铝合金薄板焊接应力三维有限元模拟

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对铝合金薄板脉冲TIG焊接接头的焊接应力进行了三维数值模拟,考虑材料性能随温度的变化,对焊接残余应力进行测量.结果表明,铝合金薄板中的焊接应力产生、发展很快,加热结束后不久应力便趋于稳定.热源前缘和两侧区域存在数值很高的纵向和横向动态压应力,焊缝中心的纵向残余拉应力低于母材的屈服强度,距焊缝中心10 mm处的最大纵向残余拉应力达到母材的屈服强度,并且拉应力区较宽,远离焊缝区域的纵向残余压应力数值较大,因此铝合金薄板焊接结构易发生动态和焊后失稳,横截面上纵向残余应力的数值模拟结果与实测结果基本一致.     

焊缝强度不匹配对残余应力的影响

基于热弹塑性有限元法,开发顺次耦合焊接残余应力计算程序,对Q345R钢焊接残余应力进行分析,讨论焊缝强度不匹配对残余应力的影响.结果表明,焊缝强度对残余应力影响较大.当焊缝屈服强度与母材相同时,焊缝纵向残余应力高达屈服强度.当焊缝屈服强度高于母材强度时,焊缝纵向残余应力高达屈服强度,热影响区纵向残余应力高于母材屈服强度.且随着焊缝强度增加,热影响区纵向残余应力增加.     

固态相变对P92钢焊接接头残余应力的影响

采用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪和盲孔法研究了P92钢平板焊接接头的微观组织、显微硬度和表面残余应力分布.同时,基于SYSWELD软件开发了考虑材料固态相变的热-冶金-力学耦合的有限元计算方法,并采用该方法模拟了P92钢的Satoh试验和单道堆焊接头的温度场及应力场分布,探讨了固态相变引起的体积变化、屈服强度变化和相变塑性(TRIP)对焊接残余应力形成过程及最终残余应力分布的影响.实验结果表明,P92钢平板焊接接头焊缝组织为淬火马氏体,其平均显微硬度为440 HV,母材(BM)组织为回火马氏体,其显微硬度为240 HV.Satoh试验的数值模拟表明,固态相变引起的体积变化和屈服强度变化不仅对残余应力的形成过程及最终应力的分布和峰值大小有显著影响,甚至可以改变应力的符号;而TRIP效应则具有减缓因体积膨胀和屈服强度变化所引起应力变化趋势的作用.进一步的计算结果表明,P92钢堆焊接头焊缝和热影响区(HAZ)的纵向残余应力为压应力,而靠近HAZ的BM上存在较大的纵向拉应力,峰值为600 MPa,该值超过了P92钢的室温屈服强度;整个焊接接头的横向残余应力峰值为130 MPa,远小于其纵向残余应力的峰值.数值计算结果与盲孔法测量得到的结果比较吻合,表明了所开发的热-冶金-力学耦合的有限元计算方法有较高的计算精度.     

焊接残余应力对Invar钢疲劳寿命影响分析

利用有限元软件MSC.Marc计算了液化石油天然气船液舱Invar钢薄膜的焊接温度场和残余应力场,并计算了焊接残余应力与液体晃荡压力耦合条件下焊缝处的疲劳寿命.结果表明,焊缝表面中心线上的节点的纵向残余应力可达298.1 MPa左右,焊缝纵向残余应力的峰值可达328.3 MPa左右,高于Invar钢的室温屈服强度280.1 MPa.由于焊接残余应力的存在,Invar钢薄膜焊缝的疲劳寿命约由2.1×106降低到1.7×105.     

X70管线钢厚板多层多道焊残余应力数值分析

基于逐层激活建模方式实现对多层多道焊接过程中焊缝金属填充的模拟,分别以半椭球体电弧热源模型和均匀柱体分布的熔滴热源模型为热源模型,建立了不等厚X70管线钢板多层多道焊接有限元计算模型,数值计算并分析了焊接过程中温度场和应力场演变、焊后残余应力状态。结果表明,经过多次焊接热循环后先形成的焊缝的应力状态与母材中焊接热影响区的应力状态接近;接头焊根处的残余应力要比盖面焊趾处的残余应力高,根焊两侧焊根的残余应力大小未受两侧板厚的差异影响,数值均达到468 MPa,焊缝焊趾与焊根处残余应力均低于母材屈服强度。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明了模型的可靠性和准确性。     

固态相变对P91钢激光对接接头残余应力的影响

基于SYSWELD软件,模拟了P91钢激光对接焊时的温度场和焊接残余应力,并探讨了固态相变产生的体积膨胀、屈服强度变化和相变塑性对焊接残余应力的影响. 数值模拟结果表明,体积膨胀和屈服强度变化对焊接残余应力的大小与分布有显著的影响; 相变塑性在相变过程中有"应力松弛"效应,对焊缝和热影响区的纵向和横向残余应力的值有一定程度的影响. 对比数值模拟结果与试验结果可知,采用文中建立的有限元模型计算得到的残余应力与中子法测量得到的结果基本吻合,在考虑相变塑性的情况下,计算结果与实测值吻合更好.     

Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的分析

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法用于模拟Q345/SUS304异种钢多层多道焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形. 同时,采用试验方法测量了焊接接头的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形. 计算得到的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形与实测值吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性. 结果表明,Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布有明显的不连续性,靠近交界处Q345侧的较窄范围内纵向拉伸应力明显低于该区的两侧;SUS304侧的高纵向拉伸应力区明显宽于Q345侧. 此外,试验和数值分析表明,Q345/SUS304异质接头有较明显的角变形.     

焊接残余应力对高强度钢低匹配对接接头静载强度的影响

采用有限元方法研究了焊后拉伸条件下高强度钢等匹配和低匹配对接接头内部应力的变化情况。结果表明,焊后横向和纵向拉伸载荷增至临界失效载荷期间,等匹配和低匹配接头的焊缝区和母材区应力均一直持续增加,但焊缝及近缝母材区应力在焊接残余应力基础上的增加较远端母材区缓慢;最终近缝母材区的应力明显高于远端母材区,未表现出内应力完全调匀的特征;这意味着由于焊接残余应力的存在,高强度钢宽板等匹配焊接结构的静载强度可能略有损失,而高强度钢宽板低匹配焊接结构更将在焊缝低强的影响下损失更大的静载强度。     

超细晶Q460钢多层多道焊接头残余应力的数值模拟

依据热弹塑性理论,建立了超细晶Q460钢多层多道焊三维热力学有限元模型.利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对超细晶钢多层多道焊接头残余应力场进行了模拟计算,并对其分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,焊接过程中每层焊缝表面的纵向应力峰值逐渐减小.焊接结束后,焊缝及其近缝区域表现出较高的纵向残余拉应力,应力峰值与材料屈服强度相近.焊根处横向残余拉应力明显较高,但应力峰值小于屈服强度.Von-mises等效应力在起弧及熄弧端较大,达到屈服强度,其余位置均小于屈服强度.     

屈服强度参数对10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接残余应力数值计算结果的影响

为了研究低合金高强钢在焊接过程中屈服强度参数变化对焊接数值计算结果的影响,测定了在稳态和冷却条件下10Ni5CrMoV钢在不同温度时的屈服强度和焊接接头的焊接残余应力,并采用有限元软件分别根据两种条件下所测屈服强度参数对10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接接头的焊接残余应力进行了数值计算.结果表明,冷却条件下不同温度的屈服强度测试值低于稳态条件下相应温度屈服强度测定值,根据冷却条件下测定的屈服强度曲线计算所得焊接残余应力分布与实测值具有更好的吻合度.     

高强钢低匹配等承载对接接头焊接残余应力调匀能力

借助有限元软件研究了高强钢对接接头中焊接残余应力的调匀情况.结果表明,因母材塑性储备不足,所有接头焊后横向、纵向拉伸峰值应力均在焊接残余应力的基础上不断增加,但接头各区域应力增速不同,最终残余应力均未完全调匀.低匹配静载ELCC接头高塑性、低屈强比的盖面焊道位于高值残余应力所在的焊缝及近缝区母材表面并分担载荷,使该区应力增速放缓,故其残余应力调匀能力优于等匹配接头.考虑焊接残余应力的ELCC接头静载失效更可能发生在母材区,这与ELCC接头的设计目标相符.明确了静载ELCC设计可以忽略焊接残余应力的影响.     

304/Q345R复合板焊接接头微观组织及残余应力

为研究复合板在焊接过程中复杂的热力学行为,利用ABAQUS有限元软件对304/Q345R复合板的焊接过程进行了数值模拟,通过热电偶和盲孔法获得了焊接接头的热循环曲线和残余应力分布规律,验证了有限元模型的正确性. 同时采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对焊接接头的微观组织、晶粒形貌和元素分布进行了分析,研究焊接接头部位的微观组织演化规律. 结果表明,焊接残余应力最大值为312 MPa,位于焊趾附近,残余应力沿焊缝至母材方向逐渐降低并趋于稳定. 在两种材料的交界面处发现残余应力不连续现象. 焊接接头微观组织主要由奥氏体和铁素体组成,复层熔合线附近的铁素体以板条状和针状形成带状过渡区,而熔合线附近的奥氏体晶粒成柱状形貌且尺寸更为微小.     

3D finite element modeling of the thermally induced residual stress in the hybrid laser/arc welding of lap joint

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is developed to investigate thermally induced stress field during hybrid laser–gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. In the hybrid welding case, we focus on the GTAW process sharing common molten pool with laser beam and playing an augment role in the hybrid welding system. An experiment-based thermal analysis is performed to obtain the temperature history, which then is applied to the mechanical (stress) analysis. A modified material model is used to consider the influence of face-to-face contact between the top and bottom metal sheets in the thermo-mechanical analysis of welding lap joints. Results show that the normal stress components prevail in the weld zone during hybrid welding process, and maximum thermal stress exceeding the yield point of material exists at the heat affected zone (HAZ) near the weld pool. Increasing the welding speed causes the penetration and width of weld bead to decrease, and the thermal stress concentration at the welded joint is also reduced accordingly. After welding and cooling down, longitudinal tensile stress (SZ) and transverse compressive stress (SX) are retained in the formed weld, and the higher longitudinal compressive stress exists around the weld bead. In addition, a series of experiments are performed to validate the numerical results, and a qualitative agreement is achieved. Compared to the welded joint obtained by GTAW and laser welding alone, the residual stress concentration in the weld joint obtained by hybrid laser–GTAW is the minimal one.     

Numerical Investigation on Residual Stresses of the Safe-End/Nozzle Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint in CAP1400 Nuclear Power Plants

The residual stress evolution in a safe-end/nozzle dissimilar metal welded joint of CAP1400 nuclear power plants was investigated in the manufacturing process by finite element simulation. A finite element model, including cladding, buttering, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and dissimilar metal multi-pass welding, is developed based on SYSWELD software to investigate the evolution of residual stress in the aforementioned manufacturing process. The results reveal a large tensile axial residual stress, which exists at the weld zone on the inner surface, leads to a high sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PWHT process before dissimilar metal multi-pass welding process has a great influence on the magnitude and distribution of final axial residual stress. The risk of SCC on the inner surface of the pipe will increase if PWHT process is not taken into account. Therefore, such crucial thermal manufacturing process such as cladding, buttering and post-weld heat treatment, besides the multi-pass welding process, should be considered in the numerical model in order to accurately predict the distribution and the magnitude of the residual stress.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.