热型连铸单晶金属的制备与拉伸特性研究

采用自制的热型连铸设备,制备出了直径为12mm的单晶铜、单晶铝、单晶锌棒材;对三种棒材的拉伸特性进行了测试、分析,并与多晶铜、多晶铝线材进行了对比.试验结果表明,热型连铸的单晶金属比多晶金属的拉伸性能大大提高.单晶铝比多晶铝伸长率提高了156.12％,断面收缩率提高了578.36％.单晶铜比多晶铜伸长率提高了131.75％,断面收缩率提高了353.34％.单晶锌的抗拉强度只有7 MPa,伸长率为13.29％.从应力-应变曲线可以得出:单晶铝、单晶铜的加工硬化倾向较小,单晶锌则具有明显的加工硬化倾向.     

热型连铸单晶铝的力学性能的研究

对直径为4 mm的热型连铸铝单晶线材的室温拉伸性能和循环弯曲性能进行了测试,并对其断口微观形貌进行了观察。结果表明:与多晶铝试样相比,热型连铸单晶铝屈服强度变化不大,抗拉强度降低了42.7%,伸长率和断面收缩率分别提高了111.5%和575%;弯曲疲劳寿命明显提高;单晶铝的断口呈扁尖状,断口附近滑移线相互平行且均匀分布,为典型的韧窝结构。     

铜单晶线材静态及动态拉伸试验的研究

通过利用自制的区域熔化单晶化设备(即水平式热型连铸技术)制造出3 mm纯铜单晶线材.实验结果表明:铜单晶线材静态最大抗拉强度约128MPa,其伸长率达133%;单晶铜线材承受的应力达105 MPa时,塑性变形开始,其试样表面变形特征呈单系滑移.当应力大于110MPa时,其试样表面变形特征呈双系滑移.当应力大于114 MPa时,变形呈现多系滑移现象;其断口形貌上有大量的韧窝,呈典型的韧性断口.     

一种含Re单晶高温合金的拉伸断裂行为

研究了Re对单晶高温合金拉伸、持久性能的影响及含Re单晶的拉伸断裂特征。拉伸性能试样采用[001]取向单晶制备，应力轴方向平行于单晶[001]取向，采用扫描电镜观察断口形貌。实验结果表明：Re的加入降低了单晶短时拉伸延伸率，但能提高单晶的高温持久断裂延伸率；含Re单晶室温拉伸表现为滑移开裂特征；高温拉伸断裂失效机制为变形不均匀的蠕变断裂；高温持久断口表现为典型的塑性断裂特征，变形均匀。     

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 中厚板拉伸试样出现了延伸率不合问题，并且拉伸试样断口出现了层状撕裂现象。通过对试样断口形貌、试样变形区和未变形区金相组织的研究，认为：中厚板中心区域珠光体比例高是层状撕裂试样厚度中心呈现脆性的原因，这种脆性区导致在拉伸过程中最先萌生裂纹，并最终导致拉伸试样延伸率不合；出现层状撕裂的试样在拉伸之前并不存在结构上的分层和断口分层，在断口上出现的平行于轧制方向的裂纹是在拉伸过程中形成的；当珠光体带的宽度超过25 μm时，试样在拉伸过程中在珠光体带中易出现裂纹并导致断口出现层状撕裂。     

形状记忆合金CuZnAl的扩散焊接头组织性能

采用铜、镍为中间层，研究了形状记忆合金CuZnAl扩散焊的焊接性能。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针对接头进行了微观分析。结果表明：不加中间层或采用铜为中间层焊接效果不好；而采用镍为中间层时，试样经扩散焊后，焊缝区窄、变形小，锌、铝挥发较少，相变点比焊前略低，焊后接头拉伸强度比母材有所降低，断口呈脆性断裂，其形状记忆指数可达到母材的91％。     

垂直晶界铜双晶的拉伸变形行为

利用数字图像相关法研究了垂直晶界铜双晶试样的拉伸变形行为,获得了拉伸过程中试样表面的全场变形分布。结果表明:试样整体变形呈"双颈缩"现象,试样表面的应变分布不均匀,晶界附近的应变水平低于晶粒内部的,试样总是在软取向的晶粒内首先发生塑性变形并断裂。借助扫描电镜(SEM)原位拉伸实验观察到在拉伸过程中滑移带不能穿过晶界。以上结果说明,铜双晶试样拉伸变形行为与组元晶粒的晶体取向和晶界的属性有关,软取向的晶粒更容易发生塑性变形,而大角度晶界在拉伸过程中具有强化效应,对晶粒的滑移变形有阻碍作用。     

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 针对冷轧薄钢板St14在单向拉伸试验中出现的试样“双缩颈”现象,结合观察试样缩颈断裂处的形态,引用薄板单向拉伸分散性失稳和集中性失稳理论对其做出合理解释。通过拉伸过程应变网格分析,验证了薄板拉伸分散性失稳和集中性失稳的存在。明确薄板拉伸失稳的特性,更加有利于正确判定和合理利用深冲压用冷轧薄钢板的塑性指标。     

TiAl基合金高温拉伸力学性能的研究

以ＴｉＡｌ基合金塑性研究的目的，采用自制高温流变仪拉伸机研究了具有全层片状显微组织试样高温拉伸力学性能和变形，断裂行为，试验发现，在热变形过程中，伴随着显著的动态再结晶现象的发生，断裂以缩颈引发应力，应变集中，孔洞的增殖，连通和长大等损伤过程的积累而致使发生。     

焊接速度对铝铜复合板搅拌摩擦焊接接头的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊接(friction stir welded,FSW)对铝铜层状复合板进行了焊接,研究了焊接速度对焊接接头组织与性能的影响。结果表明,铝铜复合板搅拌摩擦焊接接头在焊缝区域内铝铜金属呈层状分布,随焊接速度增大,焊核区铝与铜晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。在焊接速度为95 mm/min时,铜层接头平均显微硬度达到88 HV0.2,为铜母材的71.96%。在焊接速度为47.5 mm/min时,铝层接头平均硬度可达到35 HV0.2,高于铝母材显微硬度,并且焊接接头的抗拉强度为115.22 MPa。随着焊接速度的增大,抗拉强度和伸长率降低,拉伸试样断口微观形貌以解理断裂为主。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。