新型变桨立轴风力机涡效应分析

该文旨在通过变桨来改善升力型立轴风力机叶片气动特性,提高风力机最大运行效率。针对设计尖速比下风能利用系数较低的问题,提出减小叶片小攻角范围,增大叶片大攻角工作范围,以重点改善叶片低性能区域的气动特性为出发点,提高风能利用系数新变桨思路。以采用NACA0012翼型、2 m高和2 m旋转直径的两叶片H型风力机为研究对象,从涡理论来分析和比较在最佳尖速比为5的条件下,附着涡、尾随涡、脱体涡和桨距角对攻角、切向力和功率输出的影响规律。研究结果表明:变桨后,叶片的攻角、切向力和输出功率在原最大值两侧均有明显提高,拓宽了叶片高性能的工作区域;涡系中脱体涡对叶片气动特性影响最大,其中在上盘面影响较小,在下盘面影响较大;变桨前后涡系对上盘面的差异较小,对下盘面的影响差异较明显;变桨后,下盘面的叶片的涡尾迹弯曲程度在加大。     

垂直轴风力机流场主动控制方法研究

针对垂直轴风力机叶片攻角连续性变化导致的非稳定流动,提出一种改善叶片攻角的主动变桨控制方法。首先通过实验验证数值模拟方法的可行性及有效性,其次对变桨控制前后风力机流场进行二维数值模拟,得到风力机在不同变桨条件下的气动特性及流场结构,计算结果表明:变桨控制可使叶片在不同方位角下处于更合适的攻角,进而获得较优的气动性能,变桨控制后的风能利用系数有所增加。随着最大变桨角度的增加,风能利用系数先增大后减小,最大可提高33.2%,同时主动变桨可抑制叶片尾缘流动分离,使得叶片尾涡耗散轨迹更贴合风轮旋转圆周。从而降低转矩系数波动幅值,提高风力机运行寿命。     

叶片最大厚度前部修型的垂直轴风力机气动性能

风力机叶片是使风能转化为机械能的原动机构,是风力机的重要部件,风力机风能利用系数的高低主要取决于其叶片的气动外形。保持直叶片垂直轴风力机使用的NACA0022翼型的对称性不变,改变其叶片最大厚度前部的形状,以期得到高风能利用系数的垂直轴风力机翼型。利用Fluent软件,采用k-ωSST湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,运用滑移网格技术,对由不同叶片构成的风力机进行数值计算。计算结果表明,当叶片最大厚度前部是长短轴比为3∶2的椭圆形状时,风力机的风能利用系数更高,而且处于高风能利用系数的尖速比范围更宽;在尖速比为1.72时,风能利用系数最高,为24.8%,此时的风能利用系数较基本翼型提高了28%。叶片修型提高风力机性能的物理机制是最大厚度点前移后的叶片在大攻角下的扰流流动分离强度减弱了。     

风能利用技术讲座(三)风力机的基本结构

风力机是把风的动能转换成机械能的机械设备。风力机通常由风轮、对风装置、调速（限速）机构、传动装置、作功装置、储能装置、塔架及附属部件组成。本讲以水平轴升力型风力机为例，介绍风力机的基本结构。１风轮风轮是风力机最重要的部件，它是风力机区别于其它动力机的主要标志。其作用是捕捉和吸收风能，并将风能转变成机械能，由风轮轴将能量送给传动装置。风轮一般由叶片、叶柄、轮毂及风轮轴等组成（图１）。叶片横截面形状有３种：平板型、弧板型和流线型。风力发电机叶片横截面的形状，接近于流线型；而风力提水机的叶片多采用弧板…     

新型随动变桨垂直轴风力机气动性能的数值分析

文中研究目的是开发一种使垂直轴风力机自启动能力强、风能利用率高的随动变桨技术,此变桨技术的原理是在不需添加任何外加动力的情况下,利用风力机主轴旋转的同时带动风力机叶片的旋转,且保持主轴的旋转角速度是叶片旋转角速度的2倍。通过运用数值模拟的方法,得到了该新型随动变桨垂直轴风力机的气动参数值及特点;并分别将其与传统垂直轴风力机、理想直叶片垂直轴风力机的气动参数进行了对比分析,分析结果表明:新型随动变桨垂直轴风力机的气动性能优于其它两种类型风力机。     

新型双风轮风力机气动特性的三维流场数值模拟

基于Simplic算法,采用SST κ-ω湍流模型,利用Fluent6．3数值模拟软件对新型的小型双风轮风力机的气动特性进行了三维流场研究,并与同规格单风轮风力机的三维流场进行了比较．结果表明：与单风轮风力机相比,随着后风轮叶片数目的增加,新型双风轮风力机的湍流强度变大,风力机运行的稳定性在一定程度上有所降低;当后风轮的叶片数目合理时,后风轮对前风轮的影响较小,且可以有效地捕捉到前风轮的漏风,使得新型双风轮风力机的风轮在获得较大迎风面积的同时可以保持较高的转速,进而能够高效地实现风能的两级利用,明显提高发电功率和增大风能利用系数．     

分流导叶垂直轴风力机气动性能研究

为提高垂直轴风力机气动性能,提出一种随相位角变化而改变相对夹角的分流导叶结构。以NACA0021为基础翼型,采用计算流体力学方法对分流导叶作用下垂直轴风力机风能利用系数、单叶片瞬时转矩、压力系数及速度场进行数值分析。结果表明：静态和动态分流导叶均可提高垂直轴风力机气动性能,且动态分流导叶提升效果更为显著;相较于静态分流导叶,动态分流导叶垂直轴风力机在尖速比为2.33时风能利用系数最高可提升23%,在尖速比为2.03时静态分流导叶垂直轴风力机较原始垂直轴风力机风能利用系数提高37%;分流导叶也可使最佳尖速比前移,稳定叶片转矩波动,提升垂直轴风力机的运行稳定性。     

干扰气流对Darrieus风轮气动性能影响研究

Darrieus风轮单个叶片的力矩特性曲线随方位角成波浪形变化,90°和270°方位角的力矩系数为极小值且为负值,严重影响立轴风力机整体气动特性。针对此问题,提出通过导叶来引入干扰气流,对两方位角的流场进行改善,进而提高整体气动特性的性能改善方法。采用SST k-ω湍流模型进行二维数值计算,以270°方位角加导叶的和无导叶的直叶片立轴升力型风轮为对象进行对比分析。研究发现,导叶使270°方位角附近区域的叶片力矩系数明显提升,最大力矩系数由无导叶的-0.03提升到0.07,使270°方位角叶片的吸力面负压系数和压力面正压系数都有较大提高;风轮风能利用系数在运行范围内都有明显提高,在最佳尖速比下提高12%。     

扰流对达里厄风力机气动攻角的影响分析

提出利用扰流来解决因局部方位角叶片攻角极小,而导致达里厄风力机整体性能较低的方法。采用多流管模型,预测扰流对风力机风能利用系数的影响规律,分析对在不同尖速比下赤道半径R和0.8R叶素攻角的影响规律。计算表明:在扰流的作用下,在最佳尖速比工况下,风力机风能利用系数提高了10%,且随尖速比增加,增幅继续增大,也扩大了风力机的运行尖速比范围。扰流增大了叶片攻角,在0?≤θ≤15?内,攻角增幅随方位角的增加而增加;在175?≤θ≤180?内,随方位角的增加而减小。旋转半径相同时,尖速比越大,叶素攻角的增幅越小;同一尖速比下,叶素旋转半径越小,方位角175?≤θ≤180?内的叶素攻角增幅越大。     

大型水平轴风力机风轮模型风洞试验

以1.5 MW风力机风轮模型为研究对象,利用自行设计建造的测试平台在北京航空航天大学D4风洞开展风轮气动性能测量试验。试验结果表明:启动风速约为4 m/s,启动力矩为0.034 Nm(试验条件);额定状态下的风能利用系数为0.41,最大风能利用系数为0.42。在5~20 m/s实验风速范围内,风轮气动性能良好。     

Experimental investigation of wake effects on wind turbine performance

The wake interference effect on the performance of a downstream wind turbine was investigated experimentally. Two similar model turbines with the same rotor diameter were used. The effects on the performance of the downstream turbine of the distance of separation between the turbines and the amount of power extracted from the upstream turbine were studied. The effects of these parameters on the total power output from the turbines were also estimated. The reduction in the maximum power coefficient of the downstream turbine is strongly dependent on the distance between the turbines and the operating condition of the upstream turbine. Depending on the distance of separation and blade pitch angle, the loss in power from the downstream turbine varies from about 20 to 46% compared to the power output from an unobstructed single turbine operating at its designed conditions. By operating the upstream turbine slightly outside this optimum setting or yawing the upstream turbine, the power output from the downstream turbine was significantly improved. This study shows that the total power output could be increased by installing an upstream turbine which extracts less power than the following turbines. By operating the upstream turbine in yawed condition, the gain in total power output from the two turbines could be increased by about 12%.     

基于CFD的二维垂直轴风力机性能计算

采用计算流体力学方法(CFD)针对垂直轴风力发电机,开展简化的二维绕流特性研究。首先,基于开放型转子和增强型转子,研究网格节点数和壁面y+、计算时间步长和湍流模型等的变化对计算结果的影响,对计算模型和方法进行确认。随后,计算分析增强型垂直轴风力机与开放型垂直轴风力机的特性。结果表明,与开放性垂直轴风力发电机相比,增强型垂直轴风力发电机的功率系数和转矩系数有明显增加,且达到最大值的位置向叶尖速比增大的方向移动。然后对增强型垂直轴风力机发电机在不同来流风速下进行计算,发现增强型垂直轴风力发电机的转子转矩随来流风速增加,而转矩系数和功率系数与来流风速无关。最后,针对定子叶片在不同的方向开展计算研究。结果表明,定子叶片在不同方向时,增强型垂直轴风力机的转子转矩不同,且转矩到达峰值的位置也不同;在当前3个方向角中,叶片处于0°方向角时风力机具有最高的转矩系数,即具有最佳的功率系数。     

Exceeding the Betz limit with tidal turbines

The Betz limit sets a theoretical upper limit for the power production by turbines expressed as a maximum power coefficient of 16/27. While power production by wind turbines falls short of the Betz limit, tidal turbines in a channel can theoretically have a power coefficient several times larger than 16/27. However, power extraction by turbines in large tidal farms also reduces the flow along the channel, limiting their maximum output. Despite this flow reduction, turbines in tidal farms can produce enough power to meet a stricter definition of what it means to exceed the Betz limit, one where the maximum power output of a turbine at the reduced flow exceeds the maximum output from a single Betz turbine operating in the unreduced flow. While having a power coefficient >16/27 is easily achieved by turbines in a channel, generating enough power to meet this stricter definition of exceedance is much more difficult. Whether turbines meet this stricter definition depends on their number, how they are arranged and tuned, and the dynamical balance of the channel. Arranging a tidal turbine farm so that the turbines within it exceed the stricter Betz limit would give tidal turbine farms an economic advantage over similarly sized wind farms. However, exceeding the stricter limit comes at a cost of both higher structural loads on the tidal turbines and the need to produce power from weaker flows. Farms in a channel loosely based on the Pentland Firth are used to discuss exceedance and structural loads.     

The application of passive air jet vortex‐generators to stall suppression on wind turbine blades

An experimental study was performed to assess the feasibility of passive air jet vortex‐generators to the performance enhancement of a domestic scale wind turbine. It has been demonstrated that these simple devices, properly designed and implemented, can provide worthwhile performance benefits for domestic wind turbines of the type investigated in this study. In particular, this study shows that they can increase the maximum output power coefficient, reduce the cut‐in wind speed and improve power output at lower wind speeds while reducing the sensitivity to wind speed unsteadiness. A theoretical performance analysis of a 500 kW stall‐regulated wind turbine, based on blade element momentum theory, indicates that passive air jet vortex‐generators would be capable of recovering some of the power loss because of blade stall, thereby allowing attainment of rated power output at slightly lower average wind speeds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑尾流效应的风电机组启停优化研究

以某典型风电场为例,采用尾流模型模拟研究风电机组启停优化对风电机组尾流干涉和发电量的影响。在速度恢复系数小于0.06时,典型机位的停机可增加风电场全场发电量。以中国北方某实际风电场为例进行现场试验,在主风向下,通过调度上游风电机组的启停,实现区域内风电机组发电量提升,验证方法的有效性。     

Optimal placement of wind turbines within a wind farm considering multi-directional wind speed using two-stage genetic algorithm

Most wind turbines within wind farms are set up to face a pre-determined wind direction. However, wind directions are intermittent in nature, leading to less electricity production capacity. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve the wind farm layout optimization problem considering multi-angular (MA) wind direction with the aim of maximizing the total power generated on wind farms and minimizing the cost of installation. A two-stage genetic algorithm (GA) equipped with complementary sampling and uniform crossover is used to evolve a MA layout that will yield optimal output regardless of the wind direction. In the first stage, the optimal wind turbine layouts for 8 different major wind directions were determined while the second stage allows each of the previously determined layouts to compete and inter-breed so as to evolve an optimal MA wind farm layout. The proposed MA wind farm layout is thereafter compared to other layouts whose turbines have focused site specific wind turbine orientation. The results reveal that the proposed wind farm layout improves wind power production capacity with minimum cost of installation compared to the layouts with site specific wind turbine layouts. This paper will find application at the planning stage of wind farm.     

Quantification of power losses due to wind turbine wake interactions through SCADA,meteorological and wind LiDAR data

Power production of an onshore wind farm is investigated through supervisory control and data acquisition data, while the wind field is monitored through scanning light detection and ranging measurements and meteorological data acquired from a met‐tower located in proximity to the turbine array. The power production of each turbine is analysed as functions of the operating region of the power curve, wind direction and atmospheric stability. Five different methods are used to estimate the potential wind power as a function of time, enabling an estimation of power losses connected with wake interactions. The most robust method from a statistical standpoint is that based on the evaluation of a reference wind velocity at hub height and experimental mean power curves calculated for each turbine and different atmospheric stability regimes. The synergistic analysis of these various datasets shows that power losses are significant for wind velocities higher than cut‐in wind speed and lower than rated wind speed of the turbines. Furthermore, power losses are larger under stable atmospheric conditions than for convective regimes, which is a consequence of the stability‐driven variability in wake evolution. Light detection and ranging measurements confirm that wind turbine wakes recover faster under convective regimes, thus alleviating detrimental effects due to wake interactions. For the wind farm under examination, power loss due to wake shadowing effects is estimated to be about 4% and 2% of the total power production when operating under stable and convective conditions, respectively. However, cases with power losses about 60‐80% of the potential power are systematically observed for specific wind turbines and wind directions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fatigue distribution optimization for offshore wind farms using intelligent agent control

A novel control approach is proposed to optimize the fatigue distribution of wind turbines in a large‐scale offshore wind farm on the basis of an intelligent agent theory. In this approach, each wind turbine is considered to be an intelligent agent. The turbine at the farm boundary communicates with its neighbouring downwind turbines and organizes them adaptively into a wind delivery group along the wind direction. The agent attributes and the event structure are designed on the basis of the intelligent agent theory by using the unified modelling language. The control strategy of the intelligent agent is studied using topology models. The reference power of an individual wind turbine from the wind farm controller is re‐dispatched to balance the turbine fatigue in the power dispatch intervals. In the fatigue optimization, the goal function is to minimize the standard deviation of the fatigue coefficient for every wind turbine. The optimization is constrained such that the average fatigue for every turbine is smaller than what would be achieved by conventional dispatch and such that the total power loss of the wind farm is restricted to a few percent of the total power. This intelligent agent control approach is verified through the simulation of wind data from the Horns Rev offshore wind farm. The results illustrate that intelligent agent control is a feasible way to optimize fatigue distribution in wind farms, which may reduce the maintenance frequency and extend the service life of large‐scale wind farms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预弯外形对风力机叶片气弹稳定性的影响

为了研究预弯外形对风力机气弹稳定性的影响,以某2 MW低风速风电叶片为研究对象,采用外形参数化表达方法构造叶尖预弯量分别为3、4和5 m的叶片.基于SIMPACK软件建立并验证气-弹-控耦合的风力机整机模型,对配装不同预弯叶片的风力机进行仿真分析.结果显示,在湍流风况下,随着叶尖预弯量的增大,叶根载荷、叶尖附近截面的气...     

Optimum aerodynamic design for wind turbine blade with a Rankine vortex wake

This paper presents a model to optimize the distribution of chord and twist angle of horizontal axis wind turbine blades, taking into account the influence of the wake, by using a Rankine vortex. This model is applied to both large and small wind turbines, aiming to improve the aerodynamics of the wind rotor, and particularly useful for the case of wind turbines operating at low tip-speed ratios. The proposed optimization is based on maximizing the power coefficient, coupled with the general relationship between the axial induction factor in the rotor plane and in the wake. The results show an increase in the chord and a slightly decrease in the twist angle distributions as compared to other classical optimization methods, resulting in an improved aerodynamic shape of the blade. An evaluation of the efficiency of wind rotors designed with the proposed model is developed and compared other optimization models in the literature, showing an improvement in the power coefficient of the wind turbine.