多组分非织造保暖材料的设计与性能研究

在保暖材料向复合型多功能发展的趋势下,设计探究了一种多组分非织造保暖材料。将不同比例的木棉、远红外三维卷曲中空涤纶、ES纤维混合,通过非织造技术加工成非织造保暖材料。对其面密度、厚度、远红外辐射温升、保暖性、蓬松度与回复率、透气性、透湿性进行了测试分析。测试结果显示,木棉／远红外三维卷曲中空涤纶／Es40／40／20保暖材料的综合性能最好,克罗值为1．54℃·m^2／W,远红外辐射温升值2．7℃,透气率1608．7mm／s,透湿率98．94g/（m^2·h）,蓬松度218．33cm^3／g,回复率86．90％。     

消防服用芳纶隔热层面料的热防护性能研究

热防护系数是评价消防服热防护性能的关键指标。通过试验研究洗涤前后芳纶1313针刺毡、芳纶1414针刺毡、芳纶1414缝编复合毡及相关组合织物的热防护性能,结果表明:在面密度相同的条件下,芳纶1414针刺毡的热防护性能优于芳纶1313针刺毡;同一样品洗涤后试样的热防护系数均大于洗涤前;芳纶1414缝编复合毡不仅具有优异的力学性能,而且热防护性能优良,是理想的消防服隔热层面料。     

墙体用非织造材料的结构表征及其保温性能

利用三维视频显微镜和电镜对厚型非织造材料试样的结构进行分析,表明非织造材料截面由垂直和水平两类纤维互相穿插和交缠组成,纤维与纤维之间由低熔点的热熔纤维紧密粘合在一起,形成致密的三维结构。对研制样品的保温性进行测试,结果显示墙体用非织造材料的厚度越大,其保温性越好;在采用相同加工条件时,墙体用非织造材料的保温性随其本身的面密度的降低而减小,与材料本身的孔隙率成正相关性。     

发展中的耐温隔热纸

本文对耐温纤维的发展作了简单的介绍，并叙述了耐温纤维的性能，成型方法，以及在造纸工业中应用耐温纤维研制的纸张，用于高温隔热，低温保冷的技术性能。     

玻璃纤维织物结构参数对隔声性能的影响

为研究玻璃纤维织物的隔声性能,选择EW100、EW200和EW300 3种不同经纬密度、线密度和层数的玻璃纤维平纹织物,采用混响室一消声室法对织物的隔声性能进行测试,比较分析织物面密度、厚度、透气性、纱线单丝根数等参数对隔声性能的影响.结果表明:随织物面密度、厚度、纱线单丝根数的增加和透气性的减少,其隔声效果增强;玻纤织物对声波高频段的隔声好于中低频段的隔声;玻纤织物的隔声性能不但与织物的面密度有关,还与织物的透气性有关;在透气性较好时,其隔声量对织物的面密度具有一定的加和性,而在透气性较差时,其材料内部对声波的吸收所产生的隔声量贡献远大于面密度的贡献.     

服装局部热阻与总热阻的动静态关系及其模型

为研究人体在静止站立和行走时服装局部热阻之间的比例关系,以及真人测试和假人测试服装总热阻之间的关系,利用热流计法对人体设定的10个部位测定热流密度,计算得到服装局部的热阻,通过面积系数计算得到站立和和行走状态的服装总热阻,然后对不同测试条件下各部位服装的动静态热阻进行线性拟合,得到拟合斜率,并探讨 了不同状态对服装热阻的影响。结果显示：动态热阻明显低于静态热阻,10个部位动静态模拟斜率依次为：0.72,0.75,0.87,0.74,0.75,0.83,0.82,0.95,0.61,0.64;斜率小于或等于0.76的部位受运动的影响显著。最后得到真人测试的静态热阻和动态热阻,真人和假人测试得到的静态热阻以及动态热阻之间的数字模型。     

上装保温性能测试新方法

为确定服装保温性的科学测试方法,采用LD-1型服装保温仪分别在控制服装热阻和环境温度的情况下考查了服装系统的非稳态传热时间;在环境条件不变的情况下,考查了穿着方式对服装热阻的影响;在服装系统不变的情况下,研究了环境温湿度对服装热阻的影响。结果表明：非稳态传热时间会随着服装热阻的增大而延长,随着环境温度的降低而延长;在测量外套类服装时,必须内着一件标准内衣以减少“风洞效应”;并且由于服装热阻的测量值会随着环境温度的升高而增大,从而影响服装热阻测量的准确性,因此所有的测量必须在接近服装的使用环境下进行。     

风速与步速对服装表面空气层热阻的影响

从服装舒适性角度出发,以服装热舒适性的研究为入口,着重分析风速与步速对服装表面空气层热阻的影响,给出服装的热阻与风速及步速的关系公式。在设定的环境条件下,通过人体假人进行测试,验证公式的预测性和实用性,并找出裸态人体表面空气层热阻和着装后服装表面空气层热阻之间的差异。服装的热阻,以服装的表面为分界线,分为基本热阻与着装人体服装外表面边界空气层的热阻。实验结果表明：风速、行走速度会使服装外表面空气层的热阻减小。     

植酸作用下锆离子修饰羽绒及其保温性能

锆离子修饰可提升羽绒的保温性能,为进一步提高锆离子负载量和坚牢度,缩短工艺流程,采用植酸对羽绒进行预处理后,将其浸渍于硫酸锆溶液中,经螯合吸附制得锆离子修饰功能羽绒,借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射光谱仪、电感耦合等离子光谱仪、红外光谱仪等对修饰羽绒的结构进行表征,远红外辐射发热仪、平板保温仪对修饰前后羽绒的红外温升及保温性能进行测试。结果表明:经植酸预处理的锆离子修饰工艺不损伤羽绒原有的绒小枝及夹角特征形貌,修饰羽绒的蓬松度、清洁度、残脂率指标满足羽绒标准要求;植酸预处理显著提升了羽绒对锆离子的吸附量,修饰羽绒的红外温升和保温系数分别提高40%和8.1%;锆离子、植酸与羽绒纤维之间主要以共价螯合方式结合,具有良好的水洗牢度,经9次水洗锆离子仍维持较高负载量。     

纤维毡复合SiO2气凝胶常压干燥法制备超低导热系数保温隔热材料

SiO2气凝胶由于其独特的纳米多孔结构及超低的导热系数引起人们广泛关注。以纤维毡为基材与SiO2气凝胶复合,经表面修饰和常压干燥制成的超低导热系数保温隔热材料,既保留了纯气凝胶独特的纳米孔结构及超低的导热系数,又大幅度提高了机械强度,扩展了其在保温隔热领域的应用。该材料常温常压下导热系数小于0.025W/(m·K),抗压强度大于2MPa,是一种新颖的优质保温隔热材料。     

Aerogels for thermal insulation in high-performance textiles

For many garment applications where protection is needed against hostile environments, part of the requirement is for insulation to shield the wearer from extremes of temperature. For an insulating garment to be fully effective, it needs to allow the wearer to move freely so that they can carry out their intended activity efficiently. Traditional materials achieve their insulation by trapping air within the structure thereby not only limiting heat loss by convection but also making good use of the low thermal conductivity of air to cocoon the wearer within a comfortable environment. To achieve effective protection with conventional textiles, it is usually necessary to have a thick fibrous layer, or series of layers, to trap a sufficient quantity of air to provide the required level of insulation. Several disadvantages arise as a result. For example, thick layers of insulating textile materials reduce the ability of the wearer to move in a normal manner so that the conduct of detailed manual tasks can become very difficult; the layers lose their insulating capacity when the trapped air is lost as they are compressed; the insulating capacity falls rapidly as moisture collects within the fibrous insulator – it does not have to become sensibly wet for this to happen; just 15% moisture regain can give a dramatic reduction in insulating capacity. Not surprisingly therefore, there has been continued interest in developing insulators that might be able to overcome the disadvantages of conventional textile materials and improve the mobility of the wearer by allowing the use of only a very thin layer of extremely-high insulating performance to provide the required thermal protection. One class of materials from which suitable candidates might be drawn is aerogels; their attractiveness derives from the fact that they show the highest thermal insulation capacity of any materials developed so far. Despite sporadic high levels of interest, commercialisation has been slow. Aerogels have been found to possess their own set of disadvantages such as fragility; rigidity; dust formation during working and cumbersome, expensive, batch-wise manufacturing processes. They may well have been destined to become a product of minor interest, confined to very specialist applications where cost was of little concern. However, methods have been developed to combine aerogels and fibres in composite structures which maintain extremely high insulating capacity whilst demonstrating sufficient flexibility for use in garments. Ways have been found to prevent the formation of powder as aerogel composite fabrics are worked. Most significant though, is the achievement, arising from a project supported by the Korean Government, of a simplified one-step production process developed with the express aim of providing a substantial reduction in the cost of aerogels. Suitably-priced aerogel is now available and this should provide fresh stimulus for research and development teams to engage in new product development work utilising aerogels in textiles and garments for thermal insulation. The mechanisms through which aerogels achieve their outstanding thermal insulating ability is unconventional, at least in terms of materials used in textiles. This issue of Textile Progress therefore includes detail about thermal transport in aerogels before reviewing the various forms in which aerogels can now be made, some of their applications and the research priorities that are now beginning to emerge.     

Thermal resistance of fabrics vs. thermal insulation of clothing made of the fabrics

The protection of a human body against the negative environmental factors, especially the cold, is one of the crucial functions of clothing. Clothing creates a thermal barrier between the human body and the surroundings. The protective efficiency of clothing goods depends mostly on thermal insulation properties of textile materials applied in clothing. The clothing design, fitting to a user’s body, and a number of layers also play an important role in the phenomenon of the heat exchange between the human organism and its surroundings. The thermal insulation properties of textile materials can be measured by means of different testing devices, such as the “skin model,” the Alambeta, the Permetest, and the Thermo Labo. A measurement of clothing goods from the point of view of their thermal insulation is performed using a thermal manikin. The article presents an investigation of thermal insulation properties of vests by means of thermal manikin. The investigated vests have been made of different textile materials: woven and knitted. The thermal insulation properties of fabrics applied in vests have been measured by means of the Alambeta. The article presents and discusses the relationships between the thermal insulation of vests according to the thermal manikin and the thermal resistance of fabrics applied in the vests.     

Polyester apparel cutting waste as insulation material

Polyester waste is the dominant component of the clothing industry waste stream, yet its recycling in this industry is rarely addressed. This paper proposes using polyester cutting waste as an insulation blanket for roofing and buildings’ internal walls in order to reduce environmental pollution. The designed textile structures used waste cuttings from different polyester fabrics without opening the fabric to fibre. Thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, fire resistance and biodegradation of the new insulation structure were investigated and compared to commercial insulation materials. Standard investigation methods were modified to fit the samples voluminous nature. The coefficient of thermal conductivity ranged between 0.0520 and 0.0603 W/mK. The achieved sound absorption with NRC ranging from 54.71 to 74.77%, surpassing standard commercially used insulators. The insulating structure did not conduct flame, the radius of impaired place was 1.60–2 cm while the depth was 0.4–1.3 cm, and showed lack of biodegradability, with loss of mass ranging from 0 to 0.3%.     

SiO2气凝胶/聚酯-聚乙烯双组分纤维复合保暖材料的制备及其性能

为开发综合性能优异的复合保暖非织造材料,以聚酯-聚乙烯(PET-PE)双组分皮芯结构复合纤维为主体,通过热风工艺,采用自然沉降法使SiO₂气凝胶粉末粘附于复合纤维表面,制得SiO₂气凝胶/聚酯-聚乙烯纤维复合非织造材料。对复合非织造材料表面SiO₂气凝胶粉末质量分数、微观结构、保暖性能、压缩回弹性能、拉伸性能、透气性能进行测试与分析。结果表明:SiO₂气凝胶粉末与聚酯-聚乙烯复合纤维可有效结合,SiO₂气凝胶粉末的加入对纤维网具有一定的支撑作用,提升了复合非织造材料的压缩回弹性能、拉伸性能,同时因增加了纤维间静止空气的含量,使复合非织造材料的保暖性能得到提升。     

化工热力学在测定织物热阻中的应用

对润湿状态下织物热阻的研究，能更好的了解人体显性出汗后服装热阻的变化。根据化工热力学中平壁热传导理论，研究了润湿棉织物热阻的变化。通过理论得知，局部润湿织物的总热阻的倒数等于润湿部分和未润湿部分热阻倒数之和，这与实测结果吻合较好。对着装后润湿服装热阻进行了预测。     

织物的蓄热保温整理

文章介绍了相变材料在纺织品中的应用,并叙述可蓄热保温纺织品的概念、保温机理、制造方法、性能评价方法以及调温纺织品在各领域中的应用。     

Investigating activation of carbon fiber nonwovens for use as supercapacitor electrodes

Double-layer supercapacitors rely on the high specific surface area (SSA) of activated carbons. Typically, granular-activated carbon held together by polymer binder is used. As a potential alternative, this paper focuses on the potential use of commercially available carbon fiber nonwovens. A commercially available binder-free carbon fiber nonwoven was used initially, but surface area analysis revealed that no microporosity developed following the CO₂ activation treatment. In order to investigate how the structure of the original carbon material impacted subsequent activation, polyacrylonoitrile (PAN) nonwovens were fabricated and carbonized in-house under controlled conditions (695, 895, and 1095 °C). Carbonization temperature was found to be a limiting factor, where higher carbonization temperatures led to lower potential for activation. Since commercially available materials are typically carbonized at unknown temperatures, and are likely carbonized at high temperatures to develop electrical conductivity, it is found that they are unlikely to form high SSA materials.     

手臂活动角度对服装局部热阻的影响

为研究手臂活动角度对衣下间隙局部分布及服装局部散热性能的影响,利用三维扫描仪量化了出汗暖体假人在6种手臂姿势下,12个体段的衣下间隙体积及接触面积,提取了表征人体活动空间大小的物理指标,测量了服装各体段的局部热阻。结果表明:手臂的前伸角度与衣下间隙体积呈负相关性,而与接触面积呈显著正相关性,人体的活动空间随着手臂前伸角度的增加而显著减少;各体段的局部有效热阻呈现出非均匀的分布状态,局部衣下空气层体积越大、接触面积越小的体段,其有效热阻越大。服装的有效热阻可用衣下间隙体积与接触面积百分比共同预测。     

Electromagnetic shielding efficiency of nonwoven insulation panels designed with recycled textiles and copper wires

Insulation applications of nonwovens has become increasingly important in the construction and automotive industries since the late 1990s. Besides, recycling and reusing fibrous waste becomes one of the most important raw materials of nonwovens to promote effective use of resources recently. On the other hand, metals are now being increasingly replaced by thermoplastics for housing commercial equipment, due to flexibility, light weight, and low cost for electromagnetic shielding purposes. In this study, we design nonwoven insulation panels containing copper wires with different intensity and length to provide electromagnetic wave protection by using recycled textiles. The method is simple, the material is cheaper, and more importantly, the whole material can be produced by using only waste materials. The electromagnetic shielding characteristics of the panels were measured and discussed. The experimental results indicated that the variation in wire length and amount affects the electromagnetic (EM) shielding property. With this method, the products with electromagnetic shielding effect in certain areas can be developed. In particular, there is a big potential for electromagnetic shielding applications in wide bandwidth, such as 1125–2925 MHz.     

服装形变对羽绒服隔热能力的影响

为探究服装形变对羽绒服隔热能力的影响规律,采用系带收紧法设计了羽绒服的形变方式和形变水平,并制作了4件充绒量分别为110、135、150、180 g/m²的样衣,分别对应薄型、普通型、中厚型和厚型羽绒服;然后利用暖体假人测试服装热阻,同时获取样衣在不同形变水平下的局部体积(包括羽绒服本身和衣下空间),分析了服装形变对羽绒服总热阻和局部热阻的影响规律。结果表明：羽绒服形变会改变其内部空气的流动状态,对隔热能力产生规律性影响,并因充绒量的不同而存在差异,但存在一个适宜的形变程度使羽绒服的保暖性最优;服装局部隔热能力大小、受形变影响的变化幅度及规律性与人体体表曲线的凹凸程度和是否靠近服装边缘开口处均相关。