磁场处理降低残余应力过程中应力应变的测量

在前期研究强脉冲磁场处理与低频交变磁场处理降低残余应力，并取得显著效果的基础上，进一步在磁场处理低碳钢制作的试样（包括单向拉伸试样和无应力试样）时，对应力应变过程进行测量。结果表明，单向拉伸试样经过低频交变磁场处理后，材料内部残余应力在下降的趋势，而且处理过程中具有磁振动现象。无应力试样与单向拉伸试验在磁场中，随场强的增加，试样中的应变逐渐由正值变为负值。克应力试验在不同频率的交变磁场中的应变各不     

尺寸效应对小冲杆试验方法评价拉伸性能的影响

为探究尺寸效应对小冲杆试验结果的影响,对镍基合金Incoloy 800H和低合金钢3Cr1MoV开展不同厚度试样(100～500μm)的小冲杆试验,并通过Ludwig硬化模型和有限元方法构建不同试样厚度下的力-挠度曲线和真应力数据库。基于数据库和小冲杆试验曲线获取不同试样尺寸下的真应力-塑性应变曲线。在此基础上预测了材料的强度性能,并建立了试样尺寸和流动应力以及强度性能的关系。结果表明,Incoloy 800H的拉伸性能随着试样厚度的减小逐渐增加,而试样尺寸对3Cr1MoV的拉伸性能影响很小。就拉伸性能对厚度不同的依赖关系进行探讨,为小冲杆试验方法预测拉伸性能时试样厚度的选择设计提供了依据。     

轧制差厚板变厚度区的应力应变关系表征

针对轧制差厚板几何形状不均匀、力学性能不均匀的特征,设计了适用于差厚板的单向拉伸试样,并加工等宽度试样用作比较。结合数字散斑技术对两种拉伸试样进行单向拉伸试验,结果表明新型差厚板拉伸试样变形更加充分,应变分布更加均匀。通过计算获得差厚板变厚度区材料的真应力-真应变曲线,利用插值法构建差厚板材料模型。将材料模型用于差厚板试样的单向拉伸数值模拟中,发现数值模拟和试验获得的试样应变分布及力-位移曲线吻合程度较高,与试验相比模拟所预测的试样断后伸长率略低,误差范围为9.0%～14.0%。结果表明,数值模拟与试验具有良好的一致性,材料模型的准确度较高,具有实用性。新型拉伸试样同时考虑了差厚板厚度不均匀和力学性能不均匀的特性,通过一次拉伸试验即可获得变厚度区任意位置处的真应力-真应变曲线,对差厚板力学性能和后续加工工艺研究具有实际价值。     

MEMS材料力学性能的测试方法

介绍国内外MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical system)材料力学性能的测试方法,包括纳米压痕法、薄膜打压法、梁弯曲试验、微拉曼光谱法、单轴拉伸法等.分析各种测试方法的优缺点、基本原理和最新进展.详细介绍单轴拉伸试验方法的试验原理、特点及发展现状, 在此基础上介绍作者们在MEMS材料单轴拉伸试验方面的阶段性研究成果,包括单轴拉伸试样设计、夹具设计、加载方法及应变测量技术等.试样和夹具的设计采用有限元方法模拟不同形状参数试样的拉伸试验过程,确定试样的外形和尺寸.应变测量采用的是激光干涉应变计法(interference strain /displacement gauge, ISDG),并用所研制的微小试样拉伸试验机,成功测得多晶铜薄膜材料的应力-应变曲线.     

缺口对ML20MnTiB钢拉伸强度的影响研究

对ML20MnTiB钢光滑试样和不同半径U形缺口试样进行拉伸试验,根据光滑试样所测得的数据,获得光滑试验真应力对数应变曲线。对各缺口试样的拉伸断裂过程进行仿真,获得各缺口试样拉伸过程中的应力、应变场,并对各缺口试样断裂面形态及断裂机理进行扫描电镜分析,由此研究缺口对ML20MnTiB钢拉伸强度的影响。研究结果表明,失效应力随缺口半径减小而增大,失效应变随缺口半径减小而减小,以光滑试样的本构关系及材料自身性能参数可以较为准确地预测缺口试样的拉伸加载过程。当应变增大时,试样产生缺口强化现象。各缺口试样的断裂机理均为韧窝型断裂,在应力三轴度及塑性应变的作用下,随着缺口半径的减小,断裂面的韧窝增大。     

基于数字图像相关技术的材料真应力-应变计算与试验

真应力-应变曲线对于研究材料的机械性能具有重要意义。介绍了一种基于数字图像相关技术处理拉伸试样局部真应力-应变曲线的方法,通过设计拉伸试验得到不同形式的应力-应变曲线,并进行验证。计算与试验结果表明,传统方法计算得到的真应力-应变曲线只能近似反映试样某个位置的应力应变情况,更适合表征材料均匀塑性变形阶段的机械性能,基于数字图像相关技术的方法可以有效、合理地计算得到拉伸过程中试样不同位置的真应力与真应变,包括颈缩后大应变变形下的真应力与真应变,能够表征材料从加载到断裂破坏过程中不同位置的机械性能。     

CR1500HF热成形钢U形件不同位置的高速拉伸性能及其有限元模拟

在CR1500HF热成形钢U形件不同位置取样,进行应变速率在1～500 s-1的拉伸试验,研究了不同位置拉伸性能的差异和应变速率对热压成形件拉伸性能的影响;建立材料拉伸有限元模型,模拟分析了该钢的高速拉伸性能和拉伸试样加持端应力分布.结果表明:该热压成形U形件侧壁位置的抗拉强度和屈服强度低于法兰和底部位置,在进行碰撞分析时需考虑部分位置因冷却不足强度降低的影响;随着应变速率的增加,U形件不同位置的屈服强度和抗拉强度均增大;由拉伸有限元模型模拟得到的真应力-真塑性应变曲线与combined S-H本构模型拟合得到的曲线吻合较好,应变速率1,500 s-1下真应力均方根误差分别为19.98,39.48 MPa;高速拉伸过程中拉伸试样夹持端大部分处于弹性变形阶段,应变片粘贴位置距试样圆弧处的距离应大于19 mm.     

不同加载条件下50W800G硅钢板的拉伸性能

对50W800G硅钢板采用十字形试样进行了不同加载条件下的单向拉伸试验和双向拉伸试验,并运用ANSYS软件对试验结果进行了有限元模拟。结果表明:50W800G硅钢板双向等比拉伸时的应力-应变曲线位于双向非等比拉伸和单向拉伸时的应力-应变曲线之上;50W800G硅钢没有明显的各向异性行为,双向等比拉伸时轧制方向的应力-应变曲线稍高于垂直于轧制方向的,而双向非等比拉伸时垂直于轧制方向的应力-应变曲线稍高于轧制方向的;ANSYS有限元数值模拟的结果可用来预测双向拉伸过程中的应力-应变关系。     

3D-C/SiC复合材料的高温拉伸性能

研究了 3D C/SiC复合材料从室温到 15 0 0℃真空条件的拉伸性能。试验材料用T30 0碳纤维编织为三维四向编织体 ,编织角为 2 2° ,用CVI法在 95 0℃～ 10 0 0℃沉积热解碳界面层、SiC基体。最终得到纤维体积分数约为4 0vol%、热解碳界面层厚度约 0 .2 μm和空隙率为 17vol%的复合材料 ,表面SiC涂层厚度为 5 0 μm。试验在超高温拉伸试验机上进行 ,真空度为 10 -3 Pa ,夹头位移速率为 0 .5 95mm/min。结果表明 ,拉伸应力 应变曲线是非线性的 ,大部分拉伸曲线基本由三段折线组成 ,对应着三段模量。第一阶段的模量和基体裂纹饱和应力对应的应变εsa 基本不随温度的升高而改变 ;第二和第三阶段的模量、损伤开始应力σmc、基体裂纹饱和应力σsa、断裂应力σf 和损伤开始应变εmc随温度有相似的变化规律 ,即随温度升高而增加 ,在 110 0℃ ～ 130 0℃范围内出现最大值 ,尔后随温度增加而下降 ;但是断裂应变的变化规律正好与此相反。试样机械加工后 ,由于残余应力部分得到松弛 ,并去除了表面SiC涂层开裂后引起的应力集中 ,因此材料断裂强度和断裂应变明显升高。高温和室温的拉伸断裂应变小于0 .6 % ,不能有效地松弛材料切口处的应力集中。测量了拉伸过程中试样的电阻相对变化率 ,它与载荷的关系曲线总的走势与拉     

不同机加工表面状态TiAl合金的室温塑性

采用磨削和抛光作为最后工序制备了铸造TiAl合金的标准拉伸试样,对比分析了两种试样的表面质量和表面残余应力,并进行了室温拉伸试验.结果表明:经磨削和抛光后TiAl合金表面的显微组织与其铸态的相同,均为近层片状组织;抛光使试样表面粗糙度由磨削后的0.51μm降至0.22μm,磨痕数量减少,磨痕由锐角变为钝角;两种试样表面...     

Investigation of gas particle flow in an erosion wind tunnel

Trajectories of small particles approaching the test specimen in an erosion tunnel are analytically determined. The two-dimensional equations of motion are solved for a spherical particle under the sole influence of aerodynamic drag. The two-dimensional gradients of gas properties in the flow field are determined by a numerical solution of the equations describing a compressible inviscid fluid. At one inlet condition, the trajectories are computed for coal ash particles of various sizes approaching test specimens at several orientations. Trends are identified in the approaching characteristics that may be related to the observed erosion. The results indicate that, for ash particles with diameters less than 10 μm, significant numbers are deflected away from the specimen. These particles would otherwise impact with the specimen if they had more inertia to resist the turning effect of the flow field. Ash particles with diameters less than 30 μm which do impact with the specimen do so over a wide range of incident angles quite different from the angle between the specimen surface and the tunnel axis and at lower velocities than those at the test section inlet. The importance of fluid mechanics in erosion studies is presented in this paper.     

Top-bottom effect in energy-selecting transmission electron microscopy

Energy-selecting TEM can avoid the chromatic error of large specimen thicknesses when selecting an energy window at the most probable energy loss. The resolution is limited by the spatial beam broadening for structures at the top (electron entrance) of the specimen layer. A test experiment with polystyrene spheres of 1.1 μm in diameter shows a blurring of 8 nm when imaging with ΔE = 250 eV and E = 80 keV.     

Measurement of partial specific thickness (net thickness) of critical-point-dried cultured fibroblast by energy analysis

The relative specimen thickness obtained with an energy analyser is one of the most important parameters in electron microscopy. It has been made clear that this parameter can be applied not only to inorganic specimens, but also to organic and biological specimens. Moreover, the partial specific thickness of a critical-point-dried cultured fibroblast, that is, a net thickness converted in terms of Epon, was calculated from the relative specimen thickness. The partial specific thickness of each domain of the critical-point-dried cultured fibroblast is : CC 0.05 μm, PE 0.14 μm, ED 0.32 μm and PN 0.54 μm. As a result, it is suggested that 27% of the volume of this specimen consists of biological materials.     

The delamination theory of wear and the wear of a composite surface

The delamination theory of wear postulates that there is a “nonworkhardening” soft surface layer which deforms continuously due to the instability of dislocations, and that the low speed sliding wear of metals is caused by the subsurface crack nucleation and propagation nearly parallel to the surface. A corollary of the theory is that when hard metal surfaces are plated with a soft metal to reduce the coefficient of friction and the wear rate, the soft metal layer must be thinner than a critical thickness so as to prevent the accumulation of dislocations in the plated layer and the formation of the delaminated layer. This corollary was investigated by plating annealed AISI 1018 steel with cadmium. The wear rate of the steel specimen plated with 0.1 μm cadmium on both of the contacting surfaces was three orders of magnitude smaller than the unplated specimen when they were tested in argon. In the case of thicker coatings, the cadmium layer wears by the delamination process which occurs within the plated layer. The very thin cadmium plate is also effective in reducing wear in inert oil, but not effective in an oxidizing atmosphere. The coefficient of friction of the 0.1 μm Cd plated steel was less than the unplated steel under all test conditions.     

Characterization of dimensions of ellipsoidal microparticles via electron microscopy

The analysis and the use of metallic shadow casting and specimen tilting for accurately determining the dimensions of microellipsoids by electron microscopy (EM) are presented. The procedure uses the direct image and two different shadows or two different specimen tilts to unambiguously determine the dimensions of an ellipsoid. A novel computer-aided matching procedure is used to determine dimensions and orientations. The analysis was applied to a sample of polymer prolate microspheroids, which have recently been synthesized in our laboratory. The shape of the particles was confirmed and their dimensions and orientations were determined. The particles were shown to have a length (twice the principal axis) of 3.30±0.02 μm and a diameter (twice the minor axis) of 1.66±0.04 μm. Thus, both EM techniques were demonstrated to be practical and precise for determining dimensions of individual microellipsoids.     

Optimal design and fabrication of three-dimensional calibration specimens for scanning probe microscopy

Micro-/nano-scale roughness specimens are highly demanded to synthetically calibrate the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) instrument. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) specimens with controllable main surface evaluation parameters were designed. In order to improve the design accuracy, the genetic algorithm was introduced into the conventional digital filter method. A primary 3D calibration specimen with the dimension of 10 μm × 10 μm was fabricated by electron beam lithography. Atomic force microscopy characterizations demonstrated that the statistical and spectral parameters of the fabricated specimen match well with the designed values. Such a kind of 3D specimens has the potential to calibrate the SPM for applications in quantitative surface evaluations.     

一种新的制备脆性材料缺口试件的方法及其应用

提出了利用模压注塑（ＭＣＳ）的方法制出脆性材料缺口试件生坯，然后烧结制成缺口试件。这种方法制备的缺口试件，其缺口半径可按需要在很大范围内变化以供选用，而且缺口表面粗糙度的一致性好。测试结果表明，用该方法测定的脆性材料缺口强度值稳定可靠。缺口半径和深度的试验结果说明，脆性材料缺口试件的体积效应比较弱     

RB-SiC亚表面损伤检测及其旋转超声磨削亚表面损伤特征

分别采用截面抛光法(包括以硅片作陪衬与以聚酯作陪衬两种形式)和界面黏接法检测了反应烧结碳化硅(Reaction Bonded SiC,RB-SiC)旋转超声磨削加工的亚表面损伤。为确定其中的最佳检测形式,采用表面破碎层深度、最大破碎层深度、平均裂纹深度、最大裂纹深度4个亚表面损伤评价指标对两种方法分别检测到的RB-SiC旋转超声磨削亚表面损伤进行对比分析。结果显示:截面抛光法(硅片作陪衬)检测到的4个指标值依次为3.30μm、6.59μm、8.64μm、17.44μm;截面抛光法(聚酯作陪衬)检测到的4个指标值依次为5.71μm、14.33μm、15.36μm、54.82μm;而界面黏接法检测到的4个指标值依次为9.19μm、19.45μm、13.04μm、32.20μm。试验结果表明,截面抛光法(硅片作陪衬)检测的精度更高,检测的亚表面损伤更符合实际情况。最后,基于此方法,对旋转超声磨削RB-SiC材料的亚表面损伤特征进行了总结。     

Preparation of (InGa)As/GaAs materials for TEM by one side non-rotation ion beam thinning

A technique is described for the preparation of thin specimens for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of (InGa)As/GaAs multilayered materials. In this technique, a shielding method is used for selective-area perforation by ion beam thinning. Thin cross-sectional specimen slices are mechanically pre-thinned to about 30 μm and then thinned by ion sputtering from one side of the specimen at a time without rotation of the specimen stage. No direct ion sputtering occurs at the growth surface of the specimen so that a specimen with thin areas containing the desired near-surface structures can be obtained. The recipe for this technique is given in detail. A patterning method for increasing the size of the thin area for TEM investigation is also described. It is shown that a smooth surface can be obtained by sputtering without rotating the stage if obstacles that produce redeposits onto the sputtered surface are removed.     

A flexible microrobotic platform for handling microscale specimens of fibrous materials for microscopic studies

One of the most challenging issues faced in handling specimens for microscopy, is avoiding artefacts and structural changes in the samples caused by human errors. In addition, specimen handling is a laborious and time‐consuming task and requires skilful and experienced personnel. This paper introduces a flexible microrobotic platform for the handling of microscale specimens of fibrous materials for various microscopic studies such as scanning electron microscopy and nanotomography. The platform is capable of handling various fibres with diameters ranging from 10 to 1000 μm and lengths of 100 μm–15 mm, and mounting them on different types of specimen holders without damaging them. This tele‐operated microrobotic platform minimizes human interaction with the samples, which is one of the main sources contributory to introducing artefacts into the specimens. The platform also grants a higher throughput and an improved success rate of specimen handling, when compared to the manual processes. The operator does not need extensive experience of microscale manipulation and only a short training period is sufficient to operate the platform. The requirement of easy configurability for various samples and sample holders is typical in the research and development of materials in this field. Therefore, one of the main criteria for the design of the microrobotic platform was the ability to adapt the platform to different specimen handling methods required for microscopic studies. To demonstrate this, three experiments are carried out using the microrobotic platform. In the first experiment, individual paper fibres are mounted successfully on scanning electron microscopy specimen holders for the in situ scanning electron microscopy diagonal compression test of paper fibres. The performance of the microrobotic platform is compared with a skilled laboratory worker performing the same experiment. In the second experiment, a strand of human hair and an individual paper fibre bond are mounted on a specimen holder for nanotomography studies. In the third experiment, individual paper fibre bonds with controlled crossing and vertical angles are made using the microrobotic platform. If an industrial application requires less flexibility but a higher speed when handling one type of sample to a specific holder, then the platform can be automated in the future.