基于球杆仪的VMCL600型立式加工中心精度检测与分析

基于球杆仪的误差检测原理,通过球杆仪检测VMCL600型三轴立式机床5个不同位置的误差,找出影响该型号加工中心几何精度的主要因素是垂直度误差、y轴和x轴的反向间隙、比例不匹配误差等。分析了这些误差产生的原因、对加工精度的影响并提出相应的解决措施。     

基于BV75数控铣床热误差的检测与分析

利用先进的检测设备对数控铣床热误差进行检测与分析,使用Labview搭建了数据检测与分析的平台。在研究球杆仪检测数控机床热误差的方法的基础上,对数控机床空间几何位置和主轴端热漂移误差进行了分析。通过实验测得热误差进行曲线拟合,得到变化规律曲线,实验结果证明该实验方法和检测与分析平台的实用性和有效性。     

基于球杆仪的数控机床误差识别与补偿

论述了数控机床几何误差的球杆仪识别及软件补偿技术。提出了从Renishaw球杆仪测量数控机床的联动误差数据中识别反向间隙、直线度、垂直度、定位误差的一种方法;建立了机床结构的每个误差元和切削刀具相对工件位置误差相联系的通用数学模型;用球杆仪在数控机床上进行补偿前后加工轨迹的测量实验表明该方法效率高、效果显著。     

机床两轴联动圆测试与切削研究

分析机床联动测试的研究现状,介绍球杆仪和二维编码器KGM进行圆测试的原理。针对某型立式加工中心的X-Y平面进行了圆度误差测试,以分析进给速度和圆半径对圆度的影响。采用球杆仪在500、1 000、3 000 mm/min进给速度下进行圆度测试,给出不同进给速度下的圆度误差数据,并对球杆仪测试的圆度误差进行了误差分离,得到不同进给速度下的误差数据及排序。采用二维编码器KGM进行了10种半径的圆度测试,给出了不同半径的圆度误差数据。最后,采用逆铣和顺铣方式对铝料进行了圆切削试验,并与二维编码器的测试结果进行了对比。     

数控机床旋转轴几何误差测量与辨识研究

辨识机床旋转轴的几何误差是提高机床加工性能的关键。然而在测量过程中,摆放误差对测量结果的影响不可避免。过多的拆卸与摆放不同的位置进行误差测量会导致较多的摆放误差引入到测量结果致使辨识的误差结果不精确。为了减少上述的影响,基于多体系统理论通过球杆仪测量方程提出一种测量方法,该方法仅仅通过球杆仪两个位置的移动测量便可辨识旋转轴与位置有关的6项几何误差,降低了由于过多拆卸和摆放球杆仪造成摆放误差对测量结果的影响。最后以RTTTR型五轴机床为例,通过MATLAB程序仿真验证了该方法的可行性。程序仿真表明,该方法在精密机床旋转轴几何误差测量的精度检测中具有一定的应用前景。     

车铣复合数控机床几何误差补偿技术的研究

研究车铣复合数控机床存在的几何误差问题。根据车铣复合数控加工中心的结构特点,以多体系统运动学理论为基础,采用低序体阵列描述车铣复合加工中心的拓扑结构,分别建立了车铣复合数控机床的车削模式和铣削模式的精密加工方程,并设计误差补偿软件和进行仿真试验。实验结果表明:运用多体系统运动学理论建立的车铣复合数控加工中心几何运动误差模型是正确的;软件误差补偿提高了车铣复合数控加工中心的加工精度,效果明显。     

数控机床圆精度及补偿技术研究

数控机床误差的检测对于提高加工精度具有重要意义。对现有检测方法进行分析后,采用一种基于Renishaw QC20-W球杆仪的圆轨迹测量方法,获得加工中心误差信息,使用激光干涉仪通过数控系统对其进行误差补偿,提高机床动态性能。     

基于SAPSO-GA算法的高速曲轴随动数控磨床几何误差辨识方法

以某型数控曲轴磨床作为研究对象,对其结构和运动进行分析,推导出曲轴磨削时理想的砂轮轨迹方程。根据多体系统理论建立含有误差参数的模型,并推导出机床-工件和机床-刀具的运动链位置矩阵,得出机床精密加工的约束方程。对磨床的几何误差进行研究,建立几何误差模型。为快速、准确辨识出各项几何误差,提出一种混合SAPSO-GA算法。通过对比球杆仪测量补偿前后的运动轨迹,分析补偿效果。结果表明:所提方法提高了辨识准确性,通过补偿大大提高了曲轴随动磨床的加工精度。     

数控加工中圆度误差的机电调整实例分析

数控加工中产生的圆度误差与机械状况、伺服系统调整两方面紧密相关，运用球杆仪对测试图形进行分析，能够直观地发现产生圆度误差的根源，方便维修人员准确地采取补救措施。     

球杆仪检测数控机床圆度误差的分析

利用球杆仪检测数控铣床的圆度误差,分析得出铣削零件放置在工作台上不同的位置圆度误差也不同的结论,为机床操作者提高工作效率和零件加工精度提供了实践经验,也为从事数控机床维护维修人员提供了维修参考依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.