绿茶、乌龙茶和红茶提取物对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸诱导的斑马鱼胚胎形态发育毒害的影响

目的 研究绿茶提取物(green tea extract,GTE)、乌龙茶提取物(oolong tea extract,OTE)和红茶提取物(black tea extract,BTE)对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)导致的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒害的影响。方法 用50 mg/L 2,4-D分别联合6.25、12.50和25.00 mg/L GTE,6.25、12.50和25.00 mg/L OTE以及50、100和150 mg/L BTE处理斑马鱼胚胎至96 hpf(hours post fertilization),体视显微镜观察斑马鱼胚胎发育并统计孵化率、死亡率、畸形率,测定斑马鱼心跳次数、体长、卵黄和心包面积。结果 各处理组斑马鱼胚胎孵化正常。除2,4-D + BTE处理组随BTE浓度提高死亡率升高,其他处理组没有发生显著死亡。GTE降低2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎畸变率,提高2,4-D导致的心跳下降和体长缩短,缩小2,4-D导致的卵黄和心包面积;相反,BTE加重2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎形态发育毒害;而OTE对2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒害无明显影响。结论 GTE、OTE和BTE对2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒害分别具有拮抗作用、无作用和协同作用。     

鱼胶原蛋白/GTE可食性涂膜对圣女果保鲜效果的研究

以鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白和绿茶提取物(GTE)为原料,制备胶原蛋白和胶原蛋白/GTE涂膜,研究其对圣女果的保鲜效果。测定圣女果的失重率、腐烂率、可滴定酸含量、褐变强度、多酚氧化酶活性以及多酚类物质含量等指标。结果表明:利用胶原蛋白/GTE涂膜处理可有效减缓圣女果的失重和腐烂,抑制果实褐变和多酚氧化酶活性的升高,有利于有机酸及多酚含量的保持。因此,胶原蛋白/GTE涂膜对圣女果有一定的保鲜效果。      

瓜尔胶和黄原胶对马铃薯淀粉糊化特性影响的比较研究

将马铃薯淀粉分别与瓜尔胶和黄原胶以一定的比例复配,探讨两种胶体对马铃薯淀粉黏度、热稳定性、凝沉性、冻融稳定性和质构特性等糊化特性的影响。结果表明:瓜尔胶提高了淀粉糊的黏度和冻融稳定性,降低了淀粉糊的热稳定性、凝沉性、硬度、黏附性、胶黏性和咀嚼性;而黄原胶增加了淀粉糊的热稳定性和冻融稳定性,但降低了糊的黏度、凝沉性、硬度、黏附性、胶黏性和咀嚼性;且随着两种胶体含量的不同淀粉糊化特性也不同。      

淀粉、亚麻籽胶与贮藏温度对火腿肠品质影响的析因试验分析

采用析因试验设计,探究淀粉、亚麻籽胶、贮藏温度和它们之间的交互作用对火腿肠保水性、质构特征以及感官品质的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,经过45 d贮藏后,火腿肠的保水性随着淀粉添加量的增大而显著下降(P0.05),随着亚麻籽胶添加量的增大和贮藏温度的升高保水性显著上升(P0.05),淀粉和贮藏温度间的交互作用对保水性影响显著(P0.05)。质构测定结果显示,淀粉和亚麻籽胶的比例不同对硬度和咀嚼性的影响不同,但都能使弹性增大;随着贮藏温度的升高,硬度和咀嚼性增大,弹性降低。淀粉和亚麻籽胶的交互作用能使硬度和咀嚼性显著降低,而淀粉和温度的交互作用则能使弹性显著降低。从感官评定结果可以看出,降低淀粉添加量、增加亚麻籽胶添加量、降低贮藏温度有利于改善火腿肠的感官品质,且火腿肠的感官品质与淀粉和亚麻籽胶之间的交互作用有着密切联系。     

二氧化硫(SO_2)对葡萄果实采后质构和果皮蜡质损伤的影响

为探讨二氧化硫(SO_2)熏蒸后葡萄果实质地的变化规律、果皮蜡质结构对质构的影响,以红地球葡萄为试材,采用质地多面分析方法(TPA)测定不同浓度SO2(0、100、500μL/L)处理红地球葡萄果实的各项质地参数,通过相关性分析和主成分分析法(PCA)对果实质地参数进行分析。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,果实质地参数均有不同程度的降低,SO_2可延缓果实硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性的降低,弹性和内聚性能维持在较高水平;果实的硬度、弹性与咀嚼性;果肉内聚性与胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性;果肉弹性与果肉胶黏性、咀嚼性;果实硬度、咀嚼性、内聚性、弹性、胶黏性呈较好的正相关性。扫描电镜观察表明,100μL/L SO_2处理能抑制葡萄果皮蜡质结构的变化;通过PCA分析,5个TPA质构指标中提取2个主成分,累积方差贡献率达96.81%,两个主成分可较好的将对照、100、500μL/L SO2处理区分开来。综上所述,采用100μL/L SO2处理能够较好的保持红地球葡萄的质地,减少果皮蜡质的损伤。     

魔芋胶、琼脂及他拉胶对软冰淇淋品质影响研究

对反应软冰淇淋品质的各指标进行测试,以考察魔芋胶、琼脂、他拉胶对软冰淇淋品质的影响.结果表明,在没有乳化剂存在情况下,三种稳定剂相比,琼脂对软冰淇淋浆料黏度和热稳定性基本无影响,对膨胀率、抗溶性和硬度起降低作用,但相对其他2种稳定剂而言抗融性最好,硬度最大;魔芋胶对软冰淇淋浆黏度起增大作用,提高膨胀率,但硬度和抗融性最差;他拉胶对冰淇淋浆料黏度的影响随添加量的增加缓慢增大,对膨胀率、硬度和抗溶性均由降低作用,但对各指标的影响程度稍好于魔芋胶.     

亲水胶体对面条品质影响的研究

研究了海藻酸钠、瓜尔胶、黄原胶、刺槐豆胶这4种常用的亲水胶体对面条品质的影响,结果表明:刺槐豆胶可以提高煮后面条的剪切应力、TPA中的硬度和咀嚼性;黄原胶可以降低面条的吸水率和蒸煮损失,提高鲜面拉伸应力、煮后面条的剪切应力、表面硬度、TPA指标中的硬度、咀嚼性;海藻酸钠可以降低面条的蒸煮吸水率和蒸煮损失,提高鲜面拉伸应力、煮后面条的剪切应力、表面硬度、TPA指标中的硬度和咀嚼性;瓜尔胶可以降低面条的蒸煮损失,提高鲜面拉伸应力、煮后面条的剪切应力、TPA指标中的硬度、咀嚼性.     

黑米粉对小麦粉面团特性及馒头质构特性的影响

正利用混合实验仪、快速黏度分析仪和质构仪研究不同添加量的黑米粉对小麦面团特性和馒头质构特性的影响。结果表明,随着黑米粉添加量增加,面团吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间逐渐减小,蛋白质弱化度逐渐升高;峰值黏度、最低黏度、糊化时间先增大后减小,最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度逐渐增大;馒头的硬度、咀嚼性增大,弹性、内聚性和回复性降低。     

熟化方法对迷你甘薯品质和质构特性的影响

为提高甘薯加工产品的质量,建立起感官评价与仪器分析之间的相关性模型,采用质地分析仪(质构仪),对7种经不同熟化方法处理的薯块进行感官评价和TPA测试,并对甘薯的质构指标与理化指标之间进行相关性和主成分分析,结果表明,熟化后的甘薯硬度与胶黏性、咀嚼性达到极显著正相关(r=0.991、r=0.991),最大黏附力与弹性达到极显著正相关(r=0.773),黏附性与胶黏性、咀嚼性达到显著负相关(r=-0.768、r=-0.785),胶黏性与咀嚼性达到极显著正相关(r=0.995)。感官硬度与质构硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性达到了极显著正相关(r=0.946、r=0.931、r=0.939),感官黏度与质构硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性达到了极显著负相关(r=-0.906、r=-0.895),感官甜度与质构硬度、咀嚼性达到了显著负相关(r=-0.775、r=-0.769)。由此可见,感官评价项目中硬度、黏性和甜度与仪器测得的指标相关性普遍较好,尤其是仪器指标中的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性,而感官纤维感、香味和整体口感与仪器指标的相关性较弱。感官评定指标以质构的仪器测定为变量得到的线性回归方程即预测方程中,可以对感官硬度、感官黏度、感官甜度进行预测,得到预测方程,且相关系数均大于0.77,决定系数R~2均大于0.600。经过显著性检验可以看出回归方程均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。因此可以用仪器测定熟化甘薯质构参数自变量来对感官评定的硬度、黏性、甜度因变量进行预测,从而达到用仪器测定来代替感官评定熟化甘薯质构的目的。     

pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪肉匀浆物凝胶质构特性的影响

采用二次通用旋转试验设计,研究了pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪后腿肉匀浆物热诱导凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:不同处理条件对凝胶质构特性的影响存在差异。不同加热温度下,pH值和NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性影响的总体趋势一致且两者存在明显的交互作用。pH值较低时,随着NaCl浓度的增加,凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性均增大;pH值较高时,NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性和胶粘性影响较小,内聚性随着NaCl浓度增加而降低。同时,随着加热温度的升高,凝胶的硬度和胶粘性增大,内聚性和咀嚼性减小,而凝胶弹性变化较小。     

Evaluation of Texture Differences among Varieties of Cooked Quinoa

Texture differences of cooked quinoa were studied among 13 different varieties. Correlations between the texture parameters and seed composition, seed characteristics, cooking quality, flour pasting properties, and flour thermal properties were determined. The results showed that texture of cooked quinoa was significantly differed among varieties. ‘Black,’ ‘Cahuil,’ and ‘Red Commercial’ yielded harder texture, while ‘49ALC,’ ‘1ESP,’ and ‘Col.#6197’ showed softer texture. ‘49ALC,’ ‘1ESP,’ ‘Col.#6197,’ and ‘QQ63’ were more adhesive, while other varieties were not sticky. The texture profile correlated to physical?‐chemical properties in different ways. Protein content was positively correlated with all the texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters. Seed hardness was positively correlated with TPA hardness, gumminess, and chewiness at P ≤ 0.09. Seed density was negatively correlated with TPA hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness, whereas seed coat proportion was positively correlated with these TPA parameters. Increased cooking time of quinoa was correlated with increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The water uptake ratio was inversely related to TPA hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Rapid Visco Analyzer peak viscosity was negatively correlated with the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (P < 0.07); breakdown was also negatively correlated with those TPA parameters (P < 0.09); final viscosity and setback were negatively correlated with the hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness (P < 0.05); setback was correlated with the adhesiveness as well (r = ?0.63, P = 0.02). Onset gelatinization temperature (T_o) was significantly positively correlated with all the texture profile parameters, and peak temperature (T_p) was moderately correlated with cohesiveness, whereas neither conclusion temperature (T_c) nor enthalpy correlated with the texture of cooked quinoa.     

Effect of fat content and soy protein/carrageenan mix on the quality characteristics of comminuted, scalded sausages

The effects of soy protein concentrate and κ-carrageenan mix (GELPRO, 3:1 ratio) (ranging from 0 to 3%) and varying levels of collar fat (ranging from 20 to 40%) on comminuted scalded sausage quality characteristics were investigated. Sausage quality was determined by measuring textural, hydration and colour characteristics. GELPRO preparate addition favourably affected WHC and thermal stability of sausages processed regardless of the fat content. Use of an additive affects the sausage texture, but the effect depends on the amount of the additive used. Fat reduction resulted in a decrease in hardness, gumminess and chewiness of final products. Lower fat contents were also accompanied by a significant reduction in the cooking yield and WHC. Sausage colour parameters were affected only by varying fat levels (L*, b*).     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶和脂肪酶的使用量对中式香肠品质的影响

研究谷氨酰胺转胺酶和脂肪酶的复合使用在低温腌制过程中对中式香肠食用品质和质构特性的影响。通过对中式香肠的质构特性、加压损失、颜色的测定,发现谷氨酰胺转胺酶的加入能够提高中式香肠的胶黏强度,并且在一定的条件下还能降低加压损失,提高保水性,而脂肪酶的加入能改善中式香肠的硬度和咀嚼性等特性。当谷氨酰胺转胺酶用量为0.2%,脂肪酶为0.75%时,能显著提高中式香肠制品的硬度、凝聚性、胶凝强度和咀嚼性等质构特性,产品的感官品质比对照组更令人满意。     

猪肉火腿肠综合品质的研究

对在超市购买的3种猪肉火腿肠的理化指标、微生物指标、感官评定、质构特性、微观结构和色泽进行了研究,结果表明,3种猪肉肠的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、剪切力和亮度值存在显著性差异;猪肉肠A和C的弹性与猪肉肠B的弹性存在显著性差异;猪肉肠A和B的内聚性与猪肉肠C的内聚性存在显著性差异;3种猪肉肠的硬度和胶着性、咀嚼性和剪切力数值依次减小;猪肉肠A、B的理化指标和微生物指标总体相对较好,猪肉肠A的色泽最好,猪肉肠B的口感、风味和微观结构最好,两者的总体接受性相当,猪肉肠C的嫩度好。综合各指标总体评价,猪肉肠A和B的综合品质好于猪肉肠C。     

添加酪蛋白酸钠对低脂乳化香肠食用品质的影响

本研究测定不同添加量的酪蛋白酸钠(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2%)对各组乳化香肠保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、p H、感官品质和质构特性等食用品质的影响。结果表明:添加酪蛋白酸钠组与对照组(酪蛋白酸钠添加量0)的保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、感官品质和质构特性存在显著差异(p<0.05),而p H无显著差异(p>0.05)。随着酪蛋白酸钠添加量的增加,保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官得分显著提高,亮度(L*)和蒸煮损失显著降低。酪蛋白酸钠添加量为1.5%的样品组,香肠保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官评定得分最高,蒸煮损失最小,添加1.5%的酪蛋白酸钠可作为脂肪替代品在肉制品中推广应用。      

Effect of content of protein, fat and modified starch on binding textural characteristics, and colour of comminuted scalded sausages

The effects of modified potato starch addition-distarch phosphate (ranging from 3.32 to 5.68%) and varying levels of fat and protein (ranging from 11.6 to 28.4% and from 7.32 to 10.68%, respectively)-on comminuted scalded sausage quality characteristics were investigated. Sausage quality was determined by measuring textural, hydration and colour characteristics. Starch addition favourably affected WHC and cooking loss and increased hardness of sausages processed. Fat reduction resulted in an increase in cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness values, which were not overcome by the added starch. Lower fat contents were also accompanied by a significant reduction in the cooking yield and WHC. Protein content was the variable that most influenced WHC, hardness, gumminess and chewiness. Sausage colour parameters were affected only by varying fat levels (L*, a*, b*) and protein content (L*, a*).     

甘薯淀粉对山药凝胶肠理化特性的影响

为研究甘薯淀粉对山药凝胶肠理化特性的影响,对不同甘薯淀粉添加量下山药凝胶肠的质构特性、色度、热特性、水分状态、微观结构以及结晶特性进行了测试。结果表明：甘薯淀粉的添加显著增强了山药凝胶肠的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、内聚性和回复性,但黏性、弹性和白度下降;当甘薯淀粉添加量达到20%时,凝胶肠硬度达到7 060.65 g,胶着性为5 263.38 g,咀嚼性为4 623.80 g,内聚性为0.75,回复性为0.42,接近市售火腿肠的质地。甘薯淀粉的添加降低了山药凝胶肠的含水量和水分子的自由度,导致淀粉分子运动受限从而使相对结晶度和回生焓降低,凝胶肠质地更为致密。     

不同亚基变异类型的大豆分离蛋白凝胶质构特性的研究

以6个蛋白亚基含量变异类型大豆品种制备的分离蛋白为材料,采用SDS-PAGE测定了蛋白亚基的含量以及采用质构仪测定了凝胶的质构特性,并对结果进行了相关性分析.结果表明：不同品种制备的分离蛋白在凝胶的硬度、粘性、内聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性、回弹性、破裂强度等特性方面存在显著差异,而在凝胶弹性上无显著差异;桂阳紫金豆制备的分离蛋白凝胶具有最高的硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性、回弹性和破裂强度值,而西峡小粒黄制备的分离蛋白凝胶具有最低的硬度、粘性、胶粘性、咀嚼性、回弹性和破裂强度值;大豆分离蛋白各亚基含量与凝胶各质构特性在相关程度和相关性质上也存在差异,尤以A3和B4亚基对分离蛋白质构特性影响较大;7S、11S组分含量和11S/7S比值与分离蛋白凝胶质构特性无显著相关关系.