协调为框架的合作机制。     

Assessing dangerous driving behavior during driving inattention: Psychometric adaptation and validation of the Attention-Related Driving Errors Scale in China

Driver inattention is a significant cause of motor vehicle collisions and incidents. The purpose of this study was to translate the Attention-Related Driving Error Scale (ARDES) into Chinese and to verify its reliability and validity. A total of 317 drivers completed the Chinese version of the ARDES, the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI), the Attention-Related Cognitive Errors Scale (ARCES) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) questionnaires. Specific sociodemographic variables and traffic violations were also measured. Psychometric results confirm that the ARDES-China has adequate psychometric properties (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88) to be a useful tool for evaluating proneness to attentional errors in the Chinese driving population. First, ARDES-China scores were positively correlated with both DDDI scores and number of accidents in the prior year; in addition, ARDES-China scores were a significant predictor of dangerous driving behavior as measured by DDDI. Second, we found that ARDES-China scores were strongly correlated with ARCES scores and negatively correlated with MAAS scores. Finally, different demographic groups exhibited significant differences in ARDES scores; in particular, ARDES scores varied with years of driving experience.     

Psychological factors for driver distraction and inattention in the Australian and New Zealand rail industry

A signal passed at danger (SPAD) event occurs when a train moves past a stop signal into a section of unauthorised track. SPAD events are frequently attributed to driver distraction and inattention, but few studies have explored the failure mode from the perspective of task demand and the ability of the driver to self-regulate in response to competing activities. This study aimed to provide a more informed understanding of distraction, inattention and SPAD-risk in the passenger rail task. The research approach combined focus groups with a generative task designed to stimulate situational insight. Twenty-eight train drivers participated from 8 different rail operators in Australia and New Zealand. Data were analysed thematically and revealed several moderating factors for driver distraction. Time-keeping pressure and certain aspects of the driver-controller dynamic were considered to distort performance, and distractions from station dwelling and novel events increased SPAD-risk. The results are conceptualised in a succinct model of distraction linking multiple factors with mechanisms that induced the attentional shift. The commonalities and inter-dynamics of the factors revealed insight into driving anxiety in the passenger rail mode, and suggested that SPAD-risk was intensified when three or more factors converged. The paper discusses these issues in the context of misappropriated attention, taxonomic implications, and directions for future research.     

沉积铜箔用阴极辊钛环轧制驱动辊转速研究

基于有限元模拟软件Deform-3D和三维造型软件建立有限元模型进行模拟。选取不同的驱动辊转速(1.75 rad/s、2.25 rad/s、2.75 rad/s、3.25 rad/s)针对模拟结果考虑不同的驱动辊转速对环坯温度场、等效应变、环件表面微观组织以及成形性能的影响。综合分析得出环坯轧制过程中驱动辊的最佳转速为1.75 rad/s,并进行了实际生产验证,验证结果与模拟结果吻合。     

DF7D型机车冷却室侧百叶窗传动杆故障挂钩安放位置的改进

将DF7D型机车冷却室侧百叶窗传动杆上的故障挂钩放置到侧百叶窗构架的钩耳上,可有效地解决侧百叶窗传动杆由于外力作用而产生变形的问题.     

Review of standards for the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants in A/C, heat pump and refrigeration equipment

A series of amendments to the international standards concerning refrigeration and A/C equipment is almost available to provide the additional safety measures required for the design, repair and service of refrigeration and A/C equipment using flammable refrigerants. These amendments will provide the framework to develop future refrigeration technology employing hydrocarbons. This paper reviews the different existing standards and the forthcoming drafts highlighting the maximum charge and room area limits as well as the specific requirements for air-conditioning and refrigerating equipment operating with hydrocarbons.