碳包纳米氧化锆粉体的制备及其晶型转变

采用溶剂共混法将氢氧化锆沉淀与液态酚醛树脂混合,制备成树脂-氢氧化锆复合体系,在埋碳气氛经500～1 000℃热处理、研磨,得到碳-氧化锆纳米复合粉体.用热重-差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜及高分辨透射电子显微镜对样品进行了表征.结果表明;在复合粉体中,一部分碳进入氧化锆晶格中使高温四方相氧化锆在室温稳定存在;另一部分游离于氧化锆周围的碳起空间位阻作用,有效地抑制了复合粉中氧化锆颗粒在烧结过程中的晶粒长大;在空气中700℃氧化除去复合粉中的碳后,氧化锆的粒径仅为20～50nm,但由氢氧化锆分解形成的氧化锆容易成团聚状态,一次粒径可达50～100 nm.     

金属铝对氧化锆制品的去稳定化行为

采用物质吉布斯自南能函数法对金属铝造成氧化锆制品的去稳定化行为进行了热力学分析,并结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行了试验验证.结果表明:(1)含锆质制品中,金属铝易与氧化锆的稳定剂氧化钙发生反应,生成层片状六铝酸钙,造成氧化锆中稳定剂脱溶,体积失稳;(2)金属铝易与氧化锆的稳定剂氧化镁进行反应,生成正八面体的镁铝尖晶石,造成氧化锆中稳定剂脱溶,体积失稳;(3)金属铝对氧化锆制品的去稳定化行为,可界定为原始层、脱溶过渡层和反应层三层.     

钨钼烧结炉用氧化锆制品损毁形式及机制分析

为提升高纯氧化锆制品在超高温环境下的应用性能,采用XRD和扫描电镜等手段对钨钼烧结中频炉用后氧化锆制品进行分析,探讨了其损毁机制。结果表明,2 000℃左右高温下,W或Mo蒸发、凝聚,沉积于氧化锆制品的气孔中,改变了其自身结构,温度变化时热应力开裂;W或Mo遇氧气氧化生成WO_3或MoO_3,进而与氧化锆晶格内的CaO稳定剂反应生成Ca WO_4和Ca MoO_4,稳定剂脱溶,导致氧化锆晶相失稳,由立方相或四方相转变为单斜相,升降温过程中,发生相变并伴随体积变化,使制品出现龟裂和断裂损毁;钨钼坯体在成型时采用了含碳结合剂,在还原性气氛烧结时结合剂高温分解成游离碳,并附着于氧化锆砖上形成局部强还原性气氛,将氧化锆碳化,进而与保护气氛中的N_2反应氮化,形成碳化锆或者碳氮化锆混合物,破坏氧化锆制品的显微结构,造成制品强度衰减。     

氧化锆质定径水口在使用温度下矿物组成分析

为研究连铸用氧化锆质定径水口在使用温度下矿物组成和微观结构,对以氧化镁部分稳定氧化锆(Mg-PSZ)为原料制备的定径水口产品进行模拟实验研究.实验条件为:模拟浇钢使用条件试样在1540℃×5h后水淬冷却,模拟翻包后自然冷却条件试样在1540℃×5h后随炉冷却.借助X-ray荧光分析仪、X-ray衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对试样的矿物组成及显微结构进行表征.研究结果表明:以Mg-PSZ制备的氧化锆质定径水口产品在1540℃浇钢温度下矿物相以立方相为主,在翻包自然冷却过程中,缓慢的冷却速率导致部分立方相转变为单斜相,矿物相以单斜相氧化锆为主.氧化锆质定径水口产品在高温使用环境中结构均匀,平均颗粒尺寸10 μm,而翻包自然冷却后,由于缓慢的冷却速率,定径水口产品中稳定剂脱溶,导致立方相转变为单斜相氧化锆,平均颗粒尺寸7 μm.即通过翻包自然冷却后所取试样的研究结果不能代表氧化锆质定径水口在中间包浇注过程中实际使用状态.     

含碳的氧化锆陶瓷

研究了碳对ＺｒＯ２相结构的影响．结果表明,在一定条件下碳可以进入到ＺｒＯ２晶格中,对ＺｒＯ２的高温相产生稳定化作用．对纯ｍ－ＺｒＯ２,２Ｙ－ＴＺＰ,３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ材料进行渗碳处理后,其中的ｍ－ＺｒＯ２相不同程度地转变为ｔ－ＺｒＯ２相并能保留到室温．从晶体学角度对比并分析了碳、氮元素在ＺｒＯ２晶格中所处的位置,碳主要以原子的形式存在于ＺｒＯ２晶格的八面体间隙中     

含碳所氧化郜铁瓷

研究了碳对ＺｒＯ２相结构的影响。结果表明,在一定的条件下碳可以进入到ＺｒＯ２晶格中,对ＺｒＯ２的高温相产生稳定化作用。对纯ｍ－ＺｒＯ,２Ｙ－ＴＺＰ,３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ材料进行渗碳处理后,其中的ｍ－ＺｒＯ２相不同的程度地转变为ｔ－ＺｒＯ２相并能保留到室温,从晶体学角度对比并分析了碳、氮元素在ＺｒＯ２晶骆中所处的位置,碳主要以原子的形式存在于ＺｒＯ２晶格的八面体间隙中。     

氧化锆质定径水口损毁机理研究

部分稳定氧化锆(PSZ)因具有耐高温、优良的抗侵蚀性以及良好的抗热震性而广泛用于连铸用定径水口.实验针对当前PSZ定径水口使用寿命短、易炸裂、抗冲刷性能差以及扩径快等问题,采用连铸现场取样分层分析研究的方法,借助SEM及XRD分析技术,对氧化锆质定径水口的损毁机理进行了系统的分析研究.研究结果表明:高温下稳定剂MgO首先脱溶到界面,固溶的CaO稳定剂分布均匀;随着熔渣渗入,脱溶的MgO稳定剂与固溶的CaO稳定剂发生固溶置换;随着侵蚀进一步加剧,CaO与熔渣反应完后MgO又与熔渣反应而脱溶.稳定剂的不断脱溶,导致氧化锆失稳,由立方相转变为单斜相,相变产生体积效应,从而形成裂纹,氧化锆颗粒破裂,水口强度大幅度下降,发生溶解和剥落.     

MgO对原位烧结含锆莫来石材料性能影响的研究

初步研究了氧化镁对原位烧结含锆莫来石陶瓷性能的影响,经XRD分析表明:由于氧化镁的引入,在材料烧结过程中,有部分镁铝尖晶石的形成,同时在原位状态下也能形成部分Mg稳定的ZrO2,这对于形成氧化锆/镁铝尖晶石/莫来石热梯度晶相组成以减缓热应力十分有利,而且随着氧化镁加入量的增大,镁铝尖晶石、四方相氧化锆形成的量增多;并研究了材料抗热震系数达到最佳时的氧化镁加入量。     

燃煤环形套筒窑内氧化镁高温还原的初步研究

燃煤环形套筒窑在中国石灰窑行业首次成功运行,石灰的活性度为383.8 mL,氧化钙质量分数为93.08%,实现了燃煤环形套筒窑的高效清洁燃烧。针对项目试运行阶段原料与产品中的氧化镁存在收支不平衡问题,从热力学分析、实验验证、现场数据分析等几个方面入手,分析验证了窑内氧化镁高温还原的可能性,并对窑内氧化镁的物料平衡、氧化镁还原挥发富集过程等进行了分析。根据燃煤套筒窑原料石灰石中高钙镁比条件进行了模拟煅烧实验,验证了氧化镁的还原现象。由窑底灰、收尘灰及下燃烧室灰渣成分判断,石灰石原料由于发生固相还原反应减少的氧化镁,在下燃烧室及窑底灰处进行了富集。     

碳,氮对氧化锆相结构稳定性的作用

利用热处理研究了碳、氮对氧化锆相结构和相变的影响。实验结果表明：碳、氢原子在高温下可以渗入到氧化锆中去，阻止了氧化锆高温相（四方相和立方相）在冷却过程中向低温相（单斜相）的转变。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。