后鼻腔香气感知影响因素及其分析方法研究进展

后鼻腔香气感知是食品口腔加工过程中的一种重要感官体验,对消费者的食品感官享受、接受度以及行为学特征有重要影响。本文综述了遗传变异和饮食文化差异对香气认知和感知能力的影响;食品的基本性质和口腔加工生理参数对后鼻腔香气感知的影响;鼻气流和鼻腔生理结构对香气从口腔传递至后鼻腔的重要作用,并总结了后鼻腔香气检测和动态香气感官评价方法。后鼻腔香气感知与味觉、口腔触觉等多种感官存在跨模交互作用,明确后鼻腔香气感知机制对实现食品配方设计和口腔加工过程中风味感知的靶向调控有重要意义。     

唾液组成与味觉感知的生理相关性研究进展

食品口腔加工及味觉感知机理是近年来食品营养与健康领域的研究热门,它主要以食品与口腔的相互作用为基础,以多学科交叉方法来研究食品在口腔加工过程中的结构与理化性质的改变,及其引起的口腔感知和一系列生理学反应。唾液是哺乳动物进食时最先与食物接触的体液,是由口腔的3对大唾液腺（腮腺、下颌下腺和舌下腺）及成百上千个散在小唾液腺分泌的一种澄清、微酸性的黏性口腔分泌物。唾液由水和多种无机物及有机活性蛋白分子等组成,具有多种重要的生理功能。本文综述唾液分泌与基本味觉——酸味、甜味、苦味、咸味、鲜味,以及脂肪味、麻味、辣味等广义味觉感知的相互作用,并以唾液成分为切入点,详细探讨其与多种味觉感知之间的关系,总结唾液参与各种味觉感知的相互影响,为进一步研究唾液组成与味觉感知之间的生理相关性提供理论基础。     

搜索食品风味智能控释技术

食品风味智能控释技术是指食品的风味成分通过对其在食品加工以及摄取过程的环境响应来控制其释放与否、释放速度及释放程度。智能控释有利于食品风味在食品加工、储藏过程的稳定，也能使真充分赋予食品的功能属性，可应用于食品风味的智能控释技术包括微胶囊化技术、微球技术、纳米技术、脂质体技术、超分子形成法等。     

气味与滋味间相互作用对食品风味感知影响研究进展

食品风味是影响消费者购买欲的重要因素,而风味感知的形成受嗅觉、味觉等多种感官的共同影响,利用气味与滋味间感知交互作用改善食品风味已成为最受关注的食品风味调控新方向之一。基于此,本文首先从神经生物学角度分析嗅觉与味觉间跨模态感知交互作用的主要形成通路及机制,然后从静态感官分析和动态感官分析两个方面总结跨模态感知交互作用的主要研究方法,最后结合相关文献案例分别综述气味物质对味觉感知（甜、咸、苦、鲜和酸）以及滋味物质对嗅觉感知的影响,旨在为食品加工过程风味品质的调控提供新思路。     

风味在口腔释放的研究进展

综述了风味在口腔释放的研究概况,风味在口腔释放的影响因素,风味在口腔释放的研究方法以及研究前景.     

中国传统火腿风味分析研究进展

从中国传统火腿加工过程中的生化变化入手,结合火腿风味物质的形成过程,总结了火腿风味化合物的组成以及火腿风味的测定方法,为火腿的加工工艺控制及研究提供理论依据。     

食品风味智能控释技术

食品风味智能控释技术是指食品的风味成分通过对其在食品加工以及摄取过程的环境响应来控制其释放与否、释放速度以及释放程度。智能控释有利于食品风味在食品加工、储藏过程的稳定,也能使其充分赋予食品的功能属性。可应用于食品风味的智能控释技术包括微胶囊化技术、微球技术、纳米技术、脂质体技术、超分子形成法等。     

食品风味智能控释技术

食品风味智能控释技术是指食品的风味成分通过对其在食品加工以及摄取过程的环境响应来控制其释放与否、释放速度以及释放程度。智能控释有利于食品风味在食品加工、储藏过程的稳定，也能使其充分赋予食品的功能属性。可应用于食品风味的智能控释技术包括微胶囊化技术、微球技术、纳米技术、脂质体技术、超分子形成法等。     

云状颗粒对果汁风味影响的研究进展

香气成分作为评价果汁品质的重要指标，在加工过程中易受各种因素的影响。果汁中悬浮的细小颗粒被称为云状颗粒，其对于保持、提升果汁加工过程中天然的“初级”水果风味至关重要，而云状颗粒和挥发性物质间的相互作用亦强烈影响香气物质的释放。该文综述了云状颗粒的组成结构，果汁加工关键操作过程中云状颗粒与风味化合物作用规律，不同加工单元对云状颗粒以及风味的影响，云状颗粒与挥发性物质间的相互作用机制，并阐释了新型非热加工技术在保留和提升果汁香气方面的优势及机理，旨在通过拓展果汁中云状颗粒系统的研究，分析多酚、蛋白质与挥发性物质相互作用机制，探讨加工技术与云状颗粒系统的作用规律，以期推动水果资源的绿色加工和果汁产品的风味提升。但精准地检测各种因素对云状颗粒中风味物质的保留和释放的定量影响极具挑战，因此，为了提升果汁风味品质，期待更多有关果汁云状颗粒系统的深度研究。     

蛋白-风味物质相互作用的研究进展

蛋白质自身风味较弱,与风味物质结合后可显著改善食品风味。风味物质类型、食品蛋白质的结构及其结合位点等决定着蛋白质和食品风味物质之间的相互作用程度。本文对蛋白质-风味物质结合的主要研究结果进行综述,介绍了易结合风味物质的常见蛋白质类型,论述了p H值、温度、盐等因素对食品蛋白质构象及其与风味物质结合作用的影响。此外,本文列举了几个相关的精选例子,关于在真正食物系统中蛋白质-风味物质的结合对风味成分释放和感知的影响。     

The role of oral processing in dynamic sensory perception

Food oral processing is not only important for the ingestion and digestion of food, but also plays an important role in the perception of texture and flavor. This overall sensory perception is dynamic and occurs during all stages of oral processing. However, the relationships between oral operations and sensory perception are not yet fully understood. This article reviews recent progress and research findings on oral food processing, with a focus on the dynamic character of sensory perception of solid foods. The reviewed studies are discussed in terms of both physiology and food properties, and cover first bite, mastication, and swallowing. Little is known about the dynamics of texture and flavor perception during mastication and the importance on overall perception. Novel approaches use time intensity and temporal dominance techniques, and these will be valuable tools for future research on the dynamics of texture and flavor perception.     

Oral enzymatic detoxification system: Insights obtained from proteome analysis to understand its potential impact on aroma metabolization

The oral cavity is an entry path into the body, enabling the intake of nutrients but also leading to the ingestion of harmful substances. Thus, saliva and oral tissues contain enzyme systems that enable the early neutralization of xenobiotics as soon as they enter the body. Based on recently published oral proteomic data from several research groups, this review identifies and compiles the primary detoxification enzymes (also known as xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes) present in saliva and the oral epithelium. The functions and the metabolic activity of these enzymes are presented. Then, the activity of these enzymes in saliva, which is an extracellular fluid, is discussed with regard to the salivary parameters. The next part of the review presents research evidencing oral metabolization of aroma compounds and the putative involved enzymes. The last part discusses the potential role of these enzymatic reactions on the perception of aroma compounds in light of recent pieces of evidence of in vivo oral metabolization of aroma compounds affecting their release in mouth and their perception. Thus, this review highlights different enzymes appearing as relevant to explain aroma metabolism in the oral cavity. It also points out that further works are needed to unravel the effect of the oral enzymatic detoxification system on the perception of food flavor in the context of the consumption of complex food matrices, while considering the impact of food oral processing. Thus, it constitutes a basis to explore these biochemical mechanisms and their impact on flavor perception.     

Flavor–food ingredient interactions in fortified or reformulated novel food: Binding behaviors,manipulation strategies,sensory impacts,and future trends in delicious and healthy food design

With consumers gaining prominent awareness of health and well-being, a diverse range of fortified or reformulated novel food is developed to achieve personalized or tailored nutrition using protein, carbohydrates, or fat as building blocks. Flavor property is a critical factor in the acceptability and marketability of fortified or reformulated food. Major food ingredients are able to interact with flavor compounds, leading to a significant change in flavor release from the food matrix and, ultimately, altering flavor perception. Although many efforts have been made to elucidate how food matrix components change flavor binding capacities, the influences on flavor perception and their implications for the innovation of fortified or reformulated novel food have not been systematically summarized up to now. Thus, this review provides detailed knowledge about the binding behaviors of flavors to major food ingredients, as well as their influences on flavor retention, release, and perception. Practical approaches for manipulating these interactions and the resulting flavor quality are also reviewed, from the scope of their intrinsic and extrinsic influencing factors with technologies available, which is helpful for future food innovation. Evaluation of food–ingredient interactions using real food matrices while considering multisensory flavor perception is also prospected, to well motivate food industries to investigate new strategies for tasteful and healthy food design in response to consumers’ unwillingness to compromise on flavor for health.     

细胞生物传感器在食品风味评价中的研究进展

食品风味是优质食品的重要属性,味觉和嗅觉感知很大程度决定了消费者对食品的接受度。传统的食品风味评价方法包括人工感官、智能感官、仪器分析等。人工感官分析可靠性高,但味觉易疲劳且存在主观性;智能感知仪器结构复杂,其工作原理与实际味觉传递也存在一定差异,导致其应用存在一定局限性。基于细胞的传感器法是以活细胞作为敏感元件,与换能器以及信号处理装置结合,从而对食品风味进行检测、评价的一种新方法,具有灵敏度高、选择性好、响应快等特点,是生物传感器的研究热点之一。本文结合近年来研究成果简单阐述细胞传感器的概念与基本结构,重点讨论细胞传感器在味觉及嗅觉评价领域中的研究成果与应用,阐释其在实际应用中感受与传导的机制,总结已获取食品的风味感知信息,最后讨论细胞传感器在发展中存在的问题并提出未来可能的发展思路。     

淀粉基壁材对风味物质包埋与释放的国际研究进展

风味物质的包埋与释放是当前食品风味研究领域的前沿性课题。综述以淀粉基壁材对风味物质的包埋与释放的研究进展。淀粉基壁材是指以淀粉或其衍生物利用其疏水性的空腔包覆脂溶性成分的一类天然高分子材料。主要从淀粉基壁材的水解、物理改性、化学改性等方法及分类、淀粉与风味物质之间非共价相互作用的分子动力学模拟、淀粉基风味物质微胶囊的制备及其结构表征、淀粉基风味物质微胶囊的释放过程、影响因素、风味释放机制（扩散、侵蚀、降解、溶胀、熔融等）,以及淀粉基风味物质微胶囊的应用等几个方面进行综述,以期对淀粉基壁材对风味物质包埋与释放的国内外研究进展有综合了解,为淀粉基香精壁材的开发提供一定的理论借鉴和实践参考。     

Volatile flavor release from foods during eating

Classical analyses for volatile flavors (headspace or distillation/extract methods) give information on either the volatiles present in the air above a food before eating or the total volatile composition of the food. When foods are eaten, however, many changes take place (such as hydration/dilution with saliva, increase in surface area, etc.) that affect the release of volatiles from the food and therefore the profile of volatiles that are sensed in the nose. If we wish to study the relationship between flavor volatiles and the sensory properties of a food, it seems logical to measure the volatile profile that exists during eating. Although volatile flavor release during eating has been measured using a variety of sensory and psychophysiological analyses, only recently have instrumental methods been developed to measure the release of volatile compounds in humans as they eat. Whereas the sensory data give an overall measure of flavor perception, instrumental analyses can potentially follow the release of each and every flavor volatile and thus give a full picture of the aroma profiles generated during eating. From these instrumental measurements, a number of key factors have been identified. First, it has been shown that the volatile profile measured during eating is indeed different from the headspace profile of whole foods. Second, it is clear that the volatile profile in‐mouth changes with time as the state of the food changes with chewing. Third, the volatile release from low‐water foods is affected by the rate and extent of hydration in‐mouth. The ability to measure aroma before, during, and after eating may lead to an understanding of the links between aroma release, interaction of volatiles with aroma sensors in the nose, and the overall perception of food flavor.     

直链淀粉分子螺旋对风味化合物包埋的研究进展

综述了直链淀粉分子螺旋结构对风味化合物包埋的研究进展,探讨了直链淀粉复合物的形成、结构特性和分子模拟,以及影响直链淀粉复合物释放的因素和直链淀粉复合物对食物体系的影响,最后展望了直链淀粉复合物在食品应用中的巨大潜力。综合研究结果表明,在风味化合物存在的情况下,直链淀粉由双螺旋结构转变为单螺旋结构,形成具有疏水空腔和亲水性的螺旋结构,使其能够形成包合物。风味分子包括在腔内或在螺旋之间,或在这两个位置,取决于分子的结构。直链淀粉包合物具有良好的耐高温性能,可以防止不稳定风味物质在加工和贮存过程中的损失,在食品工业中具有广阔的应用前景。此外,复合物的释放还可以通过α-淀粉酶的水解以及水分和温度的变化来控制。