二维平行平板内分散气泡对液相表观黏度影响的数值研究

泡状液体广泛存在于各种工业领域,因此深入了解泡状液体的物理特性对产品质量改进和过程强化具有重要意义。本文为了理解气泡对液相表观黏度的影响,揭示液相表观黏度变化的原因,利用流体体积函数（VOF）与动网格结合的方法对二维平行板模型内气泡对液相表观黏度的影响进行了深入的数值研究;分别研究了相同体积分数、不同毛细数工况下,气泡加入对液相表观黏度的影响。结果表明：毛细数和气泡体积分数对液相的表观黏度具有巨大的影响作用;相同的体积分数下,当毛细数较大（Ca>1）时,气泡的加入会使液相的相对黏度减小,体积分数越大,液相的相对黏度减小得越严重;另外,相同的体积分数下,当毛细数较小（Ca<1）时,气泡的加入会使液相的相对黏度增大,体积分数越高,液相的相对黏度增大得越明显。     

The viscosity of fiber suspensions at low fiber volume fractions

The viscosities of suspensions of glass fibers in an aqueous solution of sucrose have been studied by use of a capillary viscometer. In the aligned condition in the capillary, the viscosity depends little on shear rate within the range studied or on fiber length, but increases with increasing volume fraction of the fibers. The entrance effect was found to depend strongly on fiber volume fraction and fiber length: this indicates that the suspensions are relatively resistant to flow during the initial stages while alignment takes place.     

低温相变蓄冷纳米流体粘度特性实验研究

测量了TiO2-BaC12-H2O纳米流体的粘度,分析了粒子体积分数、温度对纳米流体粘度影响的变化规律.结果表明,纳米流体的粘度随TiO2粒子体积分数的增加呈加速上升的趋势,随温度呈反比变化;体积分数越高的纳米流体,在较低温度下的粘度增幅比高温时大.流变曲线表明,在所配制的体积分数内,TiO2-BaCl2-H2O纳米流...     

Rheological properties of glass bead-filled low-density polyethylene composite melts in capillary extrusion

The melt flow of glass bead-filled low-density polyethylene composites in extrusion have been observed by using a capillary rheometer to investigate the effects of temperature, shear rate, and filler content on the rheological properties of the melts. The results show that the melt shear flow obeys a power law, and the dependence of the apparent shear viscosity, η_app, on temperature is in accord with an Arrhenius equation. At the same temperature and shear rate, η_app increases slightly with increasing the volume fraction of glass beads, but the flow behavior index decreases with increasing filler content. In addition, the first normal stress difference of the melts linearly increases with increasing wall shear stress. Good agreement is shown with the N₁ calculated with the equation presented in this article and the pressured data from the sample melts. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1451–1456, 1999     

The effects of capillary forces on the flow properties of glass particle suspensions in mineral oil

The effect of water on the flow behavior of glass microspheres dispersed in mineral oil was investigated for various levels of water, particle volume fractions, and particle sizes. The addition of small amounts of water leads to large increases in viscosity due to the formation of water bridges between particles that give rise to capillary forces between the particles. The capillary forces between the particles also make the flow profile highly shear‐thinning across the range of particle volume fractions that were studied (0.10 to 0.25). The presence of water leads to a significant effect of particle size, and the viscosity of dispersion goes through a maximum as the amount of water is increased. Two hydrophobic surfactants, Span 80 and Arquad 2HT, were found to reduce the viscosity of the dispersions with added water, but the mechanism and extent of viscosity reduction differed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

Rheological properties of aqueous polymer dispersions

Aqueous dispersion of nearly monodisperse charged polymer spheres of 250 nm diameter have been investigated in steady and oszillatory shear flow. Polydisperse latices were included for comparison. By using different types of rotational rheometers and a capillary viscometer viscosity measurements could be performed over a shear stress range from 10^-3 Pa to 10⁵ Pa. At shear stresses below 10^-2 Pa the viscosity is independent of the shear rate but strongly increases with qrowing volume fraction ?. In the stress range of 0.1 to 10 Pa a transition to a lower viscosity level is observed. For ??0.2 this transition is negligible and the dispersion behaves Newtonian. The viscosity decrease (shear-thinning behaviour) becomes significant at higher volume fractions and reaches a magnitude of more than 3 decades for ? = 0.50. Polydispersity increases the viscosity level at small stresses. The latter is also increased by growing particle charge (higher pH-value) but reduced by the addition of NaCl (screening of the charge). For volume fractions ? ?0.4 shear-thickening is found up to a viscosity maximum. The maqnitude of shear-thickening can be reduced by addition of NaOH (increase of particle charge) and broadening of the particle size distribution. The concentrated dispersions behave viscoelastic. They show an instantanious elastic deformation at the onset of shear creep tests and exhibit recoverable strains after unloading. In oscillatory shear the storage modulus approaches a constant value with decreasing angular frequency indicating the formation of a three-dimensional lattice structure.     

Experimental investigation and development of new correlation for influences of temperature and concentration on dynamic viscosity of MWCNT-SiO2 (20-80)/20W50 hybrid nano-lubricant

In current research, MWCNT-SiO_2/oil hybrid nano-lubricant viscosity is experimentally examined. By dispersing 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1% volume of MWCNTs and SiO_2 nanoparticle into the engine oil SAE 20W50, the temperature and solid volume fraction consequences were studied. At 40 to 100 ℃ temperature, the viscosities were assessed. The results indicated Newtonian behavior for the hybrid nano-lubricant. Moreover, solid volume fraction augmentation and temperature enhanced the viscosity enhancement of hybrid nano-lubricant. At highest solid volume fraction and temperature, nano-lubricant viscosity was 171% greater compared to pure 20W50. Existed models lack the ability to predict the hybrid nano-lubricant viscosity. Thus, a new correlation regarding solid volume fraction and temperature was suggested with R-squared of 0.9943.     

Experimental study on the rheological behavior of tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) hydrate slurry

Information on the rheological characteristics of clathrate hydrate slurry is vital due to its diverse applications including hydrate slurry transportation as in seawater desalination by gas hydrate process, gas delivery through slurry pipelines, cold thermal energy storage, and secondary refrigeration by hydrate slurries. The current study experimentally investigated the rheological behavior of Tetrafluoroethane (Freon) hydrate slurry formed from R-134a and water serving as a medium for sea water desalination. Experiments were performed in a flow loop with a volume of 5.68?L and an inner pipe diameter of 21.5?mm, which was immersed in a constant temperature bath to maintain hydrate stable condition. Experiments were conducted with two phases in the loop; solid hydrate particles and liquid water. The hydrate solid volume fraction ranged from 15.8 to 31.7?vol%. Pressure drops along the straight section of the pipe were monitored while temperature, solid volume fraction and flow rate were kept constant at desired values. The experimental results indicated that Freon slurry can be considered as a pseudo-plastic fluid. The shear-thinning characteristics of Freon slurry became more pronounced as the hydrate solid fraction increased. An empirical power law type equation that relates the apparent viscosity of the Freon slurry to the hydrate solid volume fraction and shear rate was developed and compared with experimental values. The experimental results well supported the values of the apparent viscosity calculated from the modeled equations.     

A numerical treatment of crystallization in tube flow

A viscosity‐oriented, flow‐induced crystallization model is used to predict the rate of crystal layer growth in a tube at high shear rates. A combined strain and strain rate dependence of the enhancement of crystallization kinetics was proposed that showed excellent agreement with viscosity measurements at low deformation rates in simple shear, and it is here considered in the more complex Poiseuille flow. Suspension mechanics is used to link the relative crystalline volume fraction to the viscosity of the semicrystalline polymer. The microstructure is directly related to the thermomechanical histories and this was accounted for in the total volume fraction using the Avrami‐Kolmogorov model. The key characteristic of our model is the coupling of the flow history to induced crystallization and the linkage of the flow‐enhanced nucleation with viscosity. In this way, the flow is described in terms of changes in crystallization due to changes in rheological behavior. A finite volume numerical treatment was employed using the ANSYS CFX software to model the layer growth. The model is further tested with the presence of an organic nucleating agent in which the sensitivity of the rheological properties of the pigment–polymer blend to stress and temperature was evident. Reasonable agreement with experiments was observed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Evaluation of theoretical viscosity models for concentrated emulsions at low capillary numbers

The theoretical models for the viscosity of concentrated emulsions are reviewed. All models predict that the relative viscosity of an emulsion, at low capillary numbers, is a function of dispersed-phase volume fraction and viscosity ratio (ratio of dispersed-phase viscosity to continuous-phase viscosity). The predicted values of relative viscosity from different theoretical models are compared with a large amount of experimental data. The cell model of Yaron and Gal-Or [Rheol. Acta 11 (1972) 241] predicts the relative viscosities of emulsions reasonably well over a wide range of dispersed-phase volume fraction and viscosity ratio. The cell model of Choi and Schowalter [Phys. Fluids 18 (1975) 420] overpredicts the relative viscosities, especially at high values of dispersed-phase volume fraction. The Phan-Thien and Pham model [J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 72 (1997) 305] underpredicts the relative viscosities of emulsions at high values of dispersed-phase volume fraction.     

稠油包水乳状液的表观黏度

以渤海SZ36-1稠油、矿化水为工质配制了2组不同液滴直径的W/O型乳状液,研究了温度、含水率、剪切率和液滴直径对乳状液黏度的影响。结果表明,温度对乳状液表观黏度的影响非常明显,而对相对黏度的影响却较小;同时含水率、剪切率和液滴直径也是影响乳状液黏度的重要因素,低含水率下,剪切率、液滴直径对黏度的影响不明显,而当含水率较高时,剪切率、液滴直径的影响非常突出,乳状液呈现出强烈的剪切稀释特性。利用国内外现有的一些黏度模型对实验获得的黏度数据进行了预测分析,发现Brinkman(1952)模型具有较好的预测精度。     

Rheological properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) in capillary flow

The shear viscosity, extensional viscosity, and die swell of the PTT melt were investigated using a capillary rheometer. The results showed that the PTT melt was a typical pseudoplastic fluid exhibiting shear thinning and extensional thinning phenomena in capillary flow. There existed no melt fracture phenomenon in the PTT melt through a capillary die even though the shear rate was 20,000 s^?1. Increasing the shear rate would decrease the flow activation energy and decline the sensitivity of the shear viscosity to the melt temperature. The molecular weight had a significant influence on the flow curve. The flow behavior of the PTT melt approached that of Newtonian fluid even though the weight‐molecular weight was below 43,000 s^?1 at 260°C. The extensional viscosity decreased with the increase of the extensional stress, which became more obvious with increasing the molecular weight. The sensitiveness of the extensional viscosity to the melt temperature decreased promptly along with increasing the extensional strain rate. The die swell ratio and end effect would increase along with increasing the shear rate and with decreasing the temperature, which represented that the increase of the shear rate and the decrease of temperature would increase the extruding elasticity of the PTT melt in the capillary die. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 705–709, 2005     

Melt rheology of nanometre‐calcium‐carbonate‐filled acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymer composites during capillary extrusion

The melt flow properties during capillary extrusion of nanometre‐calcium‐carbonate‐filled acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymer composites were measured by using a Rosand rheometer to identify the effects of the filler content and operation conditions on the rheological behaviour of the sample melts. The experiments were conducted under the following test conditions: temperature varied from 220 to 240 °C and shear rate ranged from 10 to 10⁴ s^?1. The filler volume fractions were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%. The results showed that the shear flow did not strictly obey the power law under the test conditions, and that the entry pressure drop (ΔP_en) and the extension stress (σ_e) in entry flow increased nonlinearly, while the melt shear viscosity (η_s) and extension viscosity (η_e) decreased with increasing the wall shear stress (τ_w) at constant test temperature. The dependence of the melt shear viscosity on the test temperature was approximately consistent with the Arrhenius expression at fixed τ_w. When τ_w was constant, η_s and η_e increased while ΔP_en and σ_e decreased with the addition of the filler volume fraction. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Melt flow behavior of blends from poly(vinyl chloride) and epoxidized natural rubber

Blends from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were prepared in a Brabender plasticorder by the melt blending technique. The melt flow behavior of these blends with respect to blend ratio and temperature has been examined using a melt flow indexer and capillary rheometer. ENR decreases the Brabender torque, increases the melt flow index (MFI), and decreases the melt viscosity of PVC in the blends. Arrhenius plots were used to study the effect of temperature on melt flow index (MFI) and viscosity. Moreover, the flow behavior index (n′) obtained from capillary rheometer data was found to be dependent on temperature and blend ratio.     

纳米流体黏度特性

引言纳米流体是将纳米粒子添加到基液中形成的稳定悬浮混合液。近10年来,国内外许多学者对纳米流体的导热性能进行了大量研究,添加纳米粒子后溶液的导热能力明显加强。Jung等[1]对微渠道中的纳米流体对流传热特性进行了研究,研究发现粒径为170nm、体积分数为1.8%的Al2O3-水纳     

氧化铝有机纳米流体的流动传热基础特性

以氧化铝为纳米粒子、丙二醇和水为基础液体制备了氧化铝有机纳米流体,分别测量了它的沸点、热导率、比热容和黏度。以1％～5％（体积分数）的氧化铝纳米流体作为冷介质,测试了在车用机油冷却器中的传热系数和流动阻力。试验结果表明,纳米粒子能够显著强化基础液体在机油冷却器中的换热能力,粒子体积分数和流体温度是影响纳米流体热物性的重要因素。氧化铝纳米流体的沸点高于120℃,比热容随体积分数增加而降低,热导率、黏度和在机油冷却器中的传热系数均随粒子体积分数的增加而提高。在试验Ⅱ中,5％（体积分数）纳米流体的平均传热系数比基础液体提高了124.56％,而流动阻力增幅较小。     

1,2-聚丁二烯接枝丁苯共聚物的流变性能

用双筒毛细管流变仪研究了丁苯共聚物支链含量不同的3种接枝1,2-聚丁二烯的流变性能,并与线型1,2-聚丁二烯进行了比较。结果表明,丁苯共聚物的接枝使得1,2-聚丁二烯的数均分子量减小,重均分子量增大,分子量分布变宽;接枝前后1,2-聚丁二烯的1,2-结构摩尔分数均大于80%,都属于高乙烯基聚丁二烯。在80～120℃内,接枝前后1,2-聚丁二烯的表观黏度均随温度的升高而降低,接枝后的黏流活化能明显增大;随丁苯共聚物接枝量的增加,接枝橡胶的黏流活化能逐渐减小,黏温敏感性减弱。丁苯共聚物的接枝对1,2-聚丁二烯黏度剪切敏感性的影响比较复杂,在150～3 000 s-1的剪切速率内,接枝前后1,2-聚丁二烯的表观黏度均随剪切速率的增加而降低;线型及接枝质量分数为5%的1,2-聚丁二烯的非牛顿指数明显降低,接枝质量分数为1%的非牛顿指数增大,更接近牛顿流体行为,而接枝质量分数为7%的非牛顿指数基本不变。在温度为80℃和100℃时,于相同的剪切速率下,随着丁苯共聚物接枝量的增加,3种接枝橡胶的表观黏度有先降低后升高的趋势,其中接枝质量分数为7%的1,2-聚丁二烯的表观黏度最大。     

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer properties of magnetic fluid in porous medium considering nanoparticle shapes and magnetic field-dependent viscosity

The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of the combined convection heat transfer and a micropolar nanofluid flow passing through an impermeable stretching sheet in a porous medium. The nanofluid flow field is affected by a magnetic field perpendicular to the sheet. The dynamic viscosity of the micropolar nanofluid changes under the influence of the magnetic field. The continuity, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy equations are first simplified using the order of magnitude technique that, along with the applied boundary conditions and the definition of the appropriate parameters, are transferred to the similarity space using the similarity analysis. Then the resulting equations are solved using the Runge–Kutta method.The distinction of the macroscale and microscale flow fields and temperature fields resulting from different nanoparticle shapes was clarified. Increasing the Hartmann number, the vortex viscosity parameter, the magnetic parameter, the nanoparticle volume fraction, and the permeability parameter of the porous media increased the surface friction on the sheet. Increasing the vortex viscosity parameter, the magnetic parameter, and the volume fraction of the nanoparticles increases the Nusselt number.     

Characterization of rheological properties of colloidal zirconia

Dynamic viscosity of aqueous suspensions of nanosized zirconia (ZrO₂) have been studied for the low volume fraction range. The specific surface area of dry powder was determined from the BET method. The zeta potential of zirconia particles as a function of pH was measured by the microelectrophoretic method. The isoelectric point found in this way was 4.7. The particle density in aqueous suspensions was found by the dilution method. The dynamic viscosity of suspensions was measured by using a capillary viscometer that eliminated the sedimentation effects. Experimental data showed that for dilute zirconia suspension, the relative viscosity increased more rapidly with the volume fraction than that the Einstein formula predicts. This allowed one to calculate the specific hydrodynamic volume of particles in the suspensions and their apparent density. It was found that particles forming zirconia suspensions were composed of aggregates having porosity of 40–50%. The size of the primary particles forming these aggregates was 0.2 μm that agrees well with the BET specific surface data. The influence of an anionic polyelectrolyte:polysodium 4-styrenesulfonate (PSS) on zirconia suspension viscosity also was studied. First the PSS viscosity alone was measured as a function of its volume fraction for various ionic strength of the solutions. The data were interpreted in terms of the flexible rod model of the polyelectrolyte. Then, the viscosity of ZrO₂ in PSS solutions of fixed concentration was measured as a function of the concentration of zirconia. It was revealed that the viscosity of the mixtures was proportional to the product of the zirconia and polyelectrolyte viscosities taken separately.     

Melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal–glass hybrid fiber‐reinforced low‐density polyethylene composites. I. Untreated fibers

The melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal–glass hybrid fiber‐reinforced low‐density polyethylene composites was studied with an Instron capillary rheometer. The variation of melt viscosity with shear rate and shear stress at different temperatures was studied. The effect of relative composition of component fibers on the overall rheological behavior also was examined. A temperature range of 130 to 150°C and shear rate of 16.4 to 5470 s^?1 were chosen for the analysis. The melt viscosity of the hybrid composite increased with increase in the volume fraction of glass fibers and reached a maximum for the composite containing glass fiber alone. Also, experimental viscosity values of hybrid composites were in good agreement with the theoretical values calculated using the additive rule of hybrid mixtures, except at low volume fractions of glass fibers. Master curves were plotted by superpositioning shear stress and temperature results. The breakage of fibers during the extrusion process, estimated by optical microscopy, was higher for glass fiber than sisal fiber. The surface morphology of the extrudates was analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 432–442, 2003