聚酯软段对聚氨酯弹性体力学性能影响的研究

以不同结构聚酯多元醇(PEA、PEPA、PBA、PCL)为软段,4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)和1,4-丁二醇(BDO)为硬段采用预聚法合成了聚氨酯(PU)弹性体。讨论了MDI/BDO体系中软段种类、相对分子质量、预聚体NCO含量及催化剂对PU弹性体力学性能的影响,并与TDI/MOCA体系进行比较。结果表明,当软段相对分子质量相同时,以PBA为原料合成的PU弹性体硬度最高,弹性体的拉伸强度、伸长率和冲击弹性均随软段相对分子质量的增加而增加;提高预聚体NCO含量可使PU弹性体的硬度、撕裂强度和300%模量增加;但加入催化剂的PU弹性体,其拉伸强度下降16.6%～20.1%;MDI/BDO体系PU弹性体的撕裂强度和冲击弹性较高,TDI/MOCA体系PU弹性体的拉伸强度较好、永久变形较低。     

间规聚苯乙烯/等规聚丙烯共混物的热性能

用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、动态力学分析(DMA)和热重法(TGA)等研究了间规聚苯乙烯/等规聚丙烯(sPS/iPP)、sPS与聚-1-丁烯(B30)组成的嵌段共聚物和sPS/iPP/B30共混体系的热性能。结果表明sPS/iPP是不相容体系,B30与iPP可相容,B30可作为sPS/iPP共混物的相容剂。DSC和DMA分析结果表明,加入适量的B30时,sPS/iPP/B30共混物中iPP的玻璃化转变温度随B30加入量的增加而逐渐升高,而sPS的玻璃化转变温度则随B30加入量的增加而逐渐降低;TGA分析结果表明共混体系的热失重温度高于300℃,比iPP的高。     

丙烯-乙烯共聚物Vistamaxx的结构性能表征

Vistamaxx(VM)是一种新型的茂金属催化的丙烯-乙烯共聚物,其丙烯质量分数在70%以上,组成与结晶性介于无定型的乙丙橡胶与结晶性的聚丙烯之间,是一种柔软且有弹性的聚烯烃材料。对VM进行了红外光谱(FTIR)、广角X射线衍射(WAXD)、示差扫描量热(DSC)以及力学性能的测试分析,结果表明:VM中的乙烯质量分数在20%以下;VM的Tg在-24℃以下;VM的结晶度较低,其结晶具有聚丙烯α-型晶体结构特点,分子链中较短的链段可在室温以下结晶表现出二次结晶现象;VM是一种透明性高、力学性能优异的热塑性弹性体材料。     

TIPA/BDO扩链的聚氨酯弹性体力学性能的研究

以聚酯(PEA、PEPA)或聚醚(PTMG)和TDI为原料合成聚氨酯(PU)预聚体,用三异丙醇胺(TIPA)和1,4-丁二醇(BDO)的混合物作扩链剂制备PU弹性体。讨论了软段相对分子质量、弹性体交联点相对分子质量和扩链剂的种类对PU弹性体性能的影响。结果表明,PU弹性体的硬度、拉伸强度、300%模量和撕裂强度随软段相对分子质量的增加而下降,而伸长率和冲击弹性随软段相对分子质量的增加而增加;交联点相对分子质量为6600时,PTMG2000为软段的PU弹性体的拉伸强度最高,达到28.44MPa;与TMP/BDO扩链的聚酯型PU弹性体相比,TIPA/BDO扩链的弹性体的拉伸强度、伸长率和撕裂强度均较高,而硬度、300%模量和冲击弹性差异不大。     

端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯/纳米二氧化硅弹性体的制备及其力学性能研究

以自制的端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯(ITPB)为基体,纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2)为固化剂,制备了ITPB型聚氨酯/纳米SiO_2弹性体。阐述了ITPB/SiO_2弹性体的制备机理,研究了溶剂的种类、SiO_2加入量和固化条件对ITPB/SiO_2弹性体力学性能的影响。结果表明,以环己酮为溶剂制备的ITPB/SiO_2弹性体力学性能最佳;随着SiO_2加入量的增加,弹性体的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、断裂强度及硬度均有明显提高,SiO_2加入量为6%时,弹性体的断裂伸长率达到最大值220.14%,当SiO_2加入量为8%时,弹性体的拉伸强度达到最大值7.11 MPa;提高固化温度和延长固化时间,有助于提高ITPB/SiO_2弹性体的力学性能。     

基于四氢呋喃聚醚聚氨酯弹性体力学性能的研究

以四氢呋喃聚醚（PTMG）、二异氰酸酯（TDI、或MDI）和扩链剂（MOCA、或BDO）为原料,制备了浇注型和热塑型聚氨酯弹性体。研究了预聚体的NCO基质量份、PTMG的分子量和硬段质量份数对PU弹性体力学性能的影响。结果表明：PU弹性体的硬度和模量随NCO含量和硬段质量份数增加而增加。逐渐提高PTMG的分子量,PU弹性 的拉伸强度降低,而拉断伸长率增加。2000分子量的PTMG－PU弹性体的冲击弹性比1000分子量的PTMG－PU好。     

离子化热塑性弹性体的制备及性能研究

研究了甲基丙烯酸锌(ZDMA)生成量对乙烯-辛烯热塑性弹性体(POE)性能的影响以及1,1-双叔丁基过氧化-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷(Tx-29)和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)用量对离子化热塑性弹性体性能的影响。结果表明,ZDMA的加入对POE的补强有一定的效果,随着ZDMA的生成,其拉伸强度、拉断伸长率和回弹均有明显改善,在ZDMA生成量为20份、引发剂Tx-29用量为1.0份时,其综合力学性能较为优异;离子化热塑性弹性体的硬度随LDPE用量的增加而增加,其回弹随LDPE用量的增加而减小。     

丙烯-乙烯共聚物Vistamaxx的结构性锥表征

Vistamaxx（VM）是一种新型的茂金属催化的丙烯-乙烯共聚物，其丙烯质量分数在70％以上，组成与结晶性介于无定型的乙丙橡胶与结晶性的聚丙烯之间，是一种柔软且有弹性的聚烯烃材料。对VM进行了红外光谱（FTIR）、广角X射线衍射（WAXD）、示差扫描量热（DSC）以及力学性能的测试分析，结果表明：VM中的乙烯质量分数在20％以下；VM的Tg在-24℃以下；VM的结晶度较低，其结晶具有聚丙烯α-型晶体结构特点，分子链中较短的链段可在室温以下结晶表现出二次结晶现象；VM是一种透明性高、力学性能优异的热塑性弹性体材料。     

应用聚氨酯型弹性体作为热发动机的部件

苏联成功地研究出可以利用的聚氨酯纤维型弹性体.该纤维为线型的,约含15％(重量份)硬段(4.4′—二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯与乙烯二胺反应形成的链段)和85％(重量份)软段(预聚体由分子量约为2000的聚氧化四甲撑或者由乙二醇、丁二醇和己二酸合成的共聚酯)的嵌段共聚物。在把太阳能,地下热能或者海波能转换成机械能的转换器中,应用这种弹性体作为工作体,已表     

基于PE/EPDM胶粉的共混性能研究

通过密炼共混法成功制备了聚乙烯（PE）/废旧三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）胶粉的热塑性弹性体,研究了不同PE/EPDM共混比和不同相容剂对热塑性弹性体力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：随PE用量增加,拉伸强度、100%定伸应力、硬度提高,拉断伸长率降低。在PE用量不变的条件下,加入相容剂可改善PE/废旧EPDM胶粉热塑性弹性体的基本力学性能,其中随着相容剂氯化聚乙烯（CPE）与马来酸酐接枝苯乙烯-乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物（SEBS-g-MA）用量的增加,拉伸强度、100%定伸应力、拉断伸长率和硬度提高;而以马来酸酐接枝乙丙橡胶（EPDM-g-MA）为相容剂时,除拉断伸长率外,拉伸强度、100%定伸应力与硬度则呈现相反的趋势,其随EPDM-g-MA用量增多而降低。     

Morphology and mechanical behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) blends and fibers

The crystallization morphologies and mechanical behaviors of iPP/sPP blends and the corresponding fibers were investigated in the present work. For all the investigated iPP/sPP blends, the starting crystallization temperature of sPP during cooling process was significantly increased with increasing iPP content. The iPP/sPP blends are strongly immiscible at the conventional melt processing temperatures, in consistence with the literature results. As isothermally crystallized at 130 °C, sPP still keeps melt state, while iPP component is able to crystallize and the spherulites become imperfect accompanied by decreasing of the crystallite size as sPP content increases. The addition of sPP decreases the crystallinity of iPP/sPP blends and fibers. The storage modulus, E′, of the iPP/sPP blends is higher than that of sPP homopolymer in the temperature range from −90 to 100 °C. The iPP/sPP fibers can be prepared favorably by melt-spinning. As sPP content exceeds 70%, the elastic recovery of the iPP/sPP fibers is approximately equal to that of sPP homopolymer fiber. The drawability of the as-spun fiber of iPP/sPP (50/50) is better than that of sPP fiber, which improves the fiber processing performance and enhances the mechanical properties of the final product. The drawn fiber of sPP presents good elastic behavior within the range of 50% deformation, whereas the elastic property of the iPP/sPP (50/50) fiber slightly decreases, but still much better than that of iPP fiber.     

Morphology and mechanical properties of binary blends of polypropylene with statistical and block ethylene‐octene copolymers

In the present work, statistical (EOCs) and block (OBCs) ethylene‐octene copolymers, with similar densities and crystallinities, were used as impact modifiers of isotactic polypropylene (iPP), and the toughening effects of these two types of elastomers were compared. The viscosity curves of EOCs were similar to those of OBCs with equivalent melt flow rate (MFR), enabling a comparison of the viscosity ratio and elastomer type as independent variables. No distinct differences on the crystal forms and crystal perfection of iPP matrix in various blends were observed by thermal analysis. Morphological examination showed that OBCs form smaller dispersed domains than EOCs with similar MFRs. The flexural modulus, yield stress, stress and strain at break showed the same variation tendency for all the investigated polypropylene/elastomer blends. However, the room temperature Izod impact toughness of iPP/OBC blend was higher than that of iPP/EOC blend containing elastomer with the similar MFRs. The experimental results indicated that the compatibility of iPP/OBCs was much higher than that of iPP/EOCs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Structure and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene and iPP/talc blends functionalized by electron beam irradiation

The structure and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) functionalized by electron beam irradiation are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, thermomechanical analysis, melt index and mechanical measurements. The experimental results show that the degree of crystallinity, the thermal degradation temperature and the dimensional stability increase with dose in the range 0–5 kGy. At 5 kGy, the initial and final degradation temperatures of the irradiated iPP are raised by 66 °C and 124 °C, respectively. The melt index increases with increasing dose. The mechanical measurements show that the stiffness of iPP is greatly enhanced by electron beam irradiation. A small dose of irradiation (0.75 kGy) can increase the Young's modulus to 1284 MPa compared with 1112 MPa for unirradiated iPP. Adding 10 % by weight of irradiated iPP powder into iPP/talc (70/20 % by weight) blends, changes the processing parameters significantly and makes the Young's modulus rise substantially. At a dose of 40 kGy the Young's modulus of iPP/talc blend jumps to 3611 MPa against the original 2201 MPa. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Simultaneously improving tensile strength and toughness of melt‐spun β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene fibers

Polymer processing methods generally play a crucial role in determining the development of microstructure in the fabricated product. In this study, isotactic polypropylene (iPP) melt containing 0.05 wt % β‐nucleating agent (β‐NA) was extruded via a melt flow rate indicator. The molten extrudate was stretched into a fiber upon various take‐up velocities (TVs). The microstructures of the fiber were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter, two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. Also, its tensile properties (including tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, and toughness) were measured by tensile test. Interestingly, the tensile strength (135.0 MPa) of a melt‐spun β‐nucleated iPP fiber fabricated at 400 cm/min was enhanced by 115.2%, compared with that (62.7 MPa) prepared at 100 cm/min, with a considerable increment in toughness (from 661 to 853 MJ/m³). The enhancement mechanism for tensile properties was discussed based on the microstructures. This work offers a simple approach to prepare β‐nucleated iPP fibers with excellent strength and toughness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43454.     

Transcrystallization in fiber-reinforced isotactic polypropylene composites in a temperature gradient

Transcrystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) on different fibers (carbon fiber, glass fiber, and aramid fiber) was conducted in a temperature gradient. The Ultra-High-Module carbon fiber (UHMCF), the High-Module carbon fiber, and the aramid fiber (Twaron) showed sufficient nucleation ability to form transcrystallization of iPP in certain temperature ranges. Among them, the UHMCF showed the best nucleation ability. On the contrary, the Intermediate-Module carbon fiber, the High-Tenacity carbon fiber, and the E-glass fiber showed too low nucleation ability to form transcrystallization of iPP. One efficient way to induce transcrystallization on these fibers was proved by pulling the fibers in supercooled iPP melts. The interface shear between fiber and supercooled matrix melt on crystallization and the interface temperature gradient between fiber and supercooled matrix melt on crystallization are considered to be two very important factors for the formation of transcrystallization. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 67–75, 1997     

Wollastonite-reinforced polypropylene composites modified with novel metallocene EPR copolymers. I. Phase structure and morphology

Supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene/wollastonite/metallocene propylene–ethylene copolymers (iPP/W/EPR) composites was studied as a function of elastomer content (from 0 to 20 vol%) by optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Both, wollastonite and dispersed EPR particles, homogeneously incorporated into the iPP matrix, and affected the final phase structure and morphology of the iPP/wollastonite/EPR composites. Wollastonite particles were orientated plane-parallel to the sample surface and hindered spherulite growth of the iPP matrix. EPRs enhanced plane-parallel orientation of wollastonite and simultaneously enhanced the spherulite and crystallite growth in the iPP matrix during the solidification of polymer melt. Ternary iPP/wollastonite/EPR composites exhibited significant prevalence of separated microphase morphology (over core-shell morphology) because of constitution similarity of P-E and iPP chains. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Morphologies of iPP induced by its partially carbon-coated homogeneity fibers

Homogeneity fiber/matrix composites of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were prepared with both partially carbon-coated and non-carbon-coated iPP fibers. Their morphologies produced by melt recrystallization were studied by means of polarized optical microscopy. The results show that through vacuum evaporating a thin carbon film partially on the surface of iPP fiber, the nucleation ability of the molten iPP matrix during the course of recooling has been enhanced tremendously. The early formation and high density of the iPP row nuclei formed along the partially carbon-coated iPP fibers lead to the formation of an apparent iPP transcrystalline zone in the vicinity of its precoated fiber. The high nucleation ability of the carbon-coated iPP fiber towards its homogeneity matrix may originate from the surface fixing effect of the vacuum evaporated carbon layer on the polymer samples.     

Morphology of high impact polypropylene particles

Morphological features of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and high impact polypropylene (hiPP) particles produced in a multistage polymerization process were investigated by field-emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Study was mainly focused on architecture of iPP particle and distribution of elastomer phase (EPR) within the preformed iPP matrix. The iPP particle is an agglomerate of many subglobules (ca. several to hundred microns in diameter), while the subglobule in turn is formed by a great deal of primary globules (ca. 100 nm in diameter). Large macropores between the subglobules and finely distributed micropores within the subglobule constitute a network of pore inside the iPP particle. Ethylene/propylene comonomers can diffuse into the macro- and micropores and copolymerize on catalyst active sites located on periphery of the pores, forming elastomer phase inside.     

Interphase layer formation in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber blends

The influence of the interphase layer, formed by the introduction of an oil in ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR), on the structure and properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/EPR blends was studied. The dispersity of the rubber phase in the iPP matrix did not depend on presence of oil. The melting temperature of iPP decreased with increasing content of oil‐extended EPR, and it did not change if the oil was absent. The compatibility parameter was determined from the dependency of the iPP melting point on the rubber content with the Nishi–Wang equation. A negative value of the parameter indicated a limited compatibility of iPP with oil‐extended EPR. The latter also reduced the temperature and heat of crystallization of iPP. The mechanical properties of iPP/EPR blends were investigated as functions of temperature and elongation rate. It appeared that elastic modulus and yield stress of the blends linearly depended on the logarithm of the elongation rate. Activation volumes, calculated with the Eyring equation, increased with increasing content of elastomer; moreover, this increase was more pronounced for the oil‐extended elastomer. It is suggested that the oil influenced the structure of the interphase layer and, accordingly, the characteristics of the iPP/EPR blends. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 249–257, 2003     

Structural properties and superhydrophobicity of electrospun polypropylene fibers from solution and melt

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) has successfully been electrospun from both solution and melt using an elevated temperature setup. First, PP nanofibers with two different average diameters (0.8 μm and 9.6 μm) were obtained via electrospinning of iPP in decalin, and the effect of deformation and solidification on the morphological and structural features of the resulting fibers was studied. Secondly, melt electrospun PP fibers with two different average diameters were also fabricated to compare the structures with those of solution electrospun PP fibers. DSC and XRD results show that β form crystals which can increase the impact strength and toughness of electrospun fibers are present in sub-micron scale PP fibers from solution, while fibers from melt mostly show α form crystals. The annealed fibers have changed their morphological forms into α and γ crystal forms. Finally, it is observed that electrospun PP fiber webs both from solution and melt exhibit superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle about 151° which is substantially higher than those of a commercial PP non-woven web and a compression molded PP film, 104° and 112°, respectively. Such superior hydrophobicity was observed for all PP electrospun fibers and it was not altered by the processing scheme (solution or melt) or fiber diameter (sub-micron or micron). Enhanced hydrophobicity of electrospun PP fiber webs contribute to excellent barrier performance without losing permeability when they are applied to protective clothing.