Novel chaotic behavior in the Muthuswamy–Chua system using Chebyshev Polynomials

In this paper, three kinds of memristors with memristance functions obtained from the Chebyshev polynomials are used in the Muthuswamy–Chua system, which has only three circuit elements: a linear passive inductor, a linear passive capacitor and a nonlinear active memristor. We use multivariable second‐order polynomial functions of current and memristor state for the internal state function of the memristor. This enables our system to generate not only double‐scroll but also four‐scroll attractors. Systematic studies of chaotic behavior in these systems are performed using phase portraits, bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents. Simulation results show that all these systems exhibit chaotic behavior over a range of control parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A unified cubic flux‐controlled memristor: theoretical analysis,simulation and circuit experiment

In this paper, a unified cubic flux‐controlled memristor is proposed, and how to choose its parameters to obtain an appropriate memristor is investigated. The relevant frequency band of the exciting source that enables the memristor to keep its characteristics (call it mem‐frequency band) is analyzed, and the matter of high mem‐frequency is also clinched. Based on the trend of their i–v curves versus time, the memristors are divided into two types: P and N. The design, simulations and experiments of the circuits for the presented memristor model are given to describe its dynamical behaviors. The results from simulations and experiments are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis, which are of special guidance for designing such device to satisfy the requirements in practical engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Semistate models of electrical circuits including memristors

In this paper we present several semistate or differential‐algebraic models arising in nodal analysis of nonlinear circuits including memristors. The goal is to characterize the tractability index of these models under strict passivity assumptions, a key issue for the numerical simulation of circuit dynamics. We show that the main model, which combines memristors' fluxes and charges, is index two. From a technical point of view, this result is based on the use of a projector along the image of the leading matrix, in contrast to previous index analyses. For charge‐controlled memristors, the elimination of fluxes yields an index one system in topologically nondegenerate circuits, and an index two model otherwise. Analogous results are also proved to hold for flux‐controlled memristors. Our framework accommodates coupling effects among resistors, memristors, capacitors and inductors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A compact,low‐frequency,memristor‐based oscillator

A relaxation oscillator using a memristor is hereby presented. The memristor is used to substitute the function of a capacitor in an equivalent RC oscillator. The voltage across the memristor changes according to the quantity and polarity of the current passing through, thus substituting the changing voltage across a capacitor in the equivalent RC oscillator. The memristor has the advantage of occupying much less area than the equivalent capacitor, which may be important when trying to build on‐chip oscillators for portable or medical applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robot vision with cellular neural networks: a practical implementation of new algorithms

Cellular neural networks (CNNs) are well suited for image processing due to the possibility of a parallel computation. In this paper, we present two algorithms for tracking and obstacle avoidance using CNNs. Furthermore, we show the implementation of an autonomous robot guided using only real‐time visual feedback; the image processing is performed entirely by a CNN system embedded in a digital signal processor (DSP). We successfully tested the two algorithms on this robot. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

晶闸管控制的串联电容补偿模型的综合研究

采用拉氏变换精确推导出适用于瞬时过渡阶段和稳态阶段的TCSC回路 中电容器、电抗器和晶闸管元件的电压和电 流数学表达式,再采用傅里叶分析进一步导出了TCSC基波阻抗和晶闸管触发角之间精确的数 学关系。利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)验证了TCSC回路数学分析的正确性。此外,建立了带有微 机控制的完整的TCSC动模试验装置,并通过动模试验进一步同TCSC回路的数学分析和仿真结 果作比较。动模试验的结果与理论分析和仿真的结论较好地吻合,且证实了数学分析和数字 仿真中采用线路电流保持正弦假设的合理性。     

基于CNN的MPTC与DTC自适应切换的表贴式永磁同步电机控制策略

针对表贴式永磁同步电机(PMSM)模型预测转矩控制(MPTC)计算复杂的问题,训练卷积神经网络(CNN)以替代MPTC实现电压矢量的选择。仿真结果表明基于CNN的MPTC稳态性能与传统MPTC基本相当,但由于稳态和动态数据不平衡,使得基于CNN的MPTC动态下磁链脉动较大。因此,提出根据系统状态将基于CNN的MPTC与直接转矩控制(DTC)自适应切换使用的策略。仿真结果表明,该策略在保证稳态控制性能的同时可以有效抑制动态下磁链脉动。     

Watermarking on CNN‐UM for image and video authentication

In this paper a new approach to fragile watermarking technique is introduced. This problem is particularly interesting in the field of modern multimedia applications, when image and video authentication are required. The approach exploits the cellular automata suitability to work as pseudorandom pattern generators and extends the related algorithms under the framework of the cellular non‐linear networks (CNNs). The result is a novel way to perform watermarking generation in real time, using the presently available CNN‐universal chip prototypes. In this paper, both the CNN algorithms for fragile watermarking as well as on‐chip experimental results are reported, confirming the suitability of CNNs to successfully act as real‐time watermarking generators. The availability of CNN‐based visual microprocessors allows to have powerful algorithms to watermark in real time images or videos for efficient smart camera applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A class of versatile circuits,made up of standard electrical components,are memristors

In this paper, we propose a whole class of memristor circuits. Each element from the class consists of the cascade connection between a static nonlinear two‐port and a dynamic one‐port. The class may be divided into two subclasses depending on the input variable (voltage or current). Within each of these subclasses, two further sets of memristor circuits may be distinguished according to which output voltage and current of the two‐port represents one of the system states. The simplest memristor circuits make only use of purely passive elementary components from circuit theory, an absolute novelty in this field of research. Thus they are suitable circuit primers for the introduction of the topic of memristors to undergraduate students. A sample circuit is built using discrete devices and its memristive nature is validated experimentally. In case the one‐port is purely passive, the proposed circuits feature volatile memristive behavior. Allowing active devices into the dynamic one‐port, non‐volatile dynamics may also emerge, as proved through concepts from the theory of nonlinear dynamics. Given the generality of the proposed class, the topology of the emulators may be adjusted so as to induce a large variety of dynamical behaviors, which may be exploited to accomplish new signal processing tasks, which conventional circuits are unable to perform. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cellular neural networks with opposite‐sign templates for image thinning

This paper presents image thinning algorithms using cellular neural networks (CNNs) with one‐ or two‐dimensional opposite‐sign templates (OSTs) as well as non‐unity gain output functions. Two four‐layer CNN systems with one‐dimensional (1‐D) OSTs are proposed for image thinning with 4‐ or 8‐connectivity, respectively. A CNN system, which consists of an eight‐layer CNN with two‐dimensional (2‐D) OSTs followed by another four‐layer CNN with 2‐D OSTs, is constructed for image thinning with 8‐connectivity, in which designs of B‐ and I‐templates are simpler than in CNNs with 1‐D OSTs. In the aforementioned designs, parameter values of 1‐D OSTs are chosen to make CNNs operate with thinning‐like property 1 (TL‐1), and those of 2‐D OSTs with 2‐D thinning‐like property (2‐DTL). Simulation studies show that these CNN systems have a good image thinning performance. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PMSM Sensorless Control Based on Position Estimation Correction Using All‐Pass Filters

This paper proposes a novel flux estimation method for the position sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). In general, the stator flux linkage for position estimation in PMSMs is obtained using the pure integration of voltages. The infinite dc gain of the pure‐integrator, however, causes numerical drifts in the obtained stator flux linkage due to the dc offset in the input of this integrator. To address this problem, a quasi‐integrator is often substituted instead of the pure integrator to restrict the dc gain, leading to another problem in which the phase characteristics vary according to the operating frequency. As a result, the ideal phase characteristics (?90° constant) cannot be held, and the position estimation performance deteriorates. Therefore, this paper proposes a phase characteristic correction method for quasi‐integrators using all‐pass filters, which achieves extremely precise estimation under transient conditions as well as in steady state.     

ROTOR FLUX COMPUTATION IN SATURATED FIELD-ORIENTED INDUCTION MACHINES

ABSTRACT

The paper discusses effects of main flux saturation in field–oriented induction machines and proposes improved schemes for rotor flux space vector calculation. Field–oriented control with rotor flux computation out of the measured quantities is elaborated. Two rotor flux computer structures are analyzed. The first one is based on stator voltages and currents as measured variables, while the second scheme carries out calculations on the basis of sensed stator currents and rotor speed (position). The sensitivity of the constant parameter rotor flux computers to saturation degree variation is investigated in detail. Modified structures of the computing schemes are then proposed, which account for change in saturation level in the machine. The modified rotor flux calculators are derived from flux state–space model of a saturated induction machine. Accurate computation of rotor flux space vector is enabled in this way, irrespective of the actual saturation level in the machine. Verification of the developed modified rotor flux computers, which account for main flux saturation, is provided by the aid of digital simulation.     

A generalized family of memristor‐based voltage controlled relaxation oscillator

Recently, memristive oscillators are a significant topic in the nonlinear circuit theory where there is a possibility to build relaxation oscillators without existence of reactive elements. In this paper, a family of voltage‐controlled memristor‐based relaxation oscillator including two memristors is presented. The operation of two memristors‐based voltage relaxation oscillator circuits is demonstrated theoretically with the mathematical analysis and with numerical simulations. The generalized expressions for the oscillation frequency and conditions are derived for different cases, where a closed form is introduced for each case. The effect of changing the circuit parameters on the oscillation frequency and conditions is investigated numerically. In addition, the derived equations are verified using several transient PSPICE simulations. The power consumption of each oscillator is obtained numerically and compared with its PSPICE counterpart. Furthermore, controlling the memristive oscillator with a voltage grants the design an extra degree of freedom which increases the design flexibility. The nonlinear exponential model of memristor is employed to prove the oscillation concept. As an application, two examples of voltage‐controlled memristor‐based relaxation oscillator are provided to elaborate the effect of the reference voltage on the output voltage. This voltage‐controlled memristor‐based relaxation oscillator has nano size with storage property that makes it more efficient compared with the conventional one. It would be helpful in many communication applications.     

External inputs,stable equilibria and complete stability of CNNs

We construct two cellular neural networks (CNNs) of three cells to show that a CNN can have stable equilibria, but is not completely stable and that the complete stability of CNN depends on the choice of external inputs. These phenomena cannot occur for two‐cell CNNs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a detection device for deteriorated ZnO surge arresters at AC traction substations

This paper presents a novel detection device for deteriorated zinc‐oxide (ZnO) surge arresters. It is necessary to understand the state of ZnO surge arresters for AC traction substations under operation. The waveform distortion of leakage currents can be detected through an increase in multiple harmonic currents; therefore, this effect was employed to develop a device for diagnosing damage to the surge arrester. By adopting a Rogowski coil and band‐pass filters, we can obtain more output of the 5th–15th order harmonic currents in comparison with conventional devices. If the threshold value of harmonic elements is exceeded, the lights on the device may light up to indicate the deterioration. The validity of the device was verified by artificial deterioration tests using damaged ZnO elements and a capacitor. This developed device could indicate the soundness of the surge arresters that are in proper working order while being under the influence of feeding voltages, which include harmonic voltages.     

Current‐input current‐output analog half center oscillator and central pattern generator circuits with memristors

The comparison of the memristor to the biological synapse has motivated the introduction of memristors to biomimetic circuits such as Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) and Half Center Oscillators (HCOs). The effects of the utilization of memristors in such systems have been investigated in this work. The HCO is a neural oscillator, and the CPG is made up of 4 HCOs producing oscillations corresponding to the locomotion of a 4‐limbed animal. Analog HCO and CPG circuits have been simulated using the Cadence Virtuoso platform and effects of using current‐driven and voltage‐driven memristors in different configurations with different parameters have been analyzed. Improvement in the stability of rhythm and variations in oscillation amplitudes have been observed.     

Long transient oscillations in a class of cooperative cellular neural networks

The real‐time processing capabilities of cellular neural networks (CNNs) are inherently related to the fast convergence time of the solutions toward the asymptotically stable equilibrium points. A typical requirement is that the settling time should not exceed a few (or at most 10) cell time constants. This paper introduces a class of completely stable nonsymmetric cooperative CNN rings whose solutions display unexpectedly long transient oscillations for a wide set of initial conditions and for a wide set of interconnection parameters. Numerical simulations show that the oscillations can easily last hundreds of cycles, and thousands of cell time constants, before settling to a steady state, thus possibly impairing their real‐time processing capabilities. Goal of the paper is also to show, by means of laboratory experiments on a discrete component prototype of the CNN ring, that the long oscillation phenomenon is physically robust with respect to the non‐idealities of the circuit implementation. The experiments show some other peculiar features of the long lasting oscillations as the metamorphosis between different periodic behaviors during the transient. Finally, analytic asymptotic estimates on the duration of the transient oscillations are provided. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于激磁涌流抑制的动态电压调节器控制策略

为解决动态电压调节器(DVR)研制中的一类关键问题--耦合变压器激磁涌流问题,对DVR的控制策略进行了研究.首先分析了滤波环节位于DVR装置侧时,已有激磁涌流抑制方法将在滤波电容中产生瞬态过电流的问题;继而讨论了传统双闭环控制策略中恒定比例系数无法满足瞬态、稳态双重需求的局限性;据此提出了闭环比例系数由瞬态向稳态衰减过渡的新型变参数控制策略.该策略在避免了激磁涌流的基础上,限制了逆变器与滤波电容间的瞬态过流,优化了逆变器和变压器的工作状态,增强了DVR的补偿效果.最后,利用仿真实验对该策略的实用性和有效性进行了验证.     

Stability analysis of generalized cellular neural networks

A rather general class of neural networks, called generalized cellular neural networks (CNNs), is introduced. the new model covers most of the known neural network architectures, including cellular neural networks, Hopfield networks and multilayer perceptrons. Several sets of conditions ensuring the input-output stability and global asymptotic stability of generalized CNNs have been obtained. the conditions for the stability of individual cells are checked in the frequency domain, while the stability of the overall network is analysed in terms of the stability of individual cells and the connectivity characteristics. the results on the global asymptotic stability are useful for the design of a generalized CNN such that the orbit of each state converges to a globally asymptotically stable equilibrium point which depends only on the input and not on the initial state. Such a network defines an algebraic map from the space of external inputs to the space of steady state values of the outputs and hence can accomplish cognitive and computational tasks.     

Cellular neural networks based on resonant tunnelling diodes

Resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs) have intriguing properties which make them a primary nanoelectronic device for both analogue and digital applications. We propose two different types of RTD‐based cells for the cellular neural network (CNN) which exhibit superior performance in terms of complexity, functionality, or processing speed compared to standard cells. In the first cell model, the resistor of the standard cell is replaced by an RTD, which results in a more compact and versatile cell which requires neither self‐feedback nor a non‐linear output function, and allows three stable equilibrium points. If a resonant tunnelling transistor (RTT) is used instead of the RTD, the dynamics can be controlled through its gate voltage as an additional network parameter. In a majority of CNN applications, bistable cells are sufficient. Utilizing RTD‐based bistable logic elements to store the state of the cell, switching occurs almost instantaneously as virtually no charge transfer is necessary, and it is possible to implement non‐linear connections in a straightforward manner. Hence, it turns out that RTD‐based CNNs are tailor‐made for the implementation of extremely fast bipolar operations and non‐linear templates. The ideas presented in this paper may also be beneficially applied to other types of circuits and systems such as A/D converters or sigma‐delta modulators. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.