大口径高发射率水热管标准黑体辐射源

为满足国内黑体辐射源亮度温度的溯源需求,中国计量科学研究院研制了50~270℃大口径高发射率水热管标准黑体辐射源。本文介绍了水热管黑体辐射源的研制、性能测试和不确定度。利用Monte Carlo方法研究了圆柱形空腔内壁V槽角度对空腔法向有效发射率的影响。设计了圆柱形空腔,内壁加工31°角的1 mm深V形槽,喷涂高发射率Pyromark 1200黑漆,空腔开口74 mm,腔深520 mm,法向有效发射率优于0.999 8,实现了黑体源空腔在大口径条件下的高发射率。设计了基于PID控制的黑体辐射源温度控制系统和高精度的黑体辐射源空腔温度测量系统。水热管黑体辐射源的温度稳定性为0.04℃/20 min,空腔底部有效亮度温度均匀性为0.08℃,有效亮度温度扩展不确定度为0.036~0.104℃。建立了基于变温黑体辐射源的国家亮度温度标准。     

风云卫星的红外遥感亮度温度国家计量标准装置

综述了国际上美国、德国、俄罗斯的典型红外遥感亮度温度标准装置的研究现状,着重介绍了由中国计量科学研究院研制的用于风云卫星红外载荷黑体定标的红外遥感亮度温度国家计量标准装置(VRTSF)。给出了VRTSF的设计方案,描述了它的结构和光路。设计了满足风云卫星红外载荷定标黑体工作环境的真空低背景实验舱,建立了满足量值溯源需求的标准黑体辐射源作为量值标准器。标准变温黑体辐射源的温度覆盖190K~340K,口径为30mm,空腔发射率为0.999 9,温度不确定度优于50mK@300K/10μm(k=2)。该装置的光谱为(1-1 000)μm,光谱分辨率为0.2cm-1,可满足多种红外载荷的定标需求。该装置具有高温度不确定度水平、高光谱分辨率和扩展性强等特点,如未来该装置温度覆盖至(100-500)K,将会满足大部分红外载荷量值的溯源需求。     

红外热像仪外场测温的大气透过率二次标定

为了实现测温红外热像仪的外场精确测温,研究了大气透过率的二次标定。建立了红外热像仪的外场远距离测温标定模型,采用一个标准面源黑体和红外热像仪对大气透过率进行了二次标定。首先,用标准面源黑体的设置温度标定大气透过率的二次修正系数;然后,在已知目标感兴趣区域发射率的情况下,用二次修正系数对未知辐射源测量值进行修正,实现未知辐射源目标辐射温度的准确测量。实验显示,随黑体设置温度从50℃不断升高(二次大气透过率近似为1),大气二次透过率修正系数在50～100℃内迅速下降,在100～200℃内下降趋势减缓,逐渐接近于约为0.7的常数。实验结果为测温红外热像仪外场精确测温提供了保证。     

重力式热管双温度大面积蜂窝黑体的研制

本文报导以重力式热管原理实现的双温度大面积蜂窝黑体辐射源装置。该黑体工作温度为40～150℃,有效面积为420×234mm~2。每个黑体工作面上温度分布的最大温差在1.9℃以内,面黑体的轮廓尺寸就是它的有效等温区。以重力式热管原理实现面黑体,这在技术上是一个新的尝试。从实验结果看出,面黑体工作面温度分布非常均匀,可见这一尝试是可行的。     

在线黑体辐射源的建立及黑体空腔参数规划方法

根据影响建立在线黑体辐射源的要素及连续退火炉内外物理条件,首次提出,可以将在连退炉中运动带钢与炉辊底部之间自然形成的腔体看作是一个在线黑体空腔,用辐射温度计瞄准该黑体空腔,能够测量运动带钢的温度。并基于黑体空腔理论和人工智能方法,根据工业现场的实际安装条件对影响在线黑体空腔精度的因素进行评价,从“腔体的密闭性”和“腔体的等温性”2个方面,对在线黑体空腔参数进行优化,结果与英国LAND公司在本钢冷轧厂实际应用结果十分接近,为炉体设计和现场安装数据提供了新的规划方法,为在线黑体辐射源的建立积累了经验。     

标定红外热像仪的一种新型黑体辐射源

提出了一种用于标定红外热像仪的黑体辐射源，黑体腔形状为球形，开孔直径与球腔直径之比为0.13。由恒温液体浴保证黑体腔温度分布均匀，采用水浴和酒精浴时，壁耐最大温差低于0．2℃，油浴时壁面最大温差低于0.3℃。该黑体辐射源升温快，控温稳定性好，工作温度范围可达-20～300℃，有效比辐射率大于0.998。     

一种工业中温黑体辐射源的研制

本文叙述以陶瓷管为芯子的工业用中温（300-1200℃）黑体辐射源（黑体炉）。黑体空腔采用三段式加热方式．开口段加热元件采用不均匀绕法。设置了靶后腔体。经测试表明．腔壁有效温区最大温差在3.0K以内．采用Bedford法计算了腔体有效发射率分布，在等温情况下靶面平均有效发射率0.9983。     

低背景辐射校准装置的光机特性

低背景辐射校准装置由多个舱室和黑体组成,其突出特点是模块式的结构和辐射的光学偏转.模块式结构使得校准装置可以工作于多种方式,如辐射源的校准、辐射探测设备的校准和辐射度的溯源.校准装置内的标准辐射,参考辐射和待测辐射由光学偏转方式进行同轴,使装置避免了大型导轨平台的使用.工作时,校准装置可以抽真空到1.33×10^-2 Pa.充液氮后,校准装置的背景温度低于80 K.这些特点使校准装置具有足够的能力进行-60～+80℃温度区间目标的光谱辐射度校准.     

FTIR遥感测量烟火药燃烧红外辐射出射度的方法研究

傅立叶变换红外遥测光谱仪不能直接测量烟火药燃烧时的光谱辐射出射度值,为解决此问题,本文介绍了一种简易方法,该方法采用该仪器和黑体辐射源构成的测试装置进行烟火药燃烧红外光谱辐射出射度测量,测量方法简单易行,对于该类仪器的使用具有一定的指导意义.     

1m口径红外测量系统的辐射定标

为了测量空中目标的红外辐射特性,设计了一套1m口径红外测量系统的辐射定标装置。给出了红外测量系统辐射定标的数学模型,以腔型黑体和平行光管组合作为标准辐射源,建立了1m口径红外测量系统的辐射定标系统。考虑该红外测量系统的光谱响应具有选择性,若采用传统辐射定标方法易产生原理误差,故提出了一种基于光栅单色仪和标准辐射计的相对光谱标定方法。给出了该标定方法的数学模型并进行了相对光谱标定。最后,在外场以黑体作为模拟目标进行了辐射特性测量实验。结果表明,应用本文提出的辐射定标方法,1m口径红外测量系统的辐射特性测量误差最大值为9.5%,比传统方法平均减少了约8.7%,可满足实际项目指标要求,非常适合外场辐射定标的应用。     

准绝热开口氩三相点复现装置

氩三相点是ITS-90温标重要的低温固定点和我国国家温度基准固定点.氩三相点复现装置是实现氩三相点复现的基本实验装置.介绍了中国计量科学研究院最新研制的基于准绝热原理的用于长杆铂电阻温度计的开口氩三相点复现装置.该装置可以在降温过程中充入足够量的氩气,保证了足够量的氩气固化,确保了较长的温坪时间,解决了按恒定热流法设计带来的复现性较差、温坪持续时间短等问题.通过采用高精密电桥测量显示:新建氩三相点复现装置温坪持续时间26 h以上,复现性0.04mK,且16 h的温坪变化在0.2 mK以内;使用两支温度计多次测量结果标准偏差均在0.05 mK以内,标准不确定度大于0.2 mk.该装置的研制提高了我国氩三相点的复现水平,保障了国家基准量值的传递,为开展国际比对奠定了基础.     

An evaluation of the performance of an infrared tympanic thermometer

This paper illustrates the results of laboratory tests aimed to provide a performance evaluation of an infrared (IR) tympanic thermometer (with standard pyroelectric sensor) for medical purposes. Even if the introduction of infrared, noncontact measurement technology in medical thermometry dates back from 1984, as recently as at the end of 1991 a new generation of commercially available infrared thermometers (with a solid-state pyroelectric sensor) for taking temperature from the auditory canal was successfully introduced both on the hospital and home consumer markets. The main features which make this new thermometer particularly interesting for medical purposes are: ease of use, rapidity of results, safety, patient's and health provider's convenience.     

Stability characteristics of carbon-glass resistance thermometers

Six commercial carbon-glass resistance thermometers have been subjected to thermal cycling between 15 and 300 K and tested for stability at 15, 20, and 27 K. The results reveal no common mode of behaviour but show the stability of these thermometers is an order of magnitude inferior to that of germanium resistance thermometers at these temperatures.     

Thermostatting of condensed samples in the spectrometer when using the attenuated total reflectance method

The created external thermostatting system of condensed samples in the cell of a MIDAC M4000 infrared Fourier spectrometer is described. A thermostabilized metal bar that was worked out by the authors is the basic element of the system. The system is intended for investigating the IR spectra of samples using the attenuated total reflectance method (ATR spectroscopy method). When the ATR method is used, the standard range of thermostatting of samples in this spectrometer model is from room temperature to 100°C with an accuracy of ±1°C. The desired temperature of the bar is set by the flow of a cooling fluid, which is supplied from an external thermostat, and it is registered with two thermometers (contact for the cell and infrared for a sample). The proposed approach allows samples to be thermostatted in the temperature range from ?12 to 80°C with an accuracy of ±0.5°C.     

新型纳米阻抗显微镜前置放大器的设计

基于扫描隧道显微镜的新型纳米阻抗显微镜（STM-NIM）能够测量材料表面的纳米微区阻抗性质并具有分辨率高的突出优点，但传统STM前置放大器的频率带宽不能满足STM-NIM测量模式的要求，因而需要设计新型前置放大器。STM-NIM前置放大器必须在噪声和频率带宽两方面同时具有非常优良的性能。本文利用STM及NIM信号的特点，通过将信号一分为二并对电路进行优化，研制出了满足STM-NIM测量要求的新型前置放大器。测试表明，该前置放大器能同时用于NIM阻抗测量和STM形貌扫描；其NIM信号的频率带宽达到300kHz；其STM信号的噪声约为0．8mV，能满足原子级分辨成像的要求。     

Effect of bushings in thermometric fixed-point cells

Bushings are tubular inserts that can be used with temperature fixed-point cells for the calibration of standard platinum resistance thermometers in accordance with the International Temperature Scale of 1990. They are made out of different materials such as glass and various metals with high thermal conductivities. Their function is to increase the thermal contact between the thermometer’s sensor and the phase boundary in the thermometer well of the cell. In the paper, the effect of bushings on the self-heating and on the immersion profiles of thermometers in fixed-point cells was researched. Three different thermometers were used: one fused silica sheathed and two Inconel sheathed. The self-heating was measured in the temperature range from the mercury triple-point to the zinc freezing-point with and without metal bushings: brass, aluminum and copper. The immersion profiles were measured in the zinc cell with and without an aluminum and a glass bushing. Besides experimental measurements, some qualitative results of numerical modeling are also presented. The bushings considerably lower the self-heating, in some cases even by more than 50%. But, on the other hand, bushings seem to increase the measured temperature, worsen the immersion profile and act as a radiation shield in the gap between the thermometer and the fixed-point cell at higher temperatures, where radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer.     

载波混沌Newton法在并联机构位置正解中的应用

针对Logistic混沌序列在(0,1)区间内的概率分布不均匀的特点,提出了基于幂函数的Logistic自适应载波混沌映射。新映射的概率分布较均匀,具有良好的遍历性。提出了基于Logistic自适应载波混沌映射的Newton迭代算法,即应用Newton迭代法求解非线性方程组时,以具有良好遍历性的Logistic载波混沌序列作为初始点。新方法可快速求出非线性方程组的多数(甚至全部)解,且计算过程简洁、效率高。根据杆长约束条件,建立了求6-DOF对称结构6-RUS并联机器人机构位置正解的非线性方程组,并应用新方法求解该方程组。数值实例表明,新方法可快速求出并联机构的全部位置正解,且应用位置反解验证了位置正解方法的正确性。     

AC measurement of heat capacity and magnetocaloric effect for pulsed magnetic fields

A new calorimeter for measurements of the heat capacity and magnetocaloric effect of small samples in pulsed magnetic fields is discussed for the exploration of thermal and thermodynamic properties at temperatures down to 2 K. We tested the method up to μ(0)H=50?T, but it could be extended to higher fields. For these measurements we used carefully calibrated bare-chip Cernox(?) and RuO(2) thermometers, and we present a comparison of their performances. The monotonic temperature and magnetic field dependences of the magnetoresistance of RuO(2) allow thermometry with a precision as good as ±4 mK at T=2?K. To test the performance of our calorimeter, heat capacity and magnetocaloric effect for the spin-dimer compound Sr(3)Cr(2)O(8) and the triangular lattice antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO(4))(2) are presented.     

基于LabWindows/CVI的嵌入式网络系统设计

利用LabWindows/CVI和ARM嵌入式模块,实现了温控系统的高度自动化与智能化。应用TCP/IP和RS485通讯协议,由上位机总控软件通过ARM嵌入式智能设备,对多个温控间进行实时监测和控制,实现了控制的智能化和网络化。