响应面法优化水酶法提取核桃油的工艺条件

研究中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶、木瓜蛋白酶单独使用和复合使用对核桃油提取率的影响,采用单因素试验及响应面法对水酶法提取核桃油的工艺条件进行优化.结果表明,水酶法提取核桃油的最优工艺条件为料液比1:5(m:v)、酶解pH 7.5、酶添加量1.55%、酶解温度45.41 ℃、酶解时间2.17 h;复合酶采用果胶酶+纤维素酶+中性蛋白酶(1:1:1),对核桃提油率的工艺条件进行优化,核桃提油率可达54.2%.     

超声波辅助水酶法提取黑加仑籽油及其品质分析

研究了超声波辅助水酶法提取黑加仑籽油的工艺条件,并对产品的品质进行分析。利用超声波对黑加仑籽进行前处理,以油脂提取率为考察指标,通过单因素实验和响应面法优化酶解条件,确定最佳工艺条件为：超声功率300 W,超声温度50℃,超声时间25 min,复合酶添加量为2%（蛋白酶:纤维素酶:果胶酶=2:2:1）,酶解初始pH6.5,酶解温度55℃,液料比5:1(g/g),酶解时间3 h,在最优条件下黑加仑籽油提取率为78.34%。通过理化指标对超声波辅助水酶法提取黑加仑籽油的品质进行分析。结果表明,黑加仑籽油的感官指标、过氧化值和酸价均符合国家食用植物油卫生标准要求;富含不饱和脂肪酸,其中多不饱和脂肪酸比例为67.92%,油中多酚、α-生育酚、γ-生育酚含量分别达到300.49、19.55、41.67 mg/kg,是一种具有高营养价值的功能性植物油脂。本研究为黑加仑籽油工业化生产提供理论参考。     

水酶法提取火麻籽油工艺研究

以火麻籽为原料,利用水酶法提取火麻籽油。通过单因素实验及中心组合实验研究酶的种类、料液比、加酶量、酶解时间等因素对火麻籽提油率的影响。结果表明,酸性蛋白酶和纤维素酶按1∶1进行复配且先加酸性蛋白酶作为提取酶时,提取效果最好;在此基础上,通过响应面优化得到水酶法提取火麻籽油的最佳工艺条件为:复合酶添加量1.10%(w/w)、料液比1∶3.6g/mL、酶解时间3.8h,火麻籽油的提油率为75.64%。     

酶法提取紫花苜蓿籽油的研究

以紫花苜蓿籽为原料,采用酶法提油,通过正交试验确定了复合酶配比及最佳提油工艺参数。结果表明:复合酶配比为AS1398中性蛋白酶添加量为0.4%,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.5%,果胶酶添加量为0.5%,料液比为1∶10,酶解温度为50℃,酶解时间为6 h,苜蓿籽的出油率最高为11.23%。提出的籽油中含有亚油酸15.38%,油酸14.45%,亚麻酸11.20%,硬脂酸23.25%和棕榈酸10.24%。并对苜蓿籽油的理化性质进行了研究,结果表明,酶法提取紫花苜蓿籽油工艺可行,产品对人体具有较高的营养保健作用。     

水酶法提取光皮树油的研究

从市售的木聚糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、中性蛋白酶、复合植物水解酶、果胶酶中筛选提取光皮树油的水解酶,实验结果得到纤维素酶对光皮树果实的提油作用最强,其提油率达65.29%,复合植物水解酶次之,为64.05%,木聚糖酶效果最差,仅为54.47%。通过单因素实验得到纤维素酶提取光皮树油的最适工艺条件为:酶解pH 5.8,料液比1∶3,酶加量2.5%,酶解温度40℃,酶解时间4h。该条件下,油的乳化率低,提出来的基本上是清油,且提油率达76.64%。     

水酶法提取茶叶籽油工艺条件研究

采用水酶法提取茶叶籽油,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化提取工艺条件。结果表明,水酶法提取茶叶籽油优化工艺条件为:纤维素酶用量1.1%、果胶酶用量2.0%、蛋白酶用量0.2%,料液比1:6,酶解温度45℃、酶解pH值5.0、酶解时间8h,茶叶籽油得率28.64%。     

复合酶法提取辣木籽油及其体外抗氧化活性

以辣木籽为原料,采用水酶法提取辣木籽油,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行研究。以辣木籽油提油率为指标,确定复合酶的组合及比例(蛋白酶∶纤维素酶=2∶1),在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验优化提取工艺。结果表明水酶法提取辣木籽油的最佳工艺为料液比1∶4 (g/mL)、pH 4、酶添加量3%、酶解温度55℃,在此条件下,辣木籽油的提取率为61.35%。水酶法提取的辣木籽油具有较强的抗氧化活性。5 mg/mL辣木籽油对羟自由基(·OH)和DPPH·清除率分别为80.30%和62.67%。     

酶法预处理辅助提取菜籽油工艺研究

根据油菜籽的主要成分筛选出4种酶进行复配,以提油率为指标得出Flavourzyme、中性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶复配最佳添加量组合为1.5%∶2.0%∶1.0%∶1.5%,在该复配下油菜籽提油率达到91.73%;进而对料水比、pH、酶解时间和酶解温度因素进行优化,得出最佳工艺组合为料水比1∶0.5、pH 6.0、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间3.0 h,在最佳工艺组合条件下提油率达到95.62%;最后通过考察酶处理油菜籽过程中还原糖、氨基态氮含量的变化及电镜扫描图对酶作用机理进行初步验证。     

响应面优化碱性蛋白酶提取火麻仁油的研究

运用水酶法提取火麻仁油,依次选用Alcalase2.4L(碱性蛋白酶)、Protamex(复合蛋白酶)、Neutrase0.8L(中性蛋白酶)、Celluclast1.5L(复合纤维素酶)、Viscozyme(复合植物水解酶)单独并复配对云麻一号和巴马火麻仁酶解提油,以提油率为指标,最终选取Alcalase2.4L提取云麻一号。研究了粉碎次数、液料比、酶用量、酶解初始pH、酶解温度和酶解时间对提油率的影响,并用响应面法进行了优化。得到的最优酶解条件为:粉碎次数4次(5 s/次),液料比3.5∶1,酶用量2.0%(以火麻仁质量计),酶解初始pH 7,酶解温度70℃,酶解时间3.5 h。在最优条件下,火麻仁的提油率可达83.81%。     

湿法超微粉碎结合水酶法提取辣木籽油及其氧化稳定性分析

以辣木籽为原料,经湿法超微粉碎预处理后再经过低温烘干制成辣木籽粉,通过水酶法提取辣木籽油。利用单因素实验研究料液比、pH、酶添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度对辣木籽油提取率的影响,在此基础上采用正交实验确定水酶法提取辣木籽油的最佳工艺条件;并以辣木籽油过氧化值为评价指标,考察光照、温度和抗氧化剂对辣木籽油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明,辣木籽油最佳提取条件为:以中性蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶按1∶1组成的复合酶为酶解用酶,料液比1∶6,pH 5. 0,复合酶添加量6%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间8 h。在最佳提取条件下,辣木籽油提取率为85. 23%±0. 72%。光照及高温均能使辣木籽油的过氧化值升高,其中光照比温度对辣木籽油过氧化值的影响更大。因此,贮藏辣木籽油时,应尽量放置低温、避光处。另外,添加抗氧化剂BHT也能有效提高辣木籽油的氧化稳定性。     

中国植物油料生产和贸易:现状、变化及前景

我国作为植物油料生产大国、消费大国及贸易大国,研究入世对我国油料生产和贸易影 响、进而判断未来变动趋势有着重要意义。该文首先对我国植物油料生产、贸易情况进行简单梳理; 在此基础上,重点分析入世后植物油料生产贸易变化及主要影响因素;最后对中国植物油料生产、 贸易未来发展趋势进行简单判断,并提出对策建议。     

花椒籽的研究进展

就近年来有关花椒籽的研究利用作一介绍，并阐述了花椒籽油中α-亚麻酸的生理功能、富集纯化方法、应用及抗氧化研究，旨在促进花椒籽的综合开发利用。     

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Oils Extracted from Noni,Spinach, Lady’s Finger,Bitter Gourd and Mustard Seeds,and Copra

The physico-chemical properties of solvent-extracted oil from the seeds of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch), and the dried kernel (copra) of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) were characterized. Among these sources, spinach seed had the lowest oil content (4.5 ± 0.4%) while coconut kernel had the highest oil content (63.1 ± 2.8%). Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids for spinach, lady’s finger and noni seed oils, while erucic, eleostearic, and lauric acids were the major fatty acids for mustard seed oil, bitter gourd seed oil, and coconut kernel oil, respectively. All of the oils possessed at least three major peaks in their triacylglycerol profiles except for bitter gourd seed oil which had only one major peak (1-stearoyl, 2,3-dieleostearoyl). The last endothermic peaks were –12.4, –6.0, 6.8, 57.7, 2.7, and 24.3ºC for noni, spinach, lady’s finger, bitter gourd and mustard seed oils, and coconut oil, respectively. Initially, the solid fat content of bitter gourd seed oil decreased gradually, but became rapidly after 50 until 60ºC. Coconut oil had its solid fat content reduced rapidly around 14 to 28ºC.     

石榴籽多酚的提取及其种壳种仁抗氧化活性研究

以安徽怀远所产的"玉石籽"石榴为试材,研究乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间、螯合剂六偏磷酸钠的添加量、pH值及料液比对提取效果的影响,并对提取工艺进行优化;分别提取石榴籽种壳及种仁中的多酚类物质,比较石榴籽种壳及种仁提取物中总酚、黄酮及原花色素含量及体外抗氧化能力。结果表明:在pH4.0、提取温度60℃、六偏磷酸钠添加量0.4%、液料比20:1的条件下,用60%乙醇提取100min,石榴籽中多酚的提取效果较好;石榴籽富含原花色素,原花色素是石榴籽抗氧化成分中的主要成分,石榴籽中多酚类物质——尤其是原花色素主要集中于种仁部位。     

酿酒后葡萄籽综合利用的研究进展

酿制葡萄酒时,会产生大量的废弃物,其中包括葡萄籽。该文对酿酒后的副产品-葡萄籽的综合利用进行了综述,介绍了葡萄籽中葡萄籽油、多酚物质和蛋白质的提取及其应用技术。将葡萄籽进行合理开发利用,不仅可以避免环境污染,而且将增加葡萄酒的附加值。     

茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层生产茶叶籽油及淀粉

茶叶籽油贮藏在茶叶籽油脂体内,茶叶籽油脂体具有明显的边界膜,因此将茶叶籽油脂体从茶叶籽仁水浆中分离出来是完全可能的,利用茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层现象可以实现茶叶籽油脂体的有效分离。茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层现象表现为:茶叶籽仁在适宜温度条件下充分自然发酵后,发酵液自然分离为3层;上层为茶叶籽油脂体、中层为茶皂甙溶液、底层为茶叶籽淀粉;经过两次发酵,上层茶叶籽油脂体的纯度可达到95%。将纯化的茶叶籽油脂体进行加热处理,可以生产出高质量的茶叶籽毛油。利用茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层现象可使茶叶籽毛油产率达16%、淀粉产率达8%;并且有效避免了茶叶籽中其他成分对茶叶籽油的污染与吸附作用,大幅度简化了茶叶籽毛油的后续精炼工作。     

茶叶籽水浆发酵分层过程及其间总重量动态研究

为了更好地完善茶叶籽油发酵生产工艺,对茶叶籽水桨的发酵分层过程进行了深入研究,结果如下。茶叶籽水桨发酵开始时上下是浑然一体的,呈乳白色,随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液分层逐渐由模糊变为清晰,发酵进行到4.5h左右,发酵液明显分为3层,乳白色顶层、淡棕色中层及纯白色底层;此后,各层逐渐变得坚实,到16h左右,发酵液各层厚度已经稳定,顶层、中层及底层的相对厚度分别为： 25%、49%、26%。茶叶籽水桨的发酵分层效果以茶叶籽水桨原液效果最好。茶叶籽水浆总重量在发酵分层过程中的变化分为3个阶段：前期发酵液总重量的降低量明显高于清水对照,最大降低量比清水对照高出48%;中期发酵液总重量的降低量与清水对照持平,后期发酵液总重量的降低量明显低于清水对照,发酵16h时,降低量比对照减少18.3%。茶叶籽内种皮能使茶叶籽水桨发酵液颜色变深,但对发酵液顶层厚度没有显著影响。     

Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of reducing enteric methane production from dairy cows by incorporating into the diet various sources of long-chain FA varying in their degree of saturation and ruminal availability. The experiment was conducted as a crossover design with 16 lactating dairy cows maintained in 2 groups and fed 4 dietary treatments in four 28-d periods. Eight ruminally cannulated primiparous cows (96 ± 18 d in milk) were assigned to group 1 and 8 multiparous cows (130 ± 31 d in milk) were assigned to group 2. The dietary treatments were: 1) a commercial source of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CTL), 2) crushed sunflower seeds (SS), 3) crushed flaxseed (FS), and 4) crushed canola seed (CS). The oilseeds added 3.1 to 4.2% fat to the diet (DM basis). All 3 oilseed treatments decreased methane production (g/d) by an average of 13%. When corrected for differences in dry matter intake (DMI), compared with CTL, methane production (g/kg of DM intake) was decreased by feeding FS (−18%) or CS (−16%) and was only numerically decreased (−10%) by feeding SS. However, compared with the CTL, feeding SS or FS lowered digestible DMI by 16 and 9%, respectively, because of lowered digestibility. Thus, only CS lowered methane per unit of digestible DM intake. Feeding SS and CS decreased rumen protozoal counts, but there were no treatment effects on mean ruminal pH or total volatile fatty acid concentration. Milk efficiency (3.5% fat corrected milk/DMI), milk yield, and component yield and concentrations were not affected by oilseed treatments. The study shows that adding sources of long-chain fatty acids to the diet in the form of processed oilseeds can be an effective means of reducing methane emissions. However, for some oilseeds such as SS or FS, the reduction in methane can be at the expense of diet digestibility. The use of crushed CS offers a means of mitigating methane without negatively affecting diet digestibility, and hence, milk production.