A High‐Frequency Cycloconverter Based on a Phase‐Shift Control Method

This paper proposes a new control method for a high‐frequency cycloconverter consisting of two half‐bridge inverters and a series–resonant circuit. This cycloconverter acts as an ac‐to‐ac direct power conversion circuit without any dc stage. This circuit does not require a diode bridge rectifier, and thus, can be used to reduce forward voltage drops and power losses in the diodes. A new phase‐shift control method is proposed to regulate the capacitor voltage in each half‐bridge inverter and to achieve zero‐voltage switching. The proposed phase‐shift control is theoretically discussed and is also verified by an experimental circuit consisting of superjunction power MOSFETs. As a result, the proposed high‐frequency cycloconverter exhibits a good power conversion efficiency as high as 97.7% at the rated power of 1.3 kW.     

考虑边界母线电压无功特性的地区电网无功优化

地区电网的电源是连接上下级电网的变电站,将REI等值用于地区电网无功优化,以解决常规模型中无法反映边界母线(即连接上下级电网的母线)间电压无功特性(边界母线电压幅值受自身以及其他边界母线下级电网无功变化的影响情况)等问题。推导了能有效反映电压无功特性的等值电抗与边界母线电压无功灵敏度矩阵的关系,分析了等值电抗的变化特性以及潮流状态在等值前后的一致性,提出首先根据等值前后电压无功特性保持一致的原则利用本地数据求取等值参数,然后在优化计算中根据优化前后电压偏差的不变性对优化电压进行修正。通过对四川某地区电网的仿真计算,验证了该方法可以有效反映边界母线间的电压无功特性,使优化潮流计算电压更加准确。     

基于逆变器自适应功率控制的光伏并网点治理策略

为改善分布式电源接入和电力电子电源/负荷设备引起的光伏并网点电压越限、谐波问题,提出了一种基于逆变器自适应功率控制的治理策略.首先,将并网点电压越限与谐波问题同时进行考虑,提出了逆变器容量分配策略.然后,针对电压越限问题,考虑电压越上限与电压越下限时削减有功对并网点电压影响的差异,提出了逆变器自适应功率控制策略,在电压...     

不对称电压跌落下虚拟同步机改进低电压穿越控制策略

虚拟同步机(Virtual Synchronous Generator, VSG)是提高以新能源为主体的新型电力系统稳定性的有效途径。应用于逆变型新能源(Inverter-Interfaced Renewable Generation, IIRG)并网的虚拟同步机在不对称电压跌落情况下可能丧失VSG特性,并因低压穿越能力不足或电压电流越限而导致切机,危害电力系统安全稳定运行。对此,提出了一种新型VSG控制策略。该方法在不对称电压跌落情况下,既能持续提供系统惯性和阻尼,又能提供主动电压支撑,有效提高VSG低压穿越能力,并保证扰动下的系统稳定性。首先,分析了传统VSG在不平衡电压跌落情况下的响应特性。然后,提出了一种基于平衡电流的改进VSG控制结构,将传统VSG单电流环控制改为双电流环控制,维持VSG在电压跌落条件下的惯性阻尼特性,并实现对正负序分量的精准控制。接着,基于改进的双电流环控制拓扑,在逆变器安全运行条件下,对正负序参考电流整定方法进行优化,以实现VSG主动电压支撑和电流限幅。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,验证了所提控制策略在多种系统运行条件下的响应特性及有效性。     

A study of centralized voltage profile control of distribution network considering dynamics of distributed generator

In a future distribution network, it will be difficult to maintain system voltage because a large number of distributed generators are introduced into the system. The authors have previously proposed a voltage profile control method using power factor control of distributed generators. When all information on the system is available, an ideal stationary solution of control orders to distributed generators is given by an optimization calculation. However, it is difficult to apply optimization control in real time because a long calculation time is required for the optimization. Therefore, it is possible that a voltage change may occur before the power factor control has finished. Thus, in this paper, we develop a new control method which can save the excessive voltage changes by taking into consideration the controlled response time of distributed generators. The proposed method was tested in a 24‐node distribution network model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 29–39, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21231     

改善低压农网电压质量的分布式光伏电源优化配置方法

为解决低压农网电压偏低问题,提出一种改善电压质量的利用遗传算法优化分布式光伏电源配置的方法。首先建立树状型结构电网的网基邻接表,推导出各个节点所带总负荷,得到光伏接入前后的各节点电压计算方法。然后建立以分布式光伏电源容量配置最小、电网节点电压偏差最小为目标的目标函数和考虑电压偏差范围、配置容量限制的约束条件。最后构建基于遗传算法的分布式光伏电源优化配置方法,并通过实际算例进行验证分析。仿真结果表明,该方法在不改变电网架构和增加补偿设备的情况下,通过合理配置光伏电源能有效改善电网各节点的电压偏差。     

高耗能企业电压偏低原因分析及改进措施

随着大工业用户的持续增长,电力系统的负荷也大幅增加,给电网电压调整、功率因数及线损管理带来了新的挑战。在对低电压形成的可能原因进行理论分析的基础上,对某高负荷、供电电压偏低的35 kV供电系统进行潮流仿真分析,通过修正线路参数得到精确仿真模型,定量分析各节点的电压降落情况。仿真结果表明,即使用户功率因数不小于0.95,负荷高峰时段仍有可能产生较大的电压降落及线损。提出以线路补偿为主辅以用户就地补偿的补偿方式,通过线路无功补偿优化算法确定线路无功补偿的最小容量,并进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该方法能够在提升供电电压合格率的同时,有效降低线损。     

一种动态电压恢复器研究

针对现代机场直线加电系统中存在的电缆压降问题,提出了一种解决方案,即通过在变换器后加装动态电压恢复器来补偿电缆的压降.动态电压恢复器采用单向馈能电路结构,可以在能量单向流动的情况下,实现对因电缆压降而产生的电压暂降或暂升的持续补偿.基于该动态电压恢复器结构,分析了负载电压有效值反馈控制方法.理论分析和试验结果表明,动态电压恢复器可有效补偿电缆压降,并能保证负载电压的稳定.     

大方式下省地电网无功电压实时趋优控制方法

针对大方式下省地两级电网的无功电压调控需求难以同时兼顾的问题,指出了省地电网无功电压调控失配的一种表现形式——220kV变压器中压侧电压调控失配,提出了一种新的失配风险评估模型,增加了变压器中压侧电压调控失配的判据。据此制定了相应去失配策略,避免了因地调无功电压调控手段配合不当而导致的变压器中压侧电压调控失配问题。进而提出了省地电网无功电压实时趋优控制方法,以兼顾省地电网无功电压调控需求为控制目标,以关口无功、关口电压和变压器中压侧电压为控制特征参数,在不依赖于全网精确严格的优化计算的前提下,实现省地两级电网无功电压调控状态的实时趋优。应用到某区域电网的仿真结果表明,所述方法不仅能够实现系统运行的经济性和安全性的统一,而且具备控制实时性和可靠性高的优点。     

Low energy/delay overhead level shifter for wide‐range voltage conversion

Multi‐supply voltage systems on chip have been widely explored for energy‐efficient elaborations. A main challenge of multi‐supply voltage designs is the interfacing of digital signals coming from ultra‐low‐voltage core logics to higher power supply domains and/or to input/output circuits. In this work, we propose an energy/delay‐efficient level shifter architecture that is capable of converting extremely low levels of input voltages to the nominal voltage domain. In order to limit static power, the proposed circuit is based on the single‐stage differential cascode voltage switch scheme. To improve switching speed and dynamic energy consumption, our design dynamically adapts the current sourced by the pull‐up network on the basis of the occurring transition. A test chip was fabricated in 180 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology to verify the proposed technique. Measurement results show that our design is capable of converting 100 mV of input voltages to 1.8 V, while assuring an average propagation delay of about 26 ns, an average static power of 100 pW, and an energy per transition of 140 fJ for the target voltage‐level conversion from 0.4 to 1.8 V. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

挖掘光伏无功能力的配电网无功电压协调控制策略

在高渗透光伏接入多电压等级配电网中,针对低压分布式光伏无功能力没有被充分利用和高/中/低压配电网无功电压未整体协调优化的问题,提出了一种充分挖掘光伏无功能力的多电压层级配电网无功电压协调控制策略。在低压配电网中,对于暂不具备通信网络,无法实现统一调度的光伏逆变器,采用3种就地自主电压控制模式进行实时无功电压控制;在多电压层级配电网无功电压协调控制模型中,考虑包括具备通信网络的光伏逆变器在内的各种无功源,建立电压分区和主导节点选择模型,设计上层全局优化和下层分区优化的双层协调控制策略,该策略充分挖掘了光伏无功对配电网电压的调节能力,实现对整个配电网的无功电压精准控制。将所提策略应用于江苏某220 kV主变区域实际系统,验证了其无功电压控制和消纳光伏发电的优势。     

考虑直流电流上升及交流电压下降速度的换相失败分析

针对目前换相失败研究仅考虑电压降低以及考虑直流电流变化理论研究的不足,在经典关断角表达式的基础上,考虑整流侧、逆变侧以及直流线路运行参数,建立了完整的换相失败分析数学模型。该模型计及了交流电压下降对直流电流上升的影响,将交流电压和直流电流解耦,得到关断角与换流母线电压的单一关系表达式,并在此基础上推导了导致换相失败的临界换相电压值和临界电压下降速度。同时,对故障后电压下降速度与故障严重程度和无功补偿容量之间的关系进行了理论推导,电压下降速度随故障严重程度呈非线性加速下降趋势,在前几个换相过程中电压下降幅值越大,换相失败发生的可能性越高。PSCAD/EMTDC算例仿真结果验证了所提方法的准确性。     

地区电网感性无功补偿优化配置方法

提出地区电网进行感性无功补偿优化规划的思路和方法,建立了兼顾电压质量、投资成本和运行费用全网优化的地区电网感性无功补偿模型,以解决由于小水电等分布式电源大量接入时在小运行方式下地区电网无功过剩电压偏高的问题。结合某地实际电网,进行了感性无功优化计算,比较了所提方法与工程估算法、平均功率因数法等方法的结果。仿真结果表明,按照优化方案进行感性无功补偿配置后,该地区的无功电压水平显著改善,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

基于BP神经网络群的中压配电网电压降落估算

对影响农村中压电网电压降落的因素进行了分析,利用神经网络具有自学习、联想记忆功能以及逼近任意非线性映射的能力,提出了基于BP神经网络群的中压电网电压降落估算方法。为解决由于样本多、分类空间复杂而易导致网络不容易收敛的问题,采用分层的BP网络群结构,将样本分类,由各BP子网进行单类样本训练,完成对样本的并行训练及测试。该方法依据电压降落影响因素及实际电网结构参数,确定神经网络输入输出特征量;按照线路负荷分布类型将样本分类,减小了BP网络训练复杂度;根据样本误差和误差变化调整学习率和冲量因子,提高了BP网络学习效率。实际算例结果验证了所提出方法的有效性和可行性。     

Development of a Simplified Calculation Tool for Voltage Drop Caused by Transformer Inrush in Distribution System

It is well known that a voltage drop due to inrush current at an energizing transformer may at times interrupt electrical equipment. Generally, the voltage drop is calculated by using a sophisticated tool such as EMTP, so that the transformer saturation phenomenon has been properly represented. However, it is not practical for distribution system engineers to calculate the voltage drop with transformer inrush by using EMTP, because there are many network access requests needing such calculations with many kinds of transformers. Therefore, in this paper, a simplified and easy‐to‐use calculation tool for voltage drops caused by transformer inrush in a distribution system is developed. In order to understand the voltage drop by inrush current during the planning stage, it is formulated by considering the transformer saturation/unsaturation periods in each winding type. The newly developed tool is based on versatile spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel ýO.R. It can be used with accuracy similar to that of EMTP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(1): 36–47, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22394     

A power‐performance tunable logic with adjustable threshold pseudo‐dynamic building blocks and CMOS compatibility

The continued downscaling of CMOS technology has resulted in very high performance devices, but power dissipation is a limiting factor on this way. Power and performance of a device are dependent on process, temperature, and workload variation that makes it impossible to find a single power optimal design. As a result, adaptive power and performance adjustment techniques emerged as attractive methods to improve the effective power efficiency of a device in modern design approaches. Focusing on this issue, in this paper, a novel logic family is proposed that enables tuning the transistor's effective threshold voltage after fabrication for higher speed or lower power. This method along with dynamic voltage scaling allows simultaneous optimization of static and dynamic power based on the workload requirement. The externally static topology of the proposed logic makes it possible to replace static circuits without requiring significant changes in the system. Experimental results obtained using 90‐nm CMOS standard technology show that the proposed logic improves the average power‐delay product by about 40% for the attempted benchmarks.     

基于电压降的配电网故障恢复重构

研究了配电网故障后重构优化的方法.通过理论分析,得出了配电网线路电压降与网络优化的关系,进而提出了基于压降的配电网恢复重构算法.该算法计算简单,仅需潮流计算,根据各个节点电压就能得到最终优化模型.大大提高了重构效率,具有实用价值.实例验算的结果证明该算法的准确性和有效性.     

中低压配电网电压优化调整

以提高电压合格率和降低网络有功损耗为目标,通过调整变压器分接头和补偿电容器组,提出一种引对中低压配电网特点的电压优化调整方法。构造隶属度函数对全网电压世行模糊评价,减小数据的不确定性对优化结果的影响;评价结果计入目标函数,将电压约束条件转化为优化目标,即将“必须满足电压约束”转变为“尽量提高节点电压质量”,采用最大和最小2种负荷方式计及较长时间段内负荷的变化。根据灵敏度信息确定电容器补偿位置,通过禁忌搜索求解组合优化问题。实际配电网优化计算结果表明,该方法能以每年几次的调节频率,在负荷的全年变化范围内有效提高电压合格率并降低网络损耗。     

配电网电压控制的分布式光伏无功仿射可调鲁棒优化方法

随着高比例分布式光伏发电并网引发的配电网电压波动越限问题,提出基于仿射可调鲁棒优化的分布式光伏无功功率调节方法。首先,通过建立以配电网有功网损和节点电压偏差最小化的综合优化模型,采用多面体线性化方法将综合优化模型转化为二次规划模型。然后,在考虑分布式光伏有功出力预算不确定性集的基础上,通过对偶变换将鲁棒优化模型转化为确定性的二次规划模型。在含高比例分布式光伏的IEEE-33和IEEE-123节点的配电系统仿真结果表明,与分布式光伏零无功调节相比,所提出的仿射可调鲁棒优化方法较传统的鲁棒优化方法能大幅度地改善网损和节点电压优化结果,具有较低的保守性,最为接近蒙特卡洛仿真结果。     

LLC resonant DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of transformer

This paper proposes a zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) LLC resonant step up DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of the transformer. The series resonant inverter in the proposed topology has two power switches (MOSFETs), two resonant capacitors, two resonant inductors, and only one transformer with center‐tapped primary windings. The power switches are connected in the form of a half‐bridge network. Resonant capacitors and inductors along with the primary windings of the transformer form two series resonant circuits. The series resonant circuits are fed alternately by operating the power switches with an interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary winding of transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier circuit to rectify the output voltage. The converter operates within a narrow frequency range below the resonance frequency to achieve ZVS, and its output power is regulated by pulse frequency modulation. The converter has lower conduction and switching losses and therefore higher efficiency. The experimental results of a 500‐W prototype of proposed converter are presented. The results confirm the good operation and performance of the converter. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.