某核电站机械通风冷却塔工艺设计

受当地环境等因素限制,内陆核电厂的重要厂用水系统通常采用带机械通风冷却塔的循环冷却方式。以某核电机组为例,根据重要厂用水系统设计准则,对冷却塔的主要设计原则进行分析,根据重要厂用水系统的冷却任务,对冷却塔规模,补水池容积进行计算分析,为后续某核电站重要厂用水系统的整体设计提供支持。     

海水温度超出核电厂重要厂用水系统设计水温解决措施

介绍了某海外核电厂厂址海水温度超出重要厂用水系统设计基准温度的初步工程解决措施,给出了深层取水和重要厂用水系统采用循环冷却方式解决方案,并对后者展开详细论述。当上述措施不能满足设计要求时,可通过对重要厂用水进行二次冷却的方式进行应对。     

核电厂二次循环冷却水泵房流道水力特性优化研究

二次循环冷却技术是内陆核电建设的关键技术和重点研究方向,泵房流道内良好的水力特性对循环冷却水系统的安全、高效运行至关重要。结合世界首个采用超大型高位收水海水冷却塔二次循环冷却技术的核电项目,开展了循环水泵房流道物理模型试验,模拟分析了流道内流态、水力特性和启停泵过程的水位波动。试验结果表明：采用高位收水冷却塔的二次循环冷却水泵房具有“大取水流量、前池侧向进水、有限容积、高位布置”等特点,在不采取整流措施的条件下,流道内流速分布不均匀,吸水室内偏流严重,吸水喇叭口前存在预旋流,水泵吸水管涡角偏大,影响循环水泵的安全稳定运行。优化方案针对性提出“前池墩栅阵列分水整流+吸水室墩墙联合均流消涡”组合措施,改善了流道和吸水室内流态,满足了循环水泵平顺、均匀进流的要求。此外,根据启停泵水位波动的试验结果,给出了系统充水的最高静水位和启停泵间隔周期建议。研究成果可为后续核电厂二次循环冷却水系统的优化设计提供参考。     

二次循环冷却系统应用于滨海核电厂可行性分析

随着火力发电厂淡水冷媒资源的不断短缺,直流冷却系统终将被替代.介绍了目前核电厂直流冷却系统和二次循环冷却系统的优缺点,并结合国内外大型冷却塔从技术应用、环境影响以及工程投资三方面进行了对比分析,探讨了滨海核电厂采用二次循环冷却系统的可行性.结果表明,采用二次循环冷却系统在技术上可行,较之直流冷却系统,其初期投资较低,运行费用较高,但对环境影响较小,可作为今后直流冷却系统替代方案的选择之一.     

冷却塔循环供水系统在高温高湿地区的应用

本文以一个大型发电厂工程为例,从水的冷却原理出发,应用统计分析的方法,论证了高温高湿地区在夏季采用冷却塔循环供水系统的可行性.     

一种热电厂类直流冷却水系统设计的分析

热电厂冷却水系统的设计有直流供水系统和循环供水系统.常规机械通风冷却塔作为循环供水系统的冷却构筑物,技术成熟,投资低,安装、运行简单,管理方便,目前广泛应用于热电厂.根据电厂循环冷却水的要求,结合项目建设情况,提出类直流冷却方案,并通过与常规机力通风冷却塔冷却方案的比较,说明类直流冷却方案具有节能、节水、节材、节地、无...     

新型鼓风式机械通风冷却塔进风口阻力优化

鼓风式机械通风冷却塔常应用于核电厂重要厂用水系统,为了提高其安全性,提出了一种新型鼓风式冷却塔,但由于结构复杂,其阻力特性不同于常规的鼓风式机械通风冷却塔。针对新型鼓风式机械通风冷却塔的阻力问题,通过三维模型研究了塔内阻力构成,进而确定进风口的优化方案。结果表明,初始方案冷却塔的各部分阻力中,从进风口防飞射物的过滤网至风机外罩入口的阻力最大(约占32.7%)。优化方案在满足防飞射物入侵的前提下,通过调节进风口相关尺寸,使塔入口至网面的阻力系数占比降低了4.8%,网面至风机入口的阻力系数占比降低了1.8%。     

核电厂循环水过滤系统采用鼓形滤网或板框滤网的对比分析

对比直流冷却核电厂循环水过滤系统采用的鼓型滤网或板框滤网,从核电厂使用情况、布置空间、设备一次性投资和寿期内维修费用等方面进行了分析比较。目前在建和运行的核电厂多数采用鼓形滤网。从布置的角度比较,华龙一号机型结合重要厂用水系统满足抗商用大飞机撞击的要求,联合泵房的尺寸取决于重要厂用水泵的布置;从设备本身的角度比较,板框滤网的密封点和磨损部件多,比鼓形滤网的故障率高,但占地面积比鼓型滤网小。鼓型滤网和板框滤网均有着成熟的设计和运行经验,均可以应用于核电厂的过滤系统,应结合厂址条件等,通过技术经济比较综合确定滤网形式。     

萧山电厂温排水二维热污染数值模型

萧山电厂拟建于浦阳江七贤山东侧(见图1)。电厂设计装机容量2×12.5或2×20万KW 两个方案,冷却水流量分别为12m~3/s 和16.8m~3/s;设计要求取水水温不得超过33℃,凝汽器、进出口水温差为8℃。浦阳江临浦段夏季(7～9三个月)频率10%日平均水温30.9℃。本文针对夏季枯水、高温季节因农田灌溉用水而被拦截的条件下,着重研究电厂冷却水排入浦阳江产生的热污染现象。籍助二维数学模型,计算多种水文条件下不同取水口位置的取水温升,比较全面地分析了电厂向浦阳江取、排冷却水后,浦阳江水温的分布特性,为判断直流供水系统可行性提供了依据。     

核电厂重要厂用水系统水力计算优化研究

重要厂用水系统管路较长,沿程阻力损失较大。在系统设计时,计算系统管道沿程及局部的水力损失,为重要厂用水系统水设备选型提供相关依据。通过比选多种沿程阻力损失计算公式,得出适用系统条件、误差较小的沿程阻力计算公式,优化重要厂用水系统水力计算。以某核电厂重要厂用水系统为例,通过对比多种沿程损失计算公式适用范围、边界条件等,选用柯列勃洛克公式计算沿程阻力系数,计算系统管道水力损失,与常用沿程损失公式计算结果相比较,优化核电厂重要厂用水系统水力计算。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.