稀土盐对铝合金硼硫酸阳极氧化膜层性能的影响

目的研究代替铬酸阳极氧化和稀铬酸氧化膜层封闭处理的工艺。方法在硼硫酸阳极氧化溶液中添加不同的稀土盐对铝合金进行阳极氧化,采用稀土盐对氧化膜层进行封闭处理,分析对比膜质量及膜层耐腐蚀性能。结果在硼硫酸阳极氧化溶液中加入稀土A盐能够提高氧化膜层的耐腐蚀性能,用稀土C盐溶液对该阳极氧化膜层进行封闭处理,可以进一步提高氧化膜层的耐腐蚀性能,耐中性盐雾腐蚀时间达到336 h。结论稀土A盐改进的硼硫酸阳极氧化/C盐封闭技术有望代替铬酸阳极氧化技术。     

铝合金在HEDP电解液中的阳极氧化行为及膜层结构EI北大核心CSCD

选用羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)为电解液对1060铝合金进行阳极氧化,分析了其在恒压氧化过程中的电流变化特征;借助FESEM、EDS、XRD等分析了氧化膜的微观结构、化学组成及其演变过程,探讨HEDP阳极氧化膜的生长机制;通过动电位极化曲线评价HEDP阳极氧化处理铝合金的耐蚀性。结果表明:HEDP体系中铝合金阳极氧化膜的形成是一个电化学成长与化学溶解的动态调整过程。HEDP阳极氧化膜与硫酸阳极氧化膜类似,也呈双层结构;外层为蜂窝孔状结构,只是孔径略大;内层为壁垒型结构,但明显更厚;膜层主要由非晶态Al_(2)O_(3)组成,同时多孔层中含有一定量的水合Al_(2)O_(3)。随着氧化时间的延长,孔径和孔隙率会不断增大;氧化30 min时,膜层厚度为4~5μm,表面孔径为110~120 nm,阻挡层厚度约154 nm。HEDP阳极氧化膜大幅提升了1060铝合金的耐蚀性,且膜层厚度相当时,其耐蚀性优于铬酸阳极氧化膜。     

不同方法评价几种工艺封闭的铝合金阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性

使用磷-铬酸失重试验、铜加速醋酸盐雾试验和电化学技术研究了铈盐封闭的铝合金阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性,并与氟化镍封闭、沸水封闭和重铬酸钾封闭方法进行了对比。铈盐封闭的铝合金阳极氧化膜在磷-铬酸失重试验中失重小于30 mg/dm2,达到了GB/T5237.2-2000中的规定。铜加速醋酸盐雾试验和电化学试验表明,铈盐封闭的铝合金阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性与其它几种方法封闭的铝合金阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性相当。磷-铬酸失重试验、铜加速醋酸盐雾试验和电化学技术这几种方法都可以用来评价铝阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性,且评价结果基本一致。稀土封闭绿色环保,封闭效果好,应用前景良好。     

2A12铝合金不同阳极氧化膜在NaCl溶液中的电化学演变

目的 评价2A12铝合金不同阳极氧化膜在氯离子作用下的腐蚀电化学演变行为。方法 以2A12铝合金为基材,分别制备重铬酸盐封闭硫酸阳极氧化（DS-SAA）膜、热水封闭硫酸阳极氧化（HWS-SAA）膜和稀铬酸封闭铬酸阳极氧化（DCS-CAA）膜,采用动电位极化、电化学交流阻抗表征及拟合,并结合体视显微镜等方法,分析不同氧化膜试件的电化学参数在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中随浸泡时间的变化,对膜层演变规律及机理进行讨论。结果 硫酸阳极氧化和铬酸阳极氧化膜的厚度分别约为8 μm和3 μm,后者表面缺陷更少。在NaCl溶液中浸泡1 h后,DS-SAA、HWS-SAA 和DCS-CAA试件的自腐蚀电流密度分别为9.1、0.86、12.9 nA/cm2,经168 h浸泡后,分别增大为15.5、35.3、2628 nA/cm2,DS-SAA试件的自腐蚀电位升高了205 mV,DCS-CAA试件的自腐蚀电位从-604 mV降低到-930 mV。随着浸泡时间的延长,DS-SAA试件的Rb和Rp值始终分别高于107 Ω?cm2和105 Ω?cm2。浸泡24 h后,HWS-SAA和DCS-CAA试件的阻抗谱中开始出现韦伯阻抗,Rb和Rp值迅速下降。结论 三种氧化膜在浸泡初期的耐蚀性能相当,随着时间的延长,重铬酸盐封闭硫酸阳极氧化膜具有较高的耐蚀性和耐久性,其余两种氧化膜的耐蚀性能则快速下降,168 h后多孔层几乎完全失效。氧化膜耐蚀性能的差异与膜厚和封闭机理有关。     

铝阳极氧化膜的微观结构及沸水封闭处理对膜层显微硬度的影响

通过阳极氧化在铝合金表面获得稳定的阳极氧化膜,并对膜层进行沸水封闭处理,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等分析手段研究了氧化电流密度以及封闭处理对膜层显微硬度的影响。结果表明:随着电流密度的增加,铝合金阳极氧化膜的显微硬度先升高,后降低;沸水封闭会导致铝阳极氧化膜的显微硬度下降;铝阳极氧化膜表面形貌的优劣、多孔层的组织结构和屏蔽性与膜层显微硬度密切相关。     

文摘辑要

电镀与精饰2012年·第4期封闭工艺对铝合金阳极氧化膜耐蚀性的影响在得出铝合金硼酸-硫酸阳极氧化膜硝酸铈-高锰酸钾封闭工艺配方的基础上,微小变动封闭液中高锰酸钾的含量,通过封闭前后试样的质量变化、点滴试验、无硝酸预浸的磷-铬酸质量损失试验评定出高锰酸钾的最佳含量。分析了氧化膜封闭前后的表面形貌,探讨了氧化膜封闭后的耐腐蚀性能。结果     

铈盐对铝合金硼酸?硫酸阳极氧化膜的封闭效应

将铝合金硼酸-硫酸阳极氧化膜浸入铈盐转化液中进行封闭。采用交流阻抗谱技术研究各封闭参数对氧化膜耐蚀性的影响,比较了不同方法封闭的氧化膜的耐蚀性差异。结果表明:将硼酸-硫酸阳极氧化试样浸入30℃的铈盐转化液(5 g/L Ce(NO3)3+0.5%H2O2)中处理30 min后,多孔层电阻Rp大幅增加,且腐蚀电流密度降低1个数量级,耐蚀性明显优于沸水封闭氧化膜的,也稍优于稀铬酸封闭氧化膜的耐蚀性。结合EDS分析表明:铈盐转化封闭后硼酸-硫酸阳极氧化膜的外表面形成了一层完整致密的铈盐转化膜,多孔层内也充满了铈的封闭产物,二者的协同作用几乎完全封住了硼酸-硫酸阳极氧化膜的孔隙,从而有效地提高了氧化膜的耐蚀性。     

铝合金阳极氧化膜层结构对粘接性能的影响

目的研究铝合金阳极氧化膜层厚度与孔径对粘接性能的影响。方法制备铝合金阳极氧化膜层,配制电解液成分为120 g/L H_2SO_4,60 g/L H3PO4,7 g/L CH_3COOH,温度为22℃。通过改变阳极氧化时间和阳极氧化电压,制备膜层厚度不同和孔径尺寸不同的阳极氧化膜层结构,对阳极氧化膜试样涂TS-805胶粘剂,加压固化。通过拉伸剪切强度测试和湿热环境耐久性能测试,评价氧化膜层厚度和孔径对阳极氧化膜粘接性能的影响关系。结果随着膜层厚度的增加,拉剪强度逐渐升高,达到一定厚度后,膜的拉剪强度不再增加反而降低,当膜层厚度为9.41μm时,铝合金粘接件的拉剪强度最高为25.06 MPa。在膜层厚度一定的情况下,氧化膜层结构中孔径尺寸对拉剪强度的影响较小;氧化膜层的湿热环境耐久性能随着氧化时间的增加而提升,当氧化时间为30 min时,膜层湿热耐久性能最优;膜层湿热环境的耐久性能受膜层孔径尺寸的影响较小。结论铝合金阳极氧化膜层结构中多孔层的孔深对粘接接头的粘接强度有影响,膜层过厚在粘接过程中粘接界面易形成气孔而降低粘接的拉剪强度,膜层厚度的最佳值与选用胶粘剂的黏度和多孔层的孔径有关,孔径对粘接拉剪强度的影响不明显。铝合金粘接的湿热耐久性能与氧化膜的孔径关系较大,对同一氧化体系的氧化膜层结构,孔径越大,湿热耐久性能越高。氧化电压是控制氧化膜层结构的主要因素,可以通过控制氧化电压提高氧化膜层粘接的湿热耐久性能。     

铝合金阳极氧化膜醋酸镍封闭方法耐蚀性研究

研究了醋酸镍封闭方法对不同铝合金阳极氧化膜在NaCl溶液中电化学行为的影响,并与沸水封闭方法和重铬酸钾封闭方法作了比较。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了封闭后阳极氧化膜的表面形貌。利用能量散射谱(EDS)分析了封闭后阳极氧化膜表面和截面成分。利用动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了封闭后阳极氧化膜的腐蚀行为。结果表明:醋酸镍封闭方法可以使铝合金阳极氧化膜具有平整均匀的表面形貌,镍元素分布于整个阳极氧化膜层中。在酸性和碱性溶液中,醋酸镍封闭的铝合金阳极氧化膜比沸水封闭和重铬酸钾封闭的铝合金阳极氧化膜具有更高的耐蚀性,是一种较好的封闭方法。     

温度对铝阳极氧化的影响

为了提高铝合金零件的防腐蚀能力,增加零件耐磨性,铝及铝合金制品通常需要进行阳极氧化处理或硬质阳极氧化处理。铝的阳极氧化是以铝或铝合金作阳极,以铅板、不锈钢板作阴极,在硫酸、草酸、铬酸等水溶液中电解,使其表面生成氧化膜层。其中,硫酸阳极处理应用最为广泛。铝和铝合金硫酸阳极氧化膜层有较强的吸附能力,易进行封孔或着色处理,以提高其抗蚀性和美观性。阳极氧化膜层厚一般5—25um,铝合金硫酸阳极氧化工艺操作简单,电解液稳定,成本也不高,是成熟的工艺方法。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。