戊二醛-硫酸混合交联壳聚糖/聚砜复合纳滤膜的结构与性能

以聚砜超滤膜(截留分子量10 000)为基膜,壳聚糖乙酸溶液为铸膜液,使用相转化法制备了戊二醛-硫酸混合交联壳聚糖/聚砜复合纳滤膜,并研究了壳聚糖浓度、戊二醛-硫酸混合交联剂等因素对该膜分离效果的影响.在操作压力1.6 MPa、流量30 L/h、20℃条件下,测得纯水通量为12.84 L/(m2.h),对2 000 mg/L的NaCl、MgCl2、Na2SO4和MgSO4的截留率分别为6.6%,94.5%,34%和80.4%,水通量依次为6.93,11.92,6.95和6.73 L/(m2.h);对分子量不低于280的有机物截留率高于90%;对0.01～0.1 mol/L KCl溶液在0.1～0.7 MPa下测定膜的流动电位为60～6 mV/MPa.电解质离子分离机理取决于膜与电解质离子之间的电荷作用.     

紫外分步辐照接枝制备亲水性荷负电纳滤膜

通过在聚醚砜(PES-C)微孔膜表面紫外分步辐照接枝甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)和苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)制备了一种新型的亲水性荷负电纳滤膜。通过测定膜的纯水通量和对不同盐溶液的表观截留率的变化,系统研究了制备条件对膜分离性能的影响。结果表明,采用该方法制成的纳滤膜对高价阴离子盐溶液Na2SO4的表观截留率和渗透通量都较高,如HEMA先辐照接枝120s、SSS再继续接枝15min制得的膜对Na2SO4截留率大于95%,而渗透通量则高达19.02L/(m2.h)。     

新型耐酸复合纳滤膜的制备与性能

为解决传统纳滤膜耐酸性较差的问题,以多孔聚砜超滤膜为基膜,以三亚乙基四胺、对苯二甲酸（TPA）与1,3,6-萘三磺酰氯为原料,采用界面聚合法制备一种新型复合纳滤膜,并对膜的形貌、亲水性、表面电荷、分离性能和耐酸性等进行了研究。研究结果表明,TPA的加入使膜的亲水性、电负性和耐酸性都有所提高;当TPA的添加质量分数为0.15%时,所制备的复合纳滤膜性能最好,其纯水通量可达17.0 L/(m2·h),对MgSO4的截留率可达91.3%。浸泡于质量分数为3%的HCl和20%的H2SO4溶液30 d后,该膜呈现出较好的稳定性能。本复合纳滤膜对工业酸性废水处理具有潜在的应用价值。     

基于电子束共辐照接枝制备中空纤维纳滤膜

以聚砜超滤膜为基体,采用电子束共辐照接枝2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)单体制备中空纤维纳滤膜。采用衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱分析接枝前后膜表面化学组成,并探讨接枝条件对纳滤膜接枝率、孔径以及脱盐性能的影响。结果表明,电子束能够穿透基膜,使膜内外表面均接枝上AMPS。以最佳接枝条件(辐照剂量80 k Gy,单体浓度10%,阻聚剂浓度1.5%,交联剂浓度0.2%,乙醇/水=1/9,溶液体积30 m L)制备的纳滤膜接枝率为4.68 mmol/m2,孔径为5.4 nm,0.4 MPa压力下对1 g/L Na2SO4的截留率为88.9%,渗透通量为28.3 L/(m2·h)。     

海藻酸钙水凝胶过滤膜的制备及其对硫酸钙的截留

以尿素为致孔剂制备了海藻酸钙(CA)水凝胶过滤膜,测试了其通量、截留率和力学性能;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测其过滤硫酸钙前后的表面形貌。结果表明,增加尿素含量,均导致膜应力和应变的下降;而膜的纯水通量则迅速增大,尿素含量为3.0%(质量分数)时达到28.7 L/(m2·h),为最大;0.2 MPa下,过滤1.7 g/L硫酸钙时对Ca2+和SO2-4的截留率分别为83%和92%,稳定通量达到21.7 L/(m2·h)。     

聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯/聚砜中空纤维纳滤复合膜的研究

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)为表层材料,以对二氯苄为交联剂,聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,通过界面聚合反应(季铵化反应)制备了荷正电中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了基膜、PDMAEMA、交联剂、溶剂、催化剂等和制膜工艺对复合纳滤膜截留性能的影响,从中总结出以聚电解质为交联预聚体制备复合纳滤膜的基本规律.首先用本体聚合的方法制备了PDMAEMA,采用中空纤维超滤技术精制PDMAEMA水溶液.PDMAEMA水溶液具有浓度、外加盐和pH的响应性.其凝胶层也表现出相同的特点.研究了以聚砜(PSF)平板膜为基膜时,PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的制备条件.研究结果如下:此界面聚合反应在有机相中进行;较优的制备条件为:PDMAEMA浓度为2wt%,对二氯苄浓度为1%～1.5%(wt),应加入少量的NaHCO3来维持溶液的微碱性,室温下反应即可进行,反应时间为5h.另外,用辐照交联的方法制备了PDMAEMA平板型复合纳滤膜,所制备的纳滤膜对2g/LMgSO4的截留率为50%左右.中空纤维外压复合纳滤膜的制备实验包括以下内容:进行了中空纤维外压纳滤膜的基膜选择,研究了基膜对聚合物溶液的吸附行为;确定PDMAEMA涂层液的最佳浓度为0.75wt%;在PDMAEMA水溶液中加入0.148mol/L NaHCO3能提高纳滤膜对二价盐的截留率,但对通量的提高不大;往PDMAEMA水溶液中加入5%(v/v)乙醇能得到高通量、高脱盐率的中空纤维纳滤膜,对MgSO4的截留率≥98%,水通量可达19.5L/(m2·h)(内压膜),水通量≥20L/(m2·h)(外压膜);加入催化剂碘化钾(KI)使反应时间缩短为3.5h.荷正电的PDMAEMA中空纤维纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率顺序为:MgSO4＞MgCl2＞NaCl＞KCl＞KI,对阳离子的截留顺序为:Mg2 ＞Na ＞K ,对阴离子的截留顺序为:Cl-＞Br-＞I-.对蔗糖的截留率＞60%,对D-甘露糖的截留率为37.4%(外压膜)和32.2%(内压膜),并能有效软化自来水.对分子量大于300的小分子荷正电染料的截留率＞50%.纳滤操作条件影响纳滤膜对无机盐的截留性能.无机盐的浓度上升,纳滤膜的截留率和通量都略有下降;纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和水通量随着操作压力的增大而增加.PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜表现出温度敏感性和pH敏感性.制备了PDMAEMA中空纤维内压纳滤膜,确定PDMAEMA溶液的浓度为0.75wt%,内压纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和通量的变化与压力的关系符合高斯曲线.实验测试了PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的耐溶剂性,所用溶剂为纯水,0.5mol/L HCl,0.5mol/L NaOH和30%H2O2(wt%).实验表明:PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的杀菌性、耐碱性和耐氧化性较好,但不适于在酸性介质中保存和使用.     

改性水滑石复合纳滤膜的制备及染料/盐分离性能研究

通过低饱和共沉淀法制备水滑石(LDH),采用反向原子转移自由基聚合(RATRP)法在水滑石片层表面接枝聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS),制备改性水滑石LDH-PSS,最后采用层层自组装法制备LDH/LDH-PSS复合纳滤膜,并研究复合纳滤膜对染料与二价盐的分离效果以及不同添加量和LDH/LDH-PSS层数对其性能的影响.分析复合纳滤膜对一价盐、二价盐以及活性黑的截留性能和膜的纯水通量,研究复合纳滤膜的分离性能.结果表明,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量随着水滑石和改性水滑石层数的增加而降低,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量最高达到145 L/(m~2·h·MPa).复合纳滤膜对活性黑5的截留率可达96.7%,且对二价无机盐MgSO_4的截留率低至20%以下.     

辐射接枝制备中空纤维纳滤膜的性能研究

对以聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基体,通过低温等离子体辐照接枝2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)制备的纳滤膜的结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明,这种方法可以制得断裂强力高于PSF基膜,孔径约为2.6nm和纯水渗透系数为44.3L/(m2.h.MPa)的纳滤膜。在25℃,0.4MPa下对300mg/L的K2SO4、Na2SO4、MgSO4、KCl、NaCl和MgCl2的截留率为89.3%、88.3%、52%、39.6%、37.4%和13.2%,表明该纳滤膜为荷负电膜,对无机盐的截留主要依靠Donnan效应。     

新型耐高温聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

以耐高温的杂萘联苯聚芳醚超滤膜为基膜,通过哌嗪(PIP)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的界面聚合反应制备了复合纳滤膜.研究了界面聚合条件对膜性能的影响;利用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)分析了膜表面形貌,并用统计法计算了膜表面粗糙度;考察了操作条件对膜性能的影响,及膜对染料和无机盐的分离性能.结果表明,所制备的复合膜具有良好的热稳定性,在1.0MPa,80℃下对Na2SO4的截留率保持在96%以上,而通量高达400L/(m2·h).在1.0MPa,60℃下复合膜对低分子染料的截留率较高,且通量达到180～210L/(m2·h),对NaCl的截留率低于20%.     

聚醚砜基膜热稳定性对复合纳滤膜性能的影响

研究聚醚砜超滤基膜的热稳定性对界面聚合法制备复合纳滤膜性能的影响.加入TiO_2纳米粒子可显著改善超滤膜的热稳定性,并随着基膜中TiO_2的增加,超滤基膜的热稳定性也随之增加.基膜TiO_2含量增至8%时,纳滤膜的水通量从27 L/(m~2·h)逐渐增加到38 L/(m~2·h),对NaCl的截留率从48%增加到58%,而对MgSO_4的截留率保持不变.研究表明,提高微滤基膜的热稳定性有助于提高复合纳滤膜的水通量和截留率.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to