Encounter research.

Refers readers interested in the article by D. Hartley et al (see record 1977-01609-001) to 4 articles on encounter research by M. J. Diamond and J. L. Shapiro (see record 1976-05062-001), J. Rowan (see record 1976-02670-001), W. Schutz (see record 1976-02672-001), and P. B. Smith (see record 1976-02673-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Race and gender as psychological variables: Social and ethical issues": Comment on Scarr.

Summarizes published findings (M. Bebeau and M. Brabeck, 1987; S. J. Thoma; see record 1986-24105-001) that contradict S. Scarr's (see record 1988-15683-001) suggestion that females score lower than males on tests of moral reasoning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Emotional Dog Gets Mistaken for a Possum.

H. D. Saltzstein and T. Kasachkoff (2004) (see record 2004-21519-004) critique the social intuitionist model (J. Haidt, 2001) (see record 2001-18918-008), but the model they critique is a stripped-down version that should be called the "possum" model. They make 3 charges about the possum model that are not true about the social intuitionist model: that it includes no role for reasoning, that it reduces social influence to compliance, and that it does not take a developmental perspective. After a defense of the honor of the social intuitionist model, this article raises 2 areas of legitimate dispute: the scope and nature of moral reasoning and the usefulness of appealing to innate ideas, rather than to learning and reasoning, as the origin of moral knowledge. This article presents 3 clusters of innate moral intuitions, related to sympathy, hierarchy, and reciprocity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Raven Progressive Matrices: An item and set analysis of subjects grouped by race, sex, and social class.

Investigated whether the internal structure of Raven's Progressive Matrices could account for race and social class differences in the responses of 5th and 6th graders obtained in a previous study by S. Tulkin and J. Newbrough (see record 1968-17225-001). Analysis confirms previous findings that the items are not linearly ordered across the entire test nor within sets. It is concluded that group differences may reflect the perceptual rigidity of lower-class Ss rather than reasoning ability per se. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Heterogeneous referents, indiscriminate language, and complementary research purposes.

Refers to 3 articles constituting an interchange: W. Wilkins (see record 1980-01498-001); A. E. Kazdin (see record 1980-01445-001); and R. R. Bootzin and J. R. Lick (see record 1980-01393-001). Wilkins states here that within each of the 3 articles, similar terms are indiscriminately used to refer to different events across different research purposes. Apparent differences concerning the effects of systematic desensitization vis-à-vis nonspecific and expectancy factors represent complementary rather than incompatible positions. Wilkins argues that although Kazdin and Bootzin and Lick present cogent directions for future research, neither commentary presents a position discrepant with his main conclusions. Apparent disagreements and misrepresentations are attributable to a cumbersome conceptual and linguistic system. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The hierarchical nature of stages of moral development.

The notion that stages of moral reasoning develop in an invariant hierarchical sequence has been supported by data indicating that Ss prefer, but fail to understand, higher stage reasoning. However, as J. J. Moran and A. J. Joniak (see record 1979-28407-001) have suggested, this pattern may be artifactually based on nonstage features of moral reasoning, such as vocabulary and syntactic complexity. In the present study, 64 students (8th and 11th graders, undergraduates, and graduates) responded to a series of moral dilemmas and assessed evaluation and understanding of moral-stage-prototypic statements that were equated for level of language. Results support L. Kohlberg's (1981) hierarchical nature of moral stages, despite the equating of language level. Understanding was limited to no more than 1 stage higher than the S's own, and Ss preferred higher over lower stage statements if they were capable of appreciating the difference. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Amazing new discovery: Piaget was wrong": Response.

Responds to the critiques by H. Markovits (see record 1994-05074-001) and L. S. Siegel (see record 1994-05095-001) of the authors' original article (see record 1994-05070-001) suggesting that children's failure on one of Piaget's best known tasks, conservation of solid quantity, reflexts ignorance of physical properties rather than inadequate reasoning ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

There are no public-policy implicatons: A reply to Rushton and Jensen (2005).

J. P. Rushton and A. R. Jensen (see record 2005-03637-001) purport to show public-policy implications arising from their analysis of alleged genetic bases for group mean differences in IQ. This article argues that none of these implications in fact follow from any of the data they present. The risk in work such as this is that public-policy implications may come to be ideologically driven rather than data driven, and to drive the research rather than be driven by the data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are there necessary linkages between research practices and the philosophy of science?

Describes articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), as representing healthy trends in a liberalizing of approaches to counseling psychology research. All 3 share the implicit position that narrow positivist dogma can be transcended in practice to address core issues of the person as active agent. They suggest that successful research practice does not need a direct infrastructure from the philosophy of science. Eclectic, diverse ways of knowing may be most useful. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Commentary on profile analysis.

A plan for an ideal profile analysis system for IQ testing is sketched as a model against which to evaluate the articles on various aspects of the issue by, respectively, S. I. Pfeiffer et al (see record 2001-16379-001), C. A. Riccio and G. W. Hynd (see record 2001-16379-002), D. A. Pritchard et al (see record 2001-16379-003), J. A. Naglieri (see record 2001-16379-004), and H. C. Stanton and C. R. Reynolds (see record 2001-16379-005). Brief comments are offered on the profile analysis procedures used in each article. In general, profile analysis procedures used in these articles, although judged to be competent and acceptable in the context of contemporary research objectives, are far short of ultimate possibilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further reflections on publishing multiple journal articles from the same data set: Reply to Bray (1994) and Parke (1994).

J. H. Bray's (see record 1995-11196-001) and R. D. Parke's (see record 1995-11204-001) comments on M. A. Fine and L. A. Kurdek's (see record 1995-11198-001) article are constructive, and their efforts have extended the dialogue on the important issue of publishing multiple journal articles from a single data set. This article identifies areas of agreement with Bray and Parke and comments on additional issues that they raised. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

In defense of the citation bias in the judgment literature.

Comments on J. J. Christensen-Szalanski and L. R. Beach's (see record 1984-21471-001) demonstration of citation bias and indicates that they did not include the literature on deductive reasoning in their research on citations. They would have experienced difficulty in finding a base of articles reporting good logical performance against which to measure citations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further implications for counseling research.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), who recommended that counseling research be reoriented. The accepted definition of science, based primarily on the work of pre-20th-century physical scientists, does not fit in with the current advanced thinking about the philosophy of science. Similarities and differences in the 3 articles are considered, and problems that arise from the inadequacy of available psychometric and statistical techniques for the new kinds of research envisaged are discussed. It is concluded that the rethinking of some assumptions with regard to determinism and the way counseling is defined are necessary. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The reliability of ethical reviews: Is it desirable?

Comments on the article, "Reliability in ethics reviews: Some initial empirical findings," by W. O. Eaton (see record 1983-33453-001). The present author explores the possibility that acceptance of low reliability in ethical reviews may not reflect complacency, but rather might reflect an assessment of the situation which is to be desired rather than avoided. The point that is worth considering is that very high levels of agreement in ethical judgements may not be desirable; indeed, he suggests that high levels of agreement in such reviews might reflect an inadequate sampling of views. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Empirical constraints on theories of scientific reasoning: Reply to Baron (1990).

J. Baron (see record 1990-27432-001) makes two assertions concerning our research on reflectiveness in scientific reasoning (D. Duemler and R. E. Mayer; see record 1989-14366-001): (a) His theory, particularly as stated in Baron (1988), predicts our findings, and (b) we have misnamed the independent variable in our study as reflectiveness. In this essay, we briefly respond to each assertion and call for three improvements in theories of scientific reasoning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The passion of justice: Comment on Gibbs and Schnell.

Responds to J. Gibbs and S. Schnell's (see record 1986-11382-001) article on moral development and socialization, arguing that moral responsibility rests finally in the hands of the actor, not in mindlessly obeying the letter of the law but rather in moving the family or society ahead with forward-looking ideas and a passion for justice. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Got a minute? Attentional limits revisited.

Responds to comments by R. C. Tees (see record 1991-03035-001), J. G. Adair (see record 1991-03013-001), J. E. Grusec (see record 1991-03021-001), K. Danziger (see record 1991-03016-001), L. P. Mos (see record 1991-03027-001), H. J. Stam (see record 1991-03033-001), and V. Vikis-Freilbergs (see record 1991-03039-001) on W. Thorngate's (see record 1991-03036-001) contention that the overproduction of psychological literature will lead to fragmentation of the discipline. As the works of psychologists proliterate, their scientific truth may capture less attention than their practical importance or personal interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Peromyscus papers: Through a glass, darkly.

Comments on the article by J. M. Joffe (see record 1974-06687-001) and the article by R. J. Smith (see record 1990-57143-001), both of which frame a discussion of behaviorism and reactions to the theories of J. B. Watson (e.g., 1925) as a political insurgency and a trial. The present author remarks that although one has been told how often it is done, it is nevertheless alarming to see how easily history can be rewritten to reflect the dogma of the party in power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Of old philosophies and new kids on the block.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), in which they find the philosophy of science undergirding contemporary research in counseling psychology to be deficient. Their criticisms are reviewed and evaluated within the context of the present author's own view that the purpose of scientific activity is the construction (construing) of reality. The present author challenges the new philosophy to prove itself. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)