Effect of Substrate Temperature and Ambient Pressure on Heat Transfer at Interface Between Molten Droplet and Substrate Surface

Millimeter-sized molten Cu droplets were deposited on AISI304 substrate surface by free falling experiment. The roles of substrate temperature and ambient pressure on heat transfer at interface between molten droplet and substrate surface were systematically investigated. The splat characteristics were evaluated in detail. Temperature history of molten droplet was measured at splat-substrate interface. Cooling rate of the flattening droplet was calculated as well. Furthermore, the spreading behavior of molten droplet on substrate surface was captured by high speed camera. The heat transfer from splat to substrate was enhanced both by substrate heating and by ambient pressure reduction, which can be attributed to the good contact at splat bottom surface. The splats in free falling experiment showed similar changing tendency as thermal-sprayed particles. Consequently, substrate temperature and ambient pressure have an equivalent effect to contact condition at interface between droplet and substrate surface. Substrate heating and pressure reduction may enhance the wetting during splat flattening, and then affect the flattening and solidification behavior of the molten droplet.     

Reduction mechanism of natural ilmenite with graphite

Reduction of Bama ilmenite concentrate containing 49.78% TiO2 and 27.96% total Fe by graphite was studied using thermogravimetric analysis system under argon gas ambient from 850 to 1 400 ℃. The reduction degree of Bama ilmenite is enhanced with increasing temperature and the molar ratio of carbon to oxygen, and the reaction rate varies with temperature and reduction time simultaneously. The phase transformation, chemical composition, microstructure and morphology of reduced samples were investigated by using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy disperse spectroscopy, respectively. The high content of impurities in Bama ilmenite evidently bates the reduction of ilmenite. Forming the enrichment zone of manganese prevents complete reduction of Fe^2＋. The reduction products are mostly reduced iron, rutile, reduced rutiles, Ti3O5 and pseudobrookite solid solution. The reduction kinetics was also discussed. The results show that the reduction temperature is a key factor to control reaction rate.     

Wettability of pure Ti by molten pure Mg droplets

The wetting behavior of molten pure Mg droplets on pure Ti substrate, a crucial phenomenon in the design of Mg matrix composites reinforced with Ti particles, was investigated by the sessile drop method. The contact angle was measured in high-purity argon (99.999%) at 1073 K. In particular, the effects of two important parameters on the contact angle were evaluated: Mg evaporation during the wetting test; and surface oxide film of the substrate. The calculation method to estimate the modified contact angle involved taking the morphological changes of the droplet outline due to the evaporation into consideration. By changing the thickness of the surface oxide films on the Ti substrate, it was possible to examine the wettability and the chemical reactions at the interface between the solidified Mg drop and the substrate were investigated by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis. At the initial wetting stage, a large contact angle with 95–110° was obtained, which depended on the reduction of TiO₂ surface films by Mg droplets. When the molten Mg contacts an area of pure Ti after reduction, the contact angle suddenly decreased. The equilibrium value at the stable state strongly depended on the surface roughness of the Ti plate.     

阴极电导率和孔隙率对熔盐电解钛精矿脱氧过程的影响

阴极的性能通常是和电解过程与电解效率有着密切的关系。本文中测量了焙烧温度对钛精矿阴极的电导率的影响。结果表明焙烧温度对钛精矿阴极导电性影响很大。钛精矿阴极电阻率随着焙烧温度升高和接触面积的增加而增大。另外本文也研究了阴极孔隙率对熔盐电解制备Ti-Fe合金还原过程的影响。结果表明阴极的孔隙率对还原过程有着直接的影响。孔隙率的增加有利于形成中间化合物CaTiO3,从而改善电流效率。     

Preparation of titanium oxycarbide from various titanium raw materials: PartⅠ. Carbothermal reduction

Carbothermal reduction was performed at temperatures up to 1600℃ for vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite, ilmenite concentrate, and high titania slag. The possibility of selective carbothermal reduction was discussed in detail from the viewpoint of thermodynamics, and also tested. The products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The results show that it is possible to reduce all iron oxide to metallic iron, and titania to oxycarbide (TiCxOy), without the reduction of other oxides like silica and magnesia.     

Estimation of sulfur segregation at the interface between molten iron and graphite substrate from wetting experiments

In order to understand the sulfur segregation at the molten iron and solid carbon interface, the initial contact of molten iron with solid carbon was investigated at different sulfur concentrations. It is found that the contact angle does not depend on the sulfur concentration within the experimental concentration region (0.008 wt.%S to 0.035 wt.%S). The mean value was estimated to be 93°. Assuming an ideal adsorption isotherm, it was found that sulfur segregation at the metal-graphite interface was not so considerable, compared to the surface segregation.     

Study of Substrate Preheating on Flattening Behavior of Thermal-Sprayed Copper Particles

In this study, the effect of substrate preheating on flattening behavior of thermal-sprayed particles was systematically investigated. A part of mirror-polished AISI304 substrates were preheated to 573 and 773 K for 10 min, and then exposed to an air atmosphere for different durations of up to 48 h, respectively. Contact angle of water droplet was measured on the substrate under designated conditions. It was found that the contact angle increased gradually with the increase of substrate duration after preheating. Moreover, smaller contact angle was maintained on the substrate with higher preheating temperature. Commercially available Cu powders were thermally sprayed onto the substrates with the same thermal treatment history as contact angle measurement using atmospheric plasma-spray technique. The splat shape had a transitional changing tendency from a splash splat to a disk one on the substrate with a short duration after preheating, while reappearance of splash splat with the increase of duration was confirmed. In general, wetting of substrate surface by molten particles may dominate the flattening behavior of thermal-sprayed particles. The occurrence of desorption of adsorbed gas/condensation caused by substrate preheating likely provides good wetting. On the other hand, the poor wetting may be attributed to the re-adsorption of gas/condensation on the substrate surface with the increase of duration. In addition, the shear adhesion strength of coating fabricated on blasted AISI304 substrate was enhanced on the once-heated substrate, but weakened with the increase of duration. The changing tendency of the coating adhesion strength and the wetting of substrate by droplet corresponded quite well with each other.     

Preparation of titanium oxycarbide from various titanium raw materials: Part I. Carbothermal reduction

Carbothermal reduction was performed at temperatures up to 1600°C for vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite,ilmenite concentrate,and high titania slag.The possibility of selective carbothermal reduction was discussed in detail from the viewpoint of thermodynamics,and also tested.The products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and chemical analysis.The results show that it is possible to reduce all iron oxide to metallic iron,and titania to oxycarbide(TiCxOy),without the reduction of other oxides like silica and magnesia.     

等离子喷涂熔滴快速撞击基体非稳态凝固行为研究进展

涂层成形过程中的缺陷含量、残余应力、沉积效率、组织结构及力学性能等指标均会随着工艺参数与基体预处理状态的不同而发生显著变化,因而需要从更加微观的角度深入理解等离子喷涂涂层的微观构筑过程,即单个熔滴的铺展凝固现象。本研究分别从熔滴凝固的类型与机理、不同因素对熔滴凝固过程的影响及凝固斑点形态的定量表征方法 3个方面详细综述了等离子喷涂熔滴撞击基体快速凝固过程的研究现状。结果表明,熔滴的铺展形态主要可以分为5类,包括圆盘型、破碎型、放射型、花瓣型及气泡型,影响铺展过程的因素主要包括熔滴特性(速度、温度、粒径、材料属性、熔化状态等)与基体状态(表面粗糙形貌、表面化学状态、吸附物及冷凝物、界面润湿性及接触热阻等)2大类,综合采用一系列参数对熔滴铺展几何形态进行表征,可实现熔滴沉积质量的定量评价。     

HT300高强度缸体缸盖材料熔炼技术研究

分析了熔炼工艺、碳硅成分、锰硫成分、合金化及孕育处理对高强度灰铸铁铁液质量的影响,认为大量使用生铁使铁液收缩倾向增大且使铸件性能降低;增碳剂的选用是全废钢熔炼的关键;在较高碳硅含量条件下生产高强度灰铸铁件,必须设法在熔炼过程中增加石墨晶核,并增硫防止石墨长成粗大片状;适当的合金化和孕育处理,可以使铁液的收缩倾向得到明显改善。指出可以通过延迟开箱时间使铸件在砂箱中缓慢冷却以消除铸造应力,为生产优质铸件提供最后保证。     

HT300高强度缸体缸盖材料熔炼技术研究

分析了熔炼工艺、碳硅成分、锰硫成分、合金化及孕育处理对高强度灰铸铁铁液质量的影响,认为大量使用生铁使铁液收缩倾向增大且使铸件性能降低;增碳剂的选用是全废钢熔炼的关键;在较高碳硅含量条件下生产高强度灰铸铁件,必须设法在熔炼过程中增加石墨晶核,并增硫防止石墨长成粗大片状;适当的合金化和孕育处理,可以使铁液的收缩倾向得到明显改善。指出可以通过延迟开箱时间使铸件在砂箱中缓慢冷却以消除铸造应力,为生产优质铸件提供最后保证。     

Effect of direct electric current on wetting behavior of molten Bi on Cu substrate

The effect of direct electric current on the wetting behavior of molten Bi on Cu substrate at 370°C was investigated by the sessile drop method. The wettability of molten Bi on Cu without an applied current is poor and the spreading time required to form the steady-state contact angle (about 102°) is approximately 30 min. With the increase of the applied electric current, the spreading of molten Bi on Cu is accelerated significantly and the steady-state contact angle decreases considerably. The cross-section SEM micrographs of the solidified Bi droplet on Cu substrate show that the electric current has a marked effect on the convection of melt. Correspondingly, the application of an electric current obviously enhances the dissolution of Cu into Bi melt, which may change the wetting triple line configuration. The improvement of wettability induced by electric current is also related to the additional driving force for wetting provided by the electromagnetic pressure gradient force.     

KINETICS OF REDUCTION IRON OXIDE IN CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-Fe_tO SLAGS WITH CARBON SATURATED IN MOLTEN IRON

1.IntroductionItisimportanttoinvestigatethekineticsofreductionofironoxideinslagswithcarbonsaturatedinmoltenironforunderstandingboththeslag-metalreactioninthehearthofblastfurnaceandthefinalreductionbehavioursofprereductionironorepelletscontainingcarboninironbathreactor.Theprevious.......h..sll--7]focusedtheirattentionsmainlyonthereductionrateofpureironoxideortheredlltionrateofironoxideinsimpleslags.Thoseresultsarenotconsistentwiththatoftilerealsituation.Throughanalyzinggascompositionattheoutlet…     

SURFACE TENSION OF MOLTEN IF STEEL CONTAINING Ti AND ITS INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES WITH SOLID ALUMINA

Surface tension of molten IF steel containing Ti and contact angle between the liquid steel and solid alumina were measured with sessile droplet method under Ar gas atmosphere at 1500, 1575 and 1600℃. The results show that titanium decreases the surface tension of themolten IF steel and the contact angle. The interfacial tension between the molten IF steel containing Ti and solid alumina decreases with increase in titanium content. The work of adhesion between molten IF steel containing Ti and solid alumina decreases slightly at1550~C, but increases at 1600℃ with increasing titanium content. It can be deduced that fine bubbles and fine alumina inclusions are easily entrapped in solidifying interface for IF steel containing Ti.     

合成球墨铸铁技术在轧辊生产中的应用

对复合轧辊所用合成球墨铸铁的增碳原理及实际生产工艺进行了论述,并分析了采用增碳工艺后合成球墨铸铁的组织和性能,结果表明,影响增碳吸收率的因素主要有增碳剂的粒度、熔炼过程中铁液的搅拌、铁液的化学成分、铁液饱和浓度、增碳剂加入量.采用增碳工艺后,铸铁组织明显改善,石墨均匀分布,且形态得到明显改善,石墨球化良好,未出现片状组织,铸件硬度提高,硬度更加均匀.     

工艺因素对型内孕育硅铁块熔化过程的影响

用数值模拟方法研究了工艺因素对型内孕育硅铁块熔化过程的影响,结果表明,硅铁块的几何尺寸、孕育块的安放位置、阻流浇道的位置及孕育块的成分等因素都影响孕育块的熔化过程,孕育块的几何尺寸影响最大;硅铁孕育块的熔化存在滞后,通过改进工艺条件可以使溶化滞后减小。数值模拟可用于型内孕育工艺的优化设计。     

铁液化学成分对铸铁熔炼增碳效果的影响

对铁液中C、Si、Mn、S和P等成分对铸铁熔炼增碳效果的影响进行了研究,结果表明,化学成分C、Si、Mn、S、P对增碳效果有不同的影响,Si影响最大,C、Mn、S次之,P影响较小;铁液中的初始碳量过高不利于碳的吸收和增碳,Si、S、P也阻碍碳的吸收和增碳,而Mn有助于碳的吸收和增碳。在实际铸铁熔炼增碳过程中,应先增锰,再增碳,最后增硅,而且要严格控制铁液中的S、P含量。     

Wetting Behavior and Reactivity of Molten Silicon with h-BN Substrate at Ultrahigh Temperatures up to 1750 °C

For a successful implementation of newly proposed silicon-based latent heat thermal energy storage systems, proper ceramic materials that could withstand a contact heating with molten silicon at temperatures much higher than its melting point need to be developed. In this regard, a non-wetting behavior and low reactivity are the main criteria determining the applicability of ceramic as a potential crucible material for long-term ultrahigh temperature contact with molten silicon. In this work, the wetting of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) by molten silicon was examined for the first time at temperatures up to 1750 °C. For this purpose, the sessile drop technique combined with contact heating procedure under static argon was used. The reactivity in Si/h-BN system under proposed conditions was evaluated by SEM/EDS examinations of the solidified couple. It was demonstrated that increase in temperature improves wetting, and consequently, non-wetting-to-wetting transition takes place at around 1650 °C. The contact angle of 90° ± 5° is maintained at temperatures up to 1750 °C. The results of structural characterization supported by a thermodynamic modeling indicate that the wetting behavior of the Si/h-BN couple during heating to and cooling from ultrahigh temperature of 1750 °C is mainly controlled by the substrate dissolution/reprecipitation mechanism.     

短路过渡CO2焊接熔滴尺寸控制

分析了短路过渡CO2焊接的熔滴形成过程及焊接电流波形对熔滴形状及短路过渡历程的影响规律,对采集获得的焊接过程中的焊接电流信号进行数学处理,采用最小二乘法建立了波形控制短路过渡焊接的焊丝熔化模型.在此基础上,通过控制燃弧初期脉冲电流的宽度调整燃弧能量的大小,对熔滴尺寸控制进行了试验研究.结果表明,随着燃弧脉冲电流宽度的增加,熔滴尺寸单调增加,这说明改变燃弧初期脉冲电流的宽度可以有效地控制燃弧能量和熔滴尺寸的大小.     

铁液质量的提高与双联熔炼

论述冲天炉熔炼提高铁液质量的方法,包括原材料的选择、冲天炉形式的选择、熔炼操作、铁液化学成分和温度控制、铁液脱硫、合金化和孕育处理。简要介绍冲天炉-感应炉双联熔炼的特点,对冲天炉铁液的要求,以及铁液质量的检测方法。