超塑成形液压机加热平台测温系统的结构及原理分析

针对超塑成形对温度控制有严格要求的状况,对其加热平台进行温度探测,采集加热平台上多点的温度,将温度信号反馈至PLC,通过触摸屏显示,并通过PLC对各点温度进行对比,控制不同加电热管之间或同支电加热管的不同分段处的电流强度,达到平台各点温度迅速平衡的目的。测温系统由热电偶、西门子SM331热电偶模块、西门子S7-300 PLC可编程控制器、西门子FM355 PID闭环控制器、工业触摸屏等组成。通过热电偶直接测量温度输出电动势信号,并把电动势信号转换成PLC内部处理用的数字信号,最终由PLC进行处理后对相应电加热管的开关时间进行控制。     

亚共晶Al-5.8%Cu合金的非平衡熔化行为

分析了Al-5.8%Cu亚共晶合金在不同加热条件下的DSC试验结果，研究了具有不同凝固组织的试验合金的非平衡熔化行为。研究表现，其熔化开始温度随加热速度的增大略有升高；共晶熔化激活能与凝固组织相关，慢速凝固组织的熔化激活能大于快速凝固组织。凝固组织中存在的非平衡共晶在熔化前的加热过程中大部分溶解，剩余部分参与共晶熔化，溶解的非平衡共晶的量受溶质扩散面积和加热速度的共同作用，随加热速度的减小和扩散表面积的增大而增大。     

基于辐射管内外耦合传热模拟带钢连退过程的温度均匀性

针对立式带钢连续退火炉内辐射管加热过程带钢温度均匀性问题，建立了W型辐射管管内流动、燃烧和管内外换热的耦合模型以及带钢内部非稳态导热模型，模拟研究了辐射管表面温度分布对带钢温度均匀性变化的影响。结果表明，在带钢升温过程中，其宽度方向温度呈凹状分布，这与辐射管两端温度偏高和炉墙的辐射绝热作用有关，该温差先增大后逐渐减小，宽度1200 mm的带钢在加热中段时最大温差可达13.6℃;带宽方向温差随着带宽的增大先缓慢增大后快速降低；带宽较小时，带宽方向温差随着功率的增加而增大，带宽较大时则相反。带宽接近辐射管长度时，带宽方向温差最小，可降至5℃以内；加热前期，辐射管表面温度最不均匀，加热中期，带宽方向温差最大。     

电加热器的改进

我厂使用SZ7215型热法复膜混砂装置配制酚醛树脂砂,该机原砂加热装置是电加热管,加热管装在无缝钢管内。这种装置在使用过程中原砂加热速度慢,电加热管长期处于极差的散热条件,容易烧断电阻丝。无缝钢管也因温度过高,发生挠曲变形。特别是在原砂沸     

铜转子压铸模热模拟分析及应用

结合理论计算,利用热模拟分析方法对电热管不同功率所对应的铜转子压铸模模具内部温度分布进行了研究。结果表明:电热管电压为220 V时,模具内部温度为450~550℃;电热管电压为180 V时,模具内部温度为350~450℃,两者相差约100℃。设计的模具预热系统达到了设计要求,满足实际生产需要,为铜转子压铸模具加热系统的设计提供理论指导。     

等离子体喷涂中颗粒加热过程数值模拟

目的研究颗粒在等离子体喷涂中的加热过程及影响因素。方法使用Fluent软件对处于等离子射流中颗粒的加热过程与状态进行求解计算,根据计算结果分析了喷距、颗粒直径与颗粒材料对颗粒加热状况与内部温度梯度的影响。结果对于不同的喷距,在颗粒升温过程中,颗粒表面温度高于中心温度;在颗粒降温过程中,颗粒表面温度低于中心温度,并且降温过程中的表面-中心温差远小于升温过程中的表面-中心温差。在颗粒升温过程中,其内部存在不同的加热阶段。对于不同的直径,虽然大颗粒比小颗粒能进入射流中心更深的位置,但小颗粒的加热效果更好。表面-中心温差随着颗粒直径的增大而增大,三种不同直径的颗粒的表面-中心温差变化曲线都表现出相似的趋势。对于不同材料的颗粒,热导率越低的颗粒,其表面-中心温差越高,越难以完全熔化。结论喷距、颗粒直径与颗粒材料对颗粒加热状况和内部温度梯度有很大的影响,该模拟结果能为分析颗粒与等离子体之间的传热提供参考。     

多晶硅铸锭炉双区加热系统的数值计算

对450型多晶硅型铸锭炉加热系统进行优化,提出了双区加热系统的理论,即对顶部加热器和侧面加热器加热功率分别控制;同时对侧面加热器结构进行优化。利用有限元软件ANSYS对加热系统优化后铸锭生长过程进行数值计算,对优化后硅料熔化过程、硅液内部温度分布、硅锭退火过程及硅锭纵向温度分布进行分析,计算结果显示,优化后硅液等温线较平坦、硅锭退火后温度梯度减小,熔化和退火阶段时间明显缩短,可以降低铸锭生产能耗,提高生产效率。     

火曲加热炉数值计算及优化

通过对加热过程的数值计算,计算理论加热时间、空气消耗系数、产物体积等参数,为加热炉的设计提供依据。利用加热过程的能量函数,采用可容差变分法对火曲工件出炉温度,加热过程中的表面温度、中心温度进行数值模拟,从而寻求最优化温升过程,以减少能量消耗,提高加热炉效率并为火曲工艺的自动化提供支持。     

基于感应加热的无孔型轧制数值模拟探讨

采用有限元分析软件模拟了高速线材生产中铸坯感应加热过程和粗轧无孔型轧制1~3道次的热连轧过程。计算并分析了感应加热过程温度的变化,分析了轧制过程中轧制力、等效应变和温度的变化。计算结果表明,当铸坯表面温度在950~1 100℃范围内时,表面温度越低,粗轧过程中铸坯断面变形相越均匀,变形更易渗透到铸坯中心位置。     

感应加热时钢坯物理性能对温度场的影响

为研究钢坯各物理性能在感应加热过程中对温度场的影响,建立移动钢坯的电磁-传热耦合有限元模型,采用单因素分析法首先研究了某一特定物理量对钢坯温度场的影响,接着对比分析了物理性能相差较大的两种钢坯在多物理量均随温度变化时对温度场的影响。结果表明,相对磁导率对截面温度的影响主要由产生的较大感应电流及其较浅趋肤深度导致;在相对磁导率和热导率共同作用下,碳钢芯表温差略有缩小,不锈钢芯表温差略有升高;此外,结合实际加热过程--当多物理性能均随温度变化时,碳钢的电导率和比热容能减弱相对磁导率使加热过程中表面温度快速升高这一影响;最后的试验数据显示,在温度上升趋势一致的同时,理论计算较实际加热的结果高2.44%~6.97%。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。