H2S对X70钢在弱酸性溶液中的腐蚀行为的影响

用静态失重法、动电位扫描法、交流阻抗法结合扫描电镜研究了H2S对X70钢在弱酸性溶液中的腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明,在25 ℃、pH=4.6的HAC-NaAC体系中,加入0.04 mmol/L的H2S会大幅度加速X70钢的腐蚀;随着H2S浓度的增大,X70钢的腐蚀速率逐渐减小,但均大于空白溶液,表现为加速X70钢的腐蚀;当H2S浓度为10 mmol/L时,腐蚀速率小于空白溶液,表现为对X70钢的腐蚀反应的抑制作用.这是由于FeS保护膜的稳定性与H2S的浓度有关.     

H_2S分压对SM 80SS套管钢在CO_2/H_2S共存环境中高温高压腐蚀行为的影响

用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)及X射线衍射(XRD)等方法,就H2S分压对SM80SS特级抗硫套管钢在CO2/H2S共存条件下的腐蚀行为的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明:在试验条件下,低PH2S时,以CO2腐蚀为主,腐蚀产物膜由FeS0.9和FeCO3组成,腐蚀产物膜颗粒细小、致密,平均腐蚀速率较低;随着PH2S的增大,反应逐渐变为以H2S为主,FeS0.9逐渐转变为FeS,腐蚀产物膜颗粒粗大、疏松,随后又变得细小、致密,腐蚀速率呈现先增大后逐渐减小的趋势;高PH2S时,FeS的生成较大程度阻碍了FeCO3的生成。腐蚀产物有较好的局部腐蚀阻碍作用,腐蚀形式均为均匀腐蚀。     

CO2分压对SM80SS套管钢在CO2/H2S共存环境中的高温高压腐蚀行为影响

用失重法、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）及X射线能谱（XRD）对CO2分压对SM80SS特级抗硫套管钢在CO2/H2S共存条件下的腐蚀行为进行了试验研究,结果表明：在试验条件下,低PCO2时,反应以H2S为主,FeS优先生成,腐蚀产物膜颗粒细小、比较致密,平均腐蚀速率较小;PCO2不断增大后,反应以CO2为主,FeS逐渐全部转变为FeS0.9,腐蚀产物膜颗粒粗大、比较疏松,平均腐蚀速率较大;腐蚀产物有较好的局部腐蚀阻碍作用,腐蚀形式均为均匀腐蚀。     

锆合金在HCl和H2SO4溶液中的耐蚀性能研究

采用化学浸泡、电化学测试和物理检测技术,研究了HCl和H2SO4溶液中锆合金的腐蚀行为.结果表明,锆合金在还原性的HCl和低浓度H2SO4溶液中,具有优异的耐蚀性,而在高浓度的氧化性H2SO4溶液中腐蚀速率显著增大.物理检测结果显示,腐蚀的锆合金表面均匀地覆盖着弥散分布的微小颗粒状ZrO2.还原性的HCl和低浓度H2SO4溶液中ZrO2膜保持了原有的致密性,增强了锆合金的耐蚀性能.而高浓度H2SO4溶液中,在其强氧化作用下,锆合金基体/膜界面处不断生成ZrO2.当膜增加到一定厚度时,氧化膜的晶格参数与金属的晶格参数不一致,产生内应力,降低了氧化膜的附着力,直至氧化膜破裂,露出新鲜的锆合金表面.继之,新鲜的锆合金再次被氧化,以此循环往复,导致锆合金在浓H2SO4溶液中腐蚀加剧.     

CO2分压对碳钢海底管道CO2/H2S腐蚀的影响

目的：研究 CO2分压对 CO2/H2S腐蚀的影响规律,为海底管道材料的选择提供参考依据。方法采用高温高压反应釜进行腐蚀模拟实验,对腐蚀前后的试样进行称量,计算腐蚀速率。通过SEM观察腐蚀产物膜形貌,通过 XRD 分析腐蚀产物膜成分。结果当 CO2/H2S 分压比较高（1200）时, CO2分压为0.3、0.5、1.0 MPa对应的腐蚀速率分别为1.87、3.22、5.35 mm/a,随着CO2分压升高,腐蚀速率几乎呈线性增大趋势。当CO2/H2S分压比较低（200）时,CO2分压为0.3、0.5、1.0 MPa对应的腐蚀速率分别为3.47、3.64、3.71 mm/a,CO2分压变化对腐蚀速率的影响并不显著。当CO2/H2S分压比较高（1200）时,腐蚀产物以FeCO3为主,腐蚀受CO2控制;此时低CO2分压下的腐蚀产物膜较完整致密,高CO2分压下的腐蚀产物膜局部容易破裂,对基体保护性下降,因此腐蚀速率随CO2分压升高而增大。当CO2/H2S分压比较低（200）时,腐蚀产物以FeS为主,腐蚀受H2S控制;此时在不同CO2分压条件下,腐蚀产物均较完整致密,因此腐蚀速率相对较低,并未随着CO2分压升高显著增大。结论 CO2分压对CO2/H2S腐蚀速率的影响与CO2/H2S分压比密切相关,海底管道材料选择不仅要考虑CO2分压的影响,还要考虑CO2/H2S分压比的影响。     

N80抗硫油管钢在含CO2、微量H2S及高浓度Cl-腐蚀介质中的腐蚀行为

用失重法、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱(EDS)及X射线衍射能谱(XRD)对N80抗硫油管钢在CO2、微量H2S及高浓度Cl-条件下的腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,在本实验条件下,腐蚀反应以H2S腐蚀为主;在膜的形成过程中FeS腐蚀产物膜优先形成,并进一步阻碍具有良好保护性的FeCO3腐蚀产物膜的形成;腐蚀产物膜疏松、平均腐蚀速率较大,且有轻度局部腐蚀发生;溶液中高浓度的Cl-及材料中高含量的Cr元素会使N80抗硫钢局部腐蚀倾向加大.     

CO2和微量H2S共存条件下N80S抗硫油管钢的腐蚀行为

用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)及X射线衍射(XRD)法对N80S抗硫油管钢在CO2、微量H2S共存条件下的腐蚀行为进行实验研究。结果发现:在膜的形成过程中硫化物腐蚀产物膜(FeS、FeS0.9)会优先形成,并能在一定程度上阻碍CO2腐蚀的发生;腐蚀产物膜平整、颗粒细小;平均腐蚀速率较大,且有轻度局部腐蚀发生。     

温度对SM80SS套管钢在CO2／H2S共存环境中的高温高压腐蚀行为影响

用失重法、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）及X射线能谱（Ⅺ①）对温度对SM80SS特级抗硫套管钢在CO2/H2S共存条件下的腐蚀行为进行了试验研究,结果表日月．在试验条件下,低温（40℃）时,腐蚀速率较小,腐蚀产物为FeCO3和FeS0.9,膜颗粒细小、比较致密,平均腐蚀速率较小;温度逐渐升高至100℃左右时,腐蚀产物为FeCO3和FeS0.9,膜颗粒粗大、疏松,平均腐蚀速率最大;高温（150℃）时,腐蚀速率较小,腐蚀产物为FeO（OH）和FeCO3、FeS0.9,膜颗粒较小、致密,但比低温时明显粗大,平均腐蚀速率较小;高低温时腐蚀产物都有较好的局部腐蚀阻碍作用,腐蚀形式为均匀腐蚀。     

腐蚀产物晶体结构及离子选择性对P110S低合金钢在H2S/CO2环境中腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究P110S低合金钢在H2S/CO2环境中的腐蚀行为及腐蚀产物对其影响机理。方法通过P110S低合金钢在不同温度下的腐蚀失重实验、微观SEM形貌观察、XRD分析和离子选择性实验,探究腐蚀产物的晶体结构以及离子选择性对腐蚀行为的影响。腐蚀实验环境为模拟我国西北某油田现场不同井深的腐蚀工况,其中CO2与H2S的分压比为2.5。结果温度低于100℃时,腐蚀产物主要为马基诺矿型FeS,其为阳离子选择性,能够阻碍阴离子与基体接触,起到抑制腐蚀的作用,因此腐蚀速率较低,约为0.15 mm/a,且随温度升高基本保持不变,试样表面的腐蚀产物膜平整未脱落;温度达到120℃后,腐蚀速率急剧增大,部分腐蚀产物由马基诺矿转变为磁黄铁矿,腐蚀产物膜因下层腐蚀产物挤压而发生破裂脱落,试样发生局部腐蚀;温度高于160℃时,腐蚀产物全部为磁黄铁矿型FeS,其为阴离子选择性,无法阻碍阴离子穿过腐蚀产物膜与基体接触,因此随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率逐渐增大并趋于平缓,达到3.6 mm/a。结论H2S/CO2环境中低合金钢腐蚀行为与腐蚀产物晶体构型及离子选择性密切相关,若腐蚀产物为马基诺矿型FeS时,其具有阳离子选择性,能够抑制金属基体腐蚀溶解;而若腐蚀产物为磁黄铁矿型FeS时,因其具有阴离子选择性,则不能抑制金属基体发生腐蚀溶解。     

防喷器用718合金在CO_2、H_2S/CO_2环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过腐蚀失重、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)性能评价实验以及电化学测试研究了镍基合金718在模拟苛刻H2S/CO2环境和CO2环境中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:在模拟高温高压H2S/CO2腐蚀环境中,镍基合金718具有极其优越的抗均匀腐蚀、局部腐蚀和SCC性能;在饱和CO2腐蚀体系中,718合金的阳极极化曲线存在明显的钝化区,加入H2S后,极化电阻减小,钝化膜的保护作用减弱;镍基合金718在饱和CO2溶液体系中均具有较好的钝化和再钝化能力,且在50℃时,其点蚀电位最高,滞后环最小,耐缝隙腐蚀性能良好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.