酵母菌对重金属的吸附与抗性和解毒重金属的胞内分子机制研究进展

利用有益的酵母菌去除食品基质、动物及人体的重金属污染是近年的研究热点。本文概述了多种酵母菌吸附及抗重金属的情况,并对酵母菌在重金属胁迫下的胞内解毒机制进行分析,包括谷胱甘肽合成的解毒机制、与酵母菌解毒重金属相关的基因和蛋白、转运蛋白介导的细胞内重金属的排出和液泡隔离机制及金属硫蛋白和植物螯合肽对重金属的螯合作用,重点从分子角度分析了酵母菌对重金属的解毒机制,归纳了解毒过程中关键性的基因和蛋白质以及它们的功能作用,旨在为酵母菌作为生物吸附剂应用于生态环境、被重金属污染的发酵食品及动物和人体提供依据。     

A tomato stem cell extract, containing antioxidant compounds and metal chelating factors, protects skin cells from heavy metal-induced damages

Heavy metals can cause several genotoxic effects on cells, including oxidative stress, DNA sequence breakage and protein modification. Among the body organs, skin is certainly the most exposed to heavy metal stress and thus the most damaged by the toxic effects that these chemicals cause. Moreover, heavy metals, in particular nickel, can induce the over-expression of collagenases (enzymes responsible for collagen degradation), leading to weakening of the skin extracellular matrix. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to protect their cells from heavy metal toxicity, including the synthesis of metal chelating proteins and peptides, such as metallothioneins and phytochelatins (PC), which capture the metals and prevent the damages on the cellular structures. To protect human skin cells from heavy metal toxicity, we developed a new cosmetic active ingredient from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) cultured stem cells. This product, besides its high content of antioxidant compounds, contained PC, effective in the protection of skin cells towards heavy metal toxicity. We have demonstrated that this new product preserves nuclear DNA integrity from heavy metal damages, by inducing genes responsible for DNA repair and protection, and neutralizes the effect of heavy metals on collagen degradation, by inhibiting collagenase expression and inducing the synthesis of new collagen.     

乳酸菌吸附重金属的影响因素、机理及应用研究进展

重金属是环境的主要污染物之一,其难以在环境中转化,易通过食物链蓄积,严重威胁人体健康。已有研 究证明乳酸菌具有去除重金属的能力。本文概述了乳酸菌吸附重金属的影响因素和机理,并对吸附菌株的应用进行 总结,深入研究其吸附机理,并对其在食品中的应用进行展望,以期为乳酸菌吸附重金属的深入研究提供参考。     

Genes associated with heavy metal tolerance and accumulation in Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri: a genomic survey with cDNA microarray

To survive in variable soil conditions, plants possess homeostatic mechanisms to maintain a suitable concentration of essential heavy metal ions. Certain plants, inhabiting heavy metal-enriched or -contaminated soil, thus are named hyperaccumulators. Studying hyperaccumulators has great potential to provide information for phytoremediation. To better understand the hyperaccumulating mechanism, we used an Arabidopsis cDNA microarray to compare the gene expression of the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri and a nonhyperaccumulator, Arabidopsis thaliana. By analyzing the expression of metal-chelators, antioxidation-related genes, and transporters, we revealed a few novel molecular features. We found that metallothionein 2b and 3, APX and MDAR4 in the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, and certain metal transporters in P(1B)-type ATPase, ZIP, Nramp, and CDF families, are expressed at higher levels in A. halleri than in A. thaliana. We further validated that the enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase and class III peroxidases are highly elevated in A. halleri. This observation positively correlates with the higher ability of A. halleri to detoxify H2O2 produced by cadmium and paraquat treatments. We thus suggest that higher peroxidase activities contribute to the heavy metal tolerance in A. halleri by alleviating the ROS damage. We have revealed genes that could be candidates for the future engineering of plants with large biomass for use in phytoremediation.     

Expression of metallothionein genes I and II in bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus populations chronically exposed in situ to heavy metals

The expression of two metallothionein genes (Mt-I and Mt-II) in the liver, kidney, and gonad of bank voles collected at four metal-contaminated sites (Cd, Zn, Pb, and Fe) were measured using the quantitative real-time PCR method (QPCR). Relative Mt gene expression was calculated by applying a normalization factor (NF) using the expression of two housekeeping genes, ribosomal 18S and beta-actin. Relative Mt expression in tissues of animals from contaminated sites was up to 54.8-fold higher than those from the reference site for Mt-I and up to 91.6-fold higher for Mt-II. Mt-II gene expression in the livers of bank voles from contaminated sites was higher than Mt-I gene expression. Inversely, Mt-II expression in the kidneys of voles was lower than Mt-I expression. Positive correlations between cadmium levels in the tissues and Mt-I were obtained in all studied tissues. Zinc, which undergoes homeostatic regulation, correlated positively with both Mt-I and Mt-II gene expression only in the kidney. Results showed that animals living in chronically contaminated environments intensively activate detoxifying mechanisms such as metallothionein expression. This is the first time that QPCR techniques to measure MT gene expression have been applied to assess the impact of environmental metal pollution on field collected bank voles.     

不同重金属胁迫蔬菜产生金属硫蛋白的同源性检测

目的 对不同重金属胁迫蔬菜产生金属硫蛋白(金属硫组氨酸三甲基内盐)进行同源性检测。方法 用Cd-MT免疫家兔产生IgG后, 用不同浓度硫酸铜、乙酸铅、氯化钴、氯化汞等重金属胁迫萝卜幼苗、油白菜和油麦菜诱导产生金属硫蛋白, 通过免疫印迹检测其同源性。结果 Cd-MT与重金属胁迫三种蔬菜所产生的金属硫蛋白具有同源性; 不同浓度的重金属对幼苗中MTs表达量有影响。结论 Cd-MT诱导家兔产生的IgG可用于农产品中重金属污染的检测。     

食用菌主要重金属污染及风险评价研究进展

食用菌含有多种营养成分和活性物质,营养价值高,且具有保健功效。食用菌具有富集重金属的生物学特性,且对镉和汞的富集能力最强,而各地食用菌的主要重金属污染元素也不尽相同。因此,在充分利用食用菌富集有益于人体健康物质的特性的同时,也要规避其对重金属富集作用而产生的健康风险。本文在分析和汇总现有相关研究文献的基础上,对国内外食用菌中重金属污染现状进行了论述,对已有的重金属风险评估方法进行了探讨,以期能够为相关部门制定政策和法规提供参考依据。     

Classification of heavy-metal toxicity by human DNA microarray analysis

Microarray technology is proving to be a useful tool to classify undefined environmental toxicants, to investigate underlying mechanisms of toxicity, and to identify candidate toxicant-specific genetic markers by examining global effects of putative toxicants on gene expression profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicities of six heavy metals through the comparison with gene expression patterns induced by well-known chemicals. For this purpose, we first identified the genes altered specifically in HepG2 under the exposure of 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), phenol, and N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN), which were selected as the model chemicals, using DNA microarray. On the basis of the expression profiles of these genes, toxicities of six heavy metals, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, antimony, mercury, and chromium, were evaluated. The specific gene alteration and hierarchical clustering revealed that biological action of six heavy metals was clearly related to that of DMNQ which has been reported to be a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating chemical and which induced the genes associated with cell proliferative responses. These results suggest that cell proliferative responses which are probably caused by ROS are a major apparent biological action of high-dose heavy metals, supporting the previous reports. Overall, a mechanism-based classification by DNA microarray would be an efficient method for evaluation of toxicities of environmental samples.     

Chemopreventive functions of sulforaphane: A potent inducer of antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis

Epidemiological and dietary studies have revealed an association between high intake of cruciferous vegetables and decreased cancer risk cancer. Sulforaphane, a phytochemical constituent of cruciferous vegetables, has received much attention as a potential cancer chemopreventive compound. Recent advances in the cellular and molecular biology of cancer have shed light on components of intracellular signaling cascades that can be molecular targets of chemoprevention by various anti-cancer agents. Metallothionein (MT), a primary antioxidant enzyme involved in the metabolism and detoxification of heavy metal, has been recognized as a molecular target for chemoprevention by natural anti-cancer agents, but the cellular signaling mechanisms that associate MT gene regulation are not yet clearly understood. Recent studies suggest that Nrf2-mediated signaling, which controls the expression of many of genes responsible for carcinogen detoxification and protection against oxidative stress, is regulated by sulforaphane. This contribution focuses on Nrf2-mediated signaling pathways, particularly in relation to MT gene induction and the apoptosis-inducing effects of sulforaphane.     

重金属和抗生素抗性基因在土壤中的复合污染研究进展

抗生素滥用及其诱导产生的抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)污染己经引起人们的广泛关注。与此同时,环境中重金属的污染状况也呈加剧趋势,与抗生素抗性基因不同,重金属在自然环境中很难被降解,二者同时存在不仅维持和加强了环境中的微生物对重金属的原有抗性,同时增强了对抗生素抗性基因的抗性。目前,重金属污染地区的养殖业中动植物细菌传染病的抗生素治疗总是无效的,其原因可能是重金属离子和抗生素抗性基因的协同抗性在选择压力下得到增强。本文总结了我国抗生素抗性基因和重金属元素在土壤中的污染状况及其复合污染特征,综述了这2类物质在土壤中的协同选择机制和综合修复措施,以期为重金属和抗生素抗性基因带来的污染所致危害的减轻和未来复合污染相关研究的深入提供参考。     

Effects of the pesticide thiuram: genome-wide screening of indicator genes by yeast DNA microarray

Although there have been studies on the toxicity of the pesticide thiuram, the present study is the first one to attempt to integrate a whole genomic response using microarray technology. From the DNA microarray experiment it was found that exposure to thiuram led to alterations of gene expression in yeast cells and that many genes involved in detoxification and stress response were highly induced. The induced genes were classified according to the MIPS yeast database. The induction of genes concerned with folding and proteolysis reflects the protein denaturing and degradation effects of the thiuram treatment The induction of genes involved in redox and defense against reaction oxygen species also suggests that thiuram has other effects, such as oxidative stress. Genes classified for carbohydrate metabolism and energy were also highly induced, and these gene products may play the role of providing the energy for the detoxification mechanism. In addition, in view of the induction of some genes involved in DNA repair, thiuram potentially causes DNA damage. Therefore, as stated in previous reports, thiuram is a potential positive toxic chemical. On the other hand, YKL071W, YCR102C, YLR303W, and YLL057C were selected based on the result of a DNA microarray experiment and used for the promoter activity assay. Thiuram treatment affected the promoter of these genes, indicating that this technique could be used for the selection of biomarker candidates.     

云南野生牛肝菌中重金属的生物有效性及健康风险评估

为研究牛肝菌中重金属对人体的健康风险及毒性效应,本研究采集了云南主产区（楚雄、曲靖、大理和普洱）不同野生干牛肝菌（按颜色分为白牛肝菌、黑牛肝菌、红牛肝菌和黄牛肝菌）,测定了其镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和铬（Cr）的含量,结合体外胃肠模拟法和Caco-2细胞模型,分析了3 种重金属的生物可给性含量和生物有效性含量,并探究食用重金属含量高的牛肝菌对人体肠道的健康风险,即牛肝菌经模拟胃肠液消化后对Caco-2细胞炎症因子白细胞介素-8（interleukin-8,IL-8）基因表达量的影响。结果表明,干牛肝菌中Cd的平均含量约是我国食品安全标准（GB 2762—2017）中食品污染物限量值的20 倍。Cr、Cd和Pb的生物可给性在模拟胃液中分别为18.2%、3.1%和17.0%,在模拟肠液中分别下降到15.3%、0.6%、5.5%,而在Caco-2细胞中只有Cd被吸收,平均生物有效性含量为1.10 μg/mg。基于干牛肝菌的重金属总含量、生物可给性含量和生物有效性含量分别计算其估计每日摄入量,发现基于干牛肝菌重金属总含量的评估结果提示其具有较大的人体健康风险,而基于生物可给性含量和生物有效性含量的数据结果表明均无明显的健康风险。此外,还发现重金属含量高的牛肝菌暴露Caco-2细胞后也不会诱发炎症因子IL-8 mRNA的上调。综上,基于牛肝菌中重金属总量的健康风险评估模型可能会高估其健康风险,建立基于人体生物有效性的健康风险评估方法将更为准确。     

食品中重金属检测方法研究进展

镉、铬、铅、砷和汞等重金属元素在人体内蓄积到一定浓度时,可危害中枢神经、血液及各器官,导致各种疾病,甚至癌症。食品安全直接关系人民健康,食品中重金属含量超标事件时有发生,对人们的身体健康有潜在的威胁,因此对于食品中重金属含量的检测十分必要。本文综述了常用的检测食品中重金属含量的方法,包括:原子荧光光谱法、X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体-质谱法、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法等,简述其优缺点,并介绍各种检测方法检测食品中重金属含量的应用实例,以期对检测重金属的发展提供一定的参考价值,以更好地做好食品安全和维护人民健康,并且对重金属检测方法的发展作出展望。     

Binding of heavy metals to pomace fibers

This study demonstrates that the dietary fibers of pomace, a waste product from fruit pressing, have the potential for binding heavy metal ions. The quantity of metal ions bound varies from one fiber component to another. As it can be inferred from the results of the study, pectin was characterised by a particularly high capacity for metal ion binding. The hemicellulose fraction ranked second with respect to metal ion binding capacity. Binding of heavy metals to lignin was found to be generally poor.