特大型球墨铸铁钢锭模的铸造工艺

介绍了重量38t的大型钢锭模球铁件的生产工艺。采用底注式浇注系统,锭模内孔型芯采用焊接钢管芯骨,外层30mm为呋喃树脂砂层。铸件顶部延长200mm作为本体冒口,其顶面还设有4个安全小冒口。浇注后钢管芯骨内注入冷却水,对铸件下段进行强制冷却。利用球墨铸铁石墨化膨胀进行自补缩解决了铸件内部的缩孔、缩松缺陷,使生产的铸件达到质量要求。     

顶盘铸件的倾斜浇注工艺设计与生产

针对大型顶盘铸件大平面心部易产生缩孔或缩松缺陷,采用刮板造型、浇口放置保温冒口及保温覆盖剂、倾斜浇注加强补缩等工艺措施,生产出符合质量要求的铸件.减少了因铸件补焊修整产生的费用,节约了钢液,降低了生产成本,为类似铸件的生产提供了借鉴方法.     

铸钢车轮的铸造工艺设计与生产

对车轮铸钢件的结构及铸造工艺性进行综合分析,针对其壁厚不均匀,易产生缩孔缩松、其砂芯阻碍收缩产生铸造应力易产生裂纹的现象,通过采用浇道通保温冒口及加覆盖剂、制作炮弹形砂芯、倾斜浇注加强补缩等工艺措施,有效地防止了裂纹和缩松的产生,生产出了合格铸件,为类似铸件的生产积累了经验.     

大高径比钢锭铸造过程中缩管的研究

采用数值模拟和工业试验相结合的方法研究了大高径比铸锭内缩管的分布。利用5.3t钢锭解剖结果,验证了所建立数学模型的准确性。在此基础上,研究了10.5t钢锭内缩管的形成机理,并进一步探讨了不同浇注工艺对铸锭内缩管分布的影响。结果表明,浇注温度、浇注速度和铸模外表面冷却强度的变化对铸锭内缩管分布的影响较小。随着绝热砖长度增加,缩管深度会降低。当绝热砖长度超过500mm后,增大绝热砖长度对铸锭缩管分布影响不大。     

Internal shrinkage crack in a 10 t water-cooled steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio

Steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio is utilized to produce multiple products by one stock in practice. Water cooling is a usual way to enhance production efficiency. However, the combination of the two factors will generate internal defects, such as shrinkage porosity and hot crack. The characteristic of internal shrinkage crack in a 10 t water-cooled steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio was examined by an ultrasonic test. A slice was sectioned from the ingot middle part where billets containing star-like crack were further extracted. The billets were examined by X-ray high energy industrial CT, and the compactness was reconstructed in three dimensions. Microstructure near the crack was observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the solidification process and grain size were studied by high temperature confocal microscopy. Moreover, thermomechanical simulation and post-processing were carried out to analyze the formation of shrinkage porosity and hot crack. A new criterion considering mushy zone mechanical behavior in brittle temperature as well as grain size distribution was proposed to evaluate hot cracking potential in the ingot. The results show that a deep shrinkage porosity band easily forms in the center line of such an ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio, and water-cooling further generates excessive tensile stress tearing the liquid films around the porosities. Then, hot cracks begin to propagate along grain boundaries. The grain size in the upper and center of the ingot is large, which leads to an inverted cone shape defects zone in the ingot center.

     

高温合金燃机叶轮铸造工艺数值模拟

本文介绍了在高温合金燃机叶轮铸造过程中采用数值模拟技术,模拟了不同浇注温度条件下凝固过程中可能出现的缺陷。结果显示：采用数值模拟技术能够比较准确的预测缩孔疏松缺陷产生的部位,提供了工艺改进的方向。通过采用球形浇冒口、合适的径高比、局部保温措施等方法,解决了涡轮轴疏松的问题,获得了冶金质量优异的涡轮叶轮,很好的满足了设计和使用的要求。     

Numerical Simulation of Macrosegregation in Steel Ingot CastingEI北大核心CSCD

Many key forging components of heavy equipment are manufactured by large steel ingots. Macrosegregation in steel ingots is a key defect formed during the solidification process. Over the past few decades, numerical modeling has played a more and more important role in the study of macrosegregation. Various models have been developed and applied to different ingot casting processes. This paper focused on the application of macrosegregation models to the steel ingot. Firstly, the formation mechanism and influencing factors of macrosegregation were introduced. Then, the existing macrosegregation models and their recent development were summarized. Macrosegregation models accounting for such mechanisms as solidification shrinkage- induced flow and mushy zone deformation were analyzed, respectfully. To model macrosegregation due to solidification shrinkage, the key was to solve the free surface. A simple derivation showed that the multi-phase (including gas phase) models were equivalent to the VOF-based segregation models in dealing with the shrinkage-induced flow. Finally, our recent research work on numerical modeling of macrosegregation in steel ingots was illustrated, including application of the developed multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation model to a 36 t steel ingot, and numerical simulation of multiple pouring process. The carbon and sulphur concentrations at about 1800 sampling points, covering the full section of a 36 t ingot, were measured. By detailed temperature recording, accurate heat transfer conditions between the ingot and mould were obtained. Typical macrosegregation patterns, including the bottom-located negative segregation and the pushpin-like positive segregation zone in the top riser, have been reproduced both in the measurements and the predictions, The carbon and sulphur concentrations predicted by the three dimensional multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation models agreed well with the measurements, thus proving that the model can well predict the macrosegregation formation in steel ingots. As for the multi-pouring process simulation, the results show a high concentration of carbon at the bottom and a low concentration of carbon at the top of the mould after the multi-pouring process with carbon content high in the first ladle and low in the last ladle. Therefore, the multiple pouring process could get the initial solute distribution with the opposite form of segregation. Such carbon concentration distribution would reduce the negative segregation at the bottom and the positive segregation at the top of the solidified ingot, thus proving the ability of the multiple pouring process for the control of macrosegregation.     

ZTC4钛合金机匣构件离心铸造过程的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法,研究ZTC4合金机匣离心铸造的充型和凝固过程,分析了离心转速、浇注温度和铸型预热温度对熔体充填过程流动场、凝固过程温度场和应力场的影响,并预测了缺陷的分布.结果表明,随离心转速提高,熔体充型速度无明显变化,但柯氏力作用更加明显,铸型中熔体流股变细;熔体过热度低于30℃时,铸件出现明显的浇不足缺陷;铸型预热温度是影响铸件残余应力的主要因素,而离心转速和熔体过热度的影响次之;铸件最后凝固的较厚部位容易出现缩松、缩孔缺陷,且其位置与X射线检测结果较吻合.     

大直径纯铝空心锭裂纹的成因与防止

针对离心铸造大直径纯铝空心锭存在的裂纹缺陷．分析了金属中杂质含量和工艺参数对裂纹的影响．并提出了防止措施：控制原材料中的0.008％≤[ω（Fe）-ω（Si）]≤0．020％、铸模的转速为380r／min、预热温度为280℃、浇牲温度为690℃，同时涂ZnO和滑石粉控制冷却速度。     

模拟软件在优化上注钢锭模设计中的应用

采用AnyCasting模拟软件对15 t上注钢锭进行了凝固过程模拟.通过模拟结果分析优化钢锭模参数,降低试制成本,改善钢锭质量,消除缩孔缩松缺陷,并为保温帽口式钢锭及50t以上的上注钢锭模拟提供指导.     

门框底衬铸钢件的铸造工艺设计及数值模拟

运用传统方法设计了门框底衬铸钢件的铸造工艺:包括分型面、浇注位置的选择、铸造工艺参数的确定以及浇注系统、冒口、冷铁的设计.根据铸件形状较复杂的特点,设计了两个内浇道;将铸件划分为4个补缩区域进行补缩,并配合冷铁来实现铸件的顺序凝固.用Pro/E软件建立了铸件的三维模型,采用ViewCast铸造模拟软件对铸件的凝固过程进行了模拟计算.模拟结果显示,在门框底衬凸台处会产生缩孔、缩松缺陷.根据数值模拟结果并结合理论分析,对铸造工艺方案进行了优化.通过改进工艺,最大程度地消除了铸造缺陷,从而获得了合理的铸造工艺方案.     

Numerical Simulation Research of Investment Casting for TiB2/A356 Aluminum Base Composite

研究了TiB2/A356铝基复合材料的某航空零件熔模精密铸造性能。根据该复合材料的各热物性参数和TiB2体积分数的关系,结合Pro CAST软件对其数据库进行二次开发,建立了体积分数为10%的TiB2/Al铝基复合材料的热物性参数随温度变化的关系。对某航空薄壁零件进行熔模铸造模拟,模拟结果显示:通过提高A356浇注温度、浇注速度和在浇口与冒孔周围添加保温材料措施,使零件表面的缩孔、缩松缺陷得到解决。     

激光切割机用横梁的无模铸造工艺优化设计研究

激光切割机作为现代机械加工中重要的特种加工设备,其Y轴横梁结构复杂,制造难度大。为避免横梁结构砂铸过程中出现气孔、缩松、浇不足等缺陷,设计了双侧底注式浇注系统。结果表明,采用无模铸造成形技术设计了铸造型芯,采用Procast软件仿真优化了浇冒口工艺,最终确定了激光切割机横梁的铸造工艺方案。     

Analysis of internal crack in a six-ton P91 ingot

P91 is a new kind of heat-resistant and high-tensile steel. It can be extruded after ingot casting and can be widely used for different pipes in power plants. However, due to its mushy freezing characteristics, a lack of feeding in the ingot center often generates many defects, such as porosity and crack. A six-ton P91 ingot was cast and sliced, and a representative part of the longitudinal section was inspected in more detail. The morphology of crack-like defects was examined by X-ray high energy industrial CT and reconstructed by 3D software. There are f ive main portions of defects larger than 200 mm~3, four of which are interconnected. These initiated from continuous liquid f ilm, and then were torn apart by excessive tensile stress within the brittle temperature range(BTR). The 3D FEM analysis of thermo-mechanical simulation was carried out to analyze the formation of porosity and internal crack defects. The results of shrinkage porosity and Niyama values revealed that the center of the ingot suffers from inadequate feeding. Several criteria based on thermal and mechanical models were used to evaluate the susceptibility of hot crack formation. The Clyne and Davies' criterion and Katgerman's criterion successfully predicted the high hot crack susceptibility in the ingot center. Six typical locations in the longitudinal section had been chosen for analysis of the stresses and strains evolution during the BTR. Locations in the defects region showed the highest tensile stresses and relative high strain values, while other locations showed either low tensile stresses or low strain values. In conclusion, hot crack develops only when stress and strain exceed a threshold value at the same time during the BTR.     

钢锭模帽部结构的优化设计

本文利用数值模拟方法设计钢锭模帽部结构,改变了传统的钢锭模帽部结构设计方法,大大提高了钢锭模帽部结构设计的可靠性和科学性。文中提出了无二次缩孔、最小帽容比的钢锭模帽部结构优化准则,并为短计算机运算时间,建立了一种简易优化方法。通过对鞍钢Fx7.1t钢锭帽部测温实验验证了软件的可靠性。采用计算机提供的设计方案对鞍钢Jc10.66t钢锭模帽部结构进行优化设计,钢锭成坯率提高0.5%。     

前叉下管铸件的铸造工艺设计

介绍了前叉下管铸件的结构及技术要求,详细阐述了其铸造工艺设计:采取垂直分型,膨润土湿型砂造型;采用底注式浇注系统,圆锥形直浇道的截面面积为972 mm2,横浇道与直浇道、内浇道相连接,横浇道为截面积1 200 mm2的标准梯形浇道,内浇道的截面面积为420mm2,选用六角形浇口杯,浇注速度为8.12kg/s,浇注时间为5s,浇注温度为1580℃;采用12个尺寸为30mm×60mm×75mm的冷铁,选用腰形暗冒口,尺寸为a=50 mm,b=100 mm,h=100 mm;选择扁形出气孔。模拟结果显示,整个铸件未发现有缩孔、缩松等铸造缺陷,而且工艺出品率也达到了76.53%。     

球墨铸铁汽车后桥壳铸造工艺优化

采用湿型铸造生产球铁汽车后桥壳铸件,冒口颈根部出现显微缩松现象。利用华铸CAE软件进行工艺模拟,结果显示：冒口颈过早断开,导致铸件出现液相孤立区域,形成缩松缩孔。通过增大冒口和冒口径尺寸,保证了冒口径通道畅通,实现了冒口径的顺序凝固。用改进后的工艺进行了试制和小批量生产,铸件经解剖和X光探伤,均未发现有缩松缺陷。     

半固态流变模锻工艺参数对铝合金制件质量的影响

分析半固态流变模锻技术的工艺过程及其特点,指出影响铝合金性能的工艺参数主要有：浇注温度、模锻比压、模锻速度、保压时间、模具温度。根据有关试验结果,归纳出采用半固态流变模锻工艺生产的铝合金可能出现的缺陷有：裂纹、冷隔、型腔充填不满、皮下针孔、疏松、缩孔、气孔。针对这些缺陷提出了相应的预防措施。     

计算机模拟在大型钢锭工艺优化中的应用

介绍了ViewCast软件在大型钢锭工艺优化中的应用:利用ViewCaSt软件强大的设计计算功能计算了钢锭的浇注系统(主要是冒口的计算,包括冒口的数目及尺寸),通过模拟计算验证了该工艺设计的可行性,所得结果并与实际的结果一致.模拟结果表明,改进后的工艺大大的减少了缩孔、缩松缺陷的产生,提高了铸件的质量.     

大型铝合金铸件水力模拟与数值模拟的研究

为保证大型铝合金铸件的质量,通过水力模拟和数值模拟两个途径优化铸造工艺;水力模拟依据相似理论,建立水力模型,选出最佳浇注系统,防止吸气、浇不足等缺陷;数值模拟通过计算铸件动态温度场,来预测缩孔、缩松等缺陷,据此来改变冒口、冷铁的尺寸及数量,控制铸件凝固顺序,保证铸件内部质量,最后,综合水力模拟和数值模拟结果。确定了合理的工艺方案,确保铸件一次浇注成功。