高电压真空灭弧室触头间长间隙的真空绝缘特性

对高电压真空灭弧室触头间长真空间隙(40 mm及以上)的真空绝缘特性进行了讨论,包括击穿电压(直流电压,工频交流电压和标准雷电冲击电压)与触头开距的关系以及长真空间隙的老炼特性.目前对72/84 kV级高电压真宅灭弧室触头间隙范围(40mm及以上)的长真空间隙绝缘特性有了一定的了解,而126 kV级高电压单断口真空灭弧室触头问长真空问隙范围(60mm及以上)的绝缘特性研究还有待深入开展.     

Electrode conditioning characteristics in vacuum under impulse voltage application in nonuniform electric field

In this paper, we quantitatively investigated the impulse conditioning mechanism under nonuniform electric field electrodes in a vacuum. A negative standard lightning impulse voltage was applied between rod and plane electrodes whose materials were Cu-Cr, stainless steel and Cu and the gap lengths were d=5 and 10 mm, respectively. Experimental results revealed the transition of the breakdown (BD) sport region on the rod electrode and the corresponding BD field strength in the conditioning process. As a result, we found that the BD spot region started at the tip of the rod electrode and moved to the wider region of the rod electrode with lower electric field as the shots of the voltage application increased before the saturation of the BD voltage. Finally, by analyzing the results with an electric field strength, we propose that "the conditioning degree" along the electrode surface distributed directly proportional to the electric field distribution under a nonuniform electric field in a vacuum, irrespective of the electrode materials     

多断口真空开关的绝缘与击穿统计特性

从长间隙真空开关的击穿特性出发,理论推导得到了双断口及多断口真空开关的击穿电压最大可能增益倍数,并运用“击穿弱点”的概念和概率统计方法建立了双断口及多断口真空开关的静态击穿统计分布模型,认为无论是双断口真空开关还是n个断口串联起来,其击穿的统计概率都比单断口的击穿统计概率小。建立了三断口真空开关试验模型, 对单断口真空灭弧室模型和三断口真空开关模型进行了大量的冲击击穿特性试验。研究表明,三断口真空灭弧室比单断口真空灭弧室具有更低的击穿概率,试验数据与理论分布曲线基本吻合。     

Relationship between electrode surface roughness and impulse breakdown voltage in vacuum gap of Cu and Cu-Cr electrodes

The relationship between the impulse breakdown voltage of vacuum gaps and electrode surface roughness was investigated for the purpose of controlling the surface roughness on HV conductors. The roughness of mechanically polished Cu and Cu-Cr electrodes was measured with a roughness meter, and the relationship between the breakdown voltage and surface roughness was obtained for plate-to-plate gaps. The discharge-conditioning effect increased with reduction in the surface roughness. The breakdown voltage depended not only on the roughness of the cathode but also on the anode surfaces. Reducing the surface roughness was found not to be an effective way to increase the breakdown voltage for non-uniform field gaps after discharge conditioning.     

Electric strength of vacuum systems with Co-Mo alloy coated Cuelectrodes

The paper presents the results of investigations of the electric strength at 50 Hz AC voltage of vacuum insulation systems that were not subjected to conditioning. The experiments have shown that a Co-Mo alloy coating electrolytically deposited on the surface of copper electrodes causes, at the pressure 2 mPa, >25% increase of electric strength of unconditioned vacuum insulation systems. This breakdown strength decreases with increasing gap spacing between the electrodes, and amounts ~17 kV/mm for systems with Cu electrodes at the electrode gap of 1 mm, and ~9 kV/mm at a gap of 6 mm. Plane electrodes with rounded-off edges of Rogowski's profile were used in the investigations. The electrodes with 50 mm diameter, were made of OFHC Cu. The paper shows the influence of the value of pressure from ~1 mPa to 1 Pa and at constant pressure of ~1 mPa, the length of vacuum gap, and the presence of a Co-Mo alloy layer coating the electrodes     

基于面积效应的真空灭弧室触头间隙击穿特性研究

针对一种中压真空灭弧室模型,研究开距变化时触头有效面积对击穿电场强度的影响。通过电场仿真计算得到了开距对触头间隙内有效面积的影响;通过冲击耐压试验得到了开距与击穿电场强度之间的关系。在此基础上发现在不同的开距范围内,触头间隙内的有效面积对击穿电场强度的影响不同:在开距1～2 mm范围内击穿电场强度Ebd随着触头有效面积Se的增大而增加;在开距2～6 mm范围内击穿电场强度Ebd随着触头有效面积Se的增大而减小。     

Discussion of electrode conditioning mechanism based on pre‐breakdown current under nonuniform electric field in vacuum

Electrode conditioning is a very important technique for improvement of the insulation performance of vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs). This paper discusses the spark conditioning mechanism under a nonuniform electric field, focusing on the pre‐breakdown current. We quantitatively evaluated the spark conditioning effect by analyzing the pre‐breakdown current based on the Fowler‐Nordheim equation. The field enhancement factor β was found to decrease with increasing breakdown voltage at the beginning of the conditioning process, and finally became saturated with the saturation of the breakdown voltage. In addition, in the case of a nonuniform field, we found that β on a high‐voltage rod electrode after conditioning varied according to the electric field strength on the rod electrode. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(2): 21‐28, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21059     

Influence of electrode area on the conditioning effect in vacuum

Using three types of copper electrodes with different surface areas, experiments were performed to investigate the influence of electrode area on the conditioning effect,which is a characteristic of dielectric breakdown in vacuum gaps. The conditioning process varied with electrode area: the smaller the electrode area, the sooner conditioning ended. Breakdown voltages after completion of conditioning also depended on electrode area: the smaller the electrode area, the higher the breakdown voltage     

Impulse breakdown voltages of triggered multistage vacuum gap

Several sealed-off triggered vacuum gaps are connected in series to improve hold-off voltage. The characteristics of impulse breakdown voltage of these series-connected gaps are investigated experimentally. The sum hold-off voltage of series-connected gaps decreases to a unit hold-off voltage when the maximum value of voltage division ratio across the gaps increases to unity. Self-breakdown probability of the series-connected gaps is always higher than that of a single gap under the same conditions. Hence, stage efficiency of the multistage gap decreases with increasing number of stages. Its value is 90 percent with 2-stage gap and 75 percent with 5-stage gap, respectively, under the same voltage division ratio and the same gap length (2.0 mm) in each stage. Triggered breakdown voltage of 2- or 3- stage gap is several hundred volts when all gaps are triggered simultaneously at the peak of the main impulse wave and a working voltage range is nearly 100 percent in this case. The working voltage range decreases with number of stages. Its value is 45 percent with 3-stage gap and 15 percent with 5-stage gap, respectively, when one triggered gap is fired for switching.     

Pulsed HV vacuum breakdown of polished, powder coated, and e-beam treated large area stainless steel electrodes with 0.5 to 7 mm gaps

An investigation of the HV vacuum breakdown between polished, powder coated, and e-beam treated 304L and 316L stainless steel electrodes is described. Tests were performed with 160 ns, 1-cos(/spl omega/t), and 260 ns flat-top voltage pulses of up to 500 kV. The high voltage hold-off for the 160 ns pulse was /spl sim/130 kV/mm for 2 mm gaps for 80-mm diameter polished stainless steel electrodes, and 15% lower for 120-mm polished and e-beam treated electrodes. The longer 260 ns pulse gave 15% lower hold-off for 80-mm electrodes. These electrodes showed voltage hold-off that scaled as the square root of the gap between 0.5 and 7 mm. This total voltage effect has been interpreted in the past as due to accelerated particles. We analyze our data in terms of this mechanism and show that only nanoparticles of molecular size could be responsible. We also discuss how ions or background gas could affect the breakdown thresholds but existing models do not predict square root dependence. We test how extremely fine powers affect hold-off and show that contaminated surfaces have relatively constant reduced breakdown E-fields that intersect the clean-electrode voltage-dependent breakdown at critical gaps defined by the type and quantity of contamination. The hold-off was /spl sim/55 and 65 kV/mm with copper powder on the cathode and anode for 2 to 6.5 mm gaps, respectively, and /spl sim/95 and 75 kV/mm for talc powder on the cathode and anode for gaps <3.5 and 6.5 mm. Optical diagnostics show no difference in the light emission from clean and contaminated electrode breakdown arcs.     

双断口真空断路器配合特性仿真与试验

针对目前多断口真空断路器多采用并联均压电容,均压可能存在运行隐患的问题,通过研究双断口真空断路器间隙,配合和不同横磁(TMF)触头和纵磁(AMF)触头真空灭弧室组合取缔均压电容得到最佳的开断能力。基于真空电弧连续过渡模型建立了双断口真空断路器仿真模型,通过仿真与合成回路试验,研究了不同燃弧时间、不同期性和不同组合方式对开断能力的影响。仿真得到横纵组合方式具有最强的开断能力,且非同期动作(高压侧滞后动作)具有更强的开断能力,并得到了双断口真空断路器最佳间隙配合特性。试验结果验证了仿真结果,并且证明了双断口真空断路器非同期动作存在电压分布反转和开断突变区间。最后得到双断口真空断路器优化方案——对真空灭弧室的优化和非同期间隙的最佳配合,实现自均压效果进而取缔均压电容,为多断口真空断路器的发展提供了新的思路与方法。     

真空浸渍环氧玻璃丝管绝缘件的表面闪络特性及设计要领

通过SF6气体中真空浸渍环氧玻璃丝管绝缘件耐受雷电冲击和工频电压的试验,确认了管沿面允许场强与高压电极允许场强之间的关系(0.5:1),并初步探讨了文[1]表4-1所列场强设计基准值的实际裕度。笔者还介绍了真空浸渍环氧玻璃丝管绝缘件的电气性能和机械强度设计要领:注意管两端金具形状和尺寸设计;消除楔形气隙的恶劣影响;清除楔形气隙的设计措施;金具与真空浸渍管的联结强度设计。     

高电压真空灭弧室触头间长真空间隙静态绝缘特性研究

在真空开关向高电压方向发展的背景下,高电压真空灭弧室触头间长真空间隙的绝缘特性成为关键问题之一。Slade提出了临界击穿场强理论,解释了真空中平板电极间直流电压临界击穿场强及其与开距的关系。笔者以临界击穿场强理论为基础,以126 kV真空灭弧室触头间隙为研究对象,将临界击穿场强理论应用于长真空间隙(开距60 mm)和交流电压(工频50 Hz)情况下,得到了高电压真空灭弧室触头间长真空间隙的工频临界击穿场强与触头开距的关系。     

Influence of ground and corona currents on dielectric behavior of small air gaps

This paper investigates the influence of grounding on the field distribution and on the dielectric behavior of small rod-plate and rod-rod air gaps. This effect can be attributed to the grounding of one electrode. In the different arrangements with one electrode grounded or with the electrodes symmetrically charged the experimental results of the corona and breakdown are recorded and compared to the simulation results of the field distribution. It is resulted that the grounding influences significantly the electric field distribution, the dc corona and the dc breakdown. The field is less inhomogeneous in grounded rod - plate air gaps and in rod-rod air gaps with symmetrically charged electrodes, and consequently the values of the corona onset and the breakdown voltage are higher. In longer air gaps the corona current influences the field distribution and consequently the dc breakdown. The effect of grounding on the breakdown is weakened when the dc polarity of the voltage is negative, otherwise it is enhanced. In air gaps with lengths > 3 cm (negative dc polarity) or >8 cm (positive dc polarity) it is overlapped by the effect of the corona current. Relations between the field strength, the corona current, the corona onset and the breakdown voltage arise. The principle of action-reaction is valid.     

Switching of capacitive currents and the correlation of restrike and pre-ignition behavior

The new IEC 62271-100 requires an extensive proof of the capability of capacitive switching for a breaker under test. For vacuum circuit breakers, dielectric properties are mainly determined by the condition and topology of the contact surfaces, which are modified by in-rush currents as well as load-breaking currents and other effects. A synthetic single-phase test device has been erected in order to simulate three-phase network conditions and to collect more data on the statistical properties of the relevant processes. The distribution of pre-ignition field strengths is evaluated for different contact strokes and surface conditions, when discharging a capacitor through the closing interrupter. On the other side, the probability of restrikes for a given switching condition defined by full contact gap d/sub 0/ and peak recovery voltage U/sub re//spl circ/ is measured and compared with the cumulative probability of pre-ignition just at the field strength E=U/sub re//spl circ//d/sub 0/. A correlation between pre-ignition and restrike probabilities suggests a breakdown mechanism being field-emission dominated. In addition a rather strong conditioning effect has been observed at smaller contact gaps smoothening the contact surfaces.     

Dielectric breakdown characteristics of an insulator with a sharp edge in SF6 gas under lightning impulse voltage

This article discusses the dielectric breakdown characteristics of an insulator with a sharp edge that forms inhomogeneous gaps in SF₆ under a lightning impulse voltage. The high voltage electrode is a plane electrode, and the grounded electrode is a plane electrode with a column insulator, which has an inside electrode. The column insulator has a height of 50 mm and a diameter of 50 mm. The inside electrode in the column insulator has a height of 20 mm or 30 mm or 40 mm. The inside electrode changes the electric field on the surface of the column insulator. The SF₆ gas pressure is 0.225 MPa. Dielectric breakdown does not occur at the edge of the column insulator, but rather at the top plane of the column insulator. The dielectric breakdown voltage is defined by the electric field at the center of the column insulator     

Electrical breakdown characteristics of nitrogen and air at cryogenic temperature in a quasi‐uniform electric field

The breakdown voltages of the longer‐gap configurations in gaseous nitrogen and air that are necessary in designing superconducting electrical power apparatuses are measured at temperatures of 293 and 93 K. The quasi‐uniform electric field made by a sphere‐to‐sphere electrode with a diameter of 150 mm and a gap length of about 10 to 100 mm is used in the measurement of the breakdown voltages. When 50‐Hz ac and dc voltages are applied to the sphere‐to‐sphere gap, the breakdown voltages in nitrogen and air obey Paschen's law even at cryogenic temperatures (93 K). When a 1.4/50‐μs lightning impulse voltage is applied to the gap, the 50% breakdown voltage of nitrogen also obeys Paschen's law under UV irradiation of the cathode electrode. However, the breakdown voltage in air at 93 K is higher in the case of lightning impulse voltage applications, and the delay from impulse voltage application to breakdown occurrence is apparently longer at 93 K than at 293 K. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 28–33, 2000     

Weibull分布在真空断路器容性关合预击穿特性研究中的应用

当前选相合闸技术在断路器的容性开合工况中应用越来越广泛,而预击穿开距的分散性严重制约着选相关合策略。文中的研究目标是采用熔铸法制备灭弧室触头的40.5 kV真空断路器在容性开合运行工况下的预击穿开距分布情况。试验中采用熔铸法制备的直径为50 mm的CuCr40触头作为试品,通过L-C振荡回路产生了幅值6.48 kA、频率207 Hz的关合涌流,考虑35 kV三相不接地系统中容性系数为1.4的情况,关合过程中的外施电压设为46.3 kV。试验结果表明,预击穿开距dpre的余补累积概率满足三参数Weibull分布,并且3只灭弧室试品总是发生预击穿的预击穿开距基本相同,均为约1.6~1.9 mm,而预击穿开距的分散性则各不相同,约为3.4~6.0 mm。这意味着随着关合操作次数的增加,灭弧室的预击穿开距分布会显著变化,因而对于在真空断路器进行容性开合时考虑采用选相合闸技术而言,预击穿开距的分布是至关重要的。     

Breakdown voltage of electrode arrangements in vacuum circuit breakers

The prediction of HV strength of electrode arrangements in vacuum is complex. A comparison of experimental results from different labs is quite difficult, because they are influenced by a wide range of parameters like electrode material, surface finish, surface area, conditioning state of the surface and the geometry of the electrode arrangement. The aim of this work is to find an empirical relation between the breakdown voltage and different electrodes parameters. Shielding arrangements and main contacts of vacuum tubes are of particular interest. For this purpose, models of contacts and shield electrodes made of stainless steel are stressed with lightning impulse voltage. Several methods of surface finishing are applied to obtain reproducible conditions. The experimental results and deliberations for an empirical approach are presented. In addition the results are related to numerical field calculations.     

多断口真空开关的动态介质恢复及统计特性分析

从双断口真空开关的等值模型出发，分析了双断口真空开关的动态介质恢复过程，说明只要恢复电压的峰值和上升速度低于某一极限值，整个双断口真空开关并不会因为一个灭弧室发生重击穿而导致开断失败，在此基础上，理论推导得到双断口及多断口真空开关的击穿电压最大可能增长倍数Kn,同时引入“击穿弱点”概念和概念统计方法，分析建立了双断口及多断口真空开关的静态击穿统计分布模型和弧后重击穿统计分布模型，它们可以用来有力解释双断口及多断口真空开关与单断口真空开关相比开断能力有显著提高的机理，最后对电场应力x的物理意义进行了讨论，说明x实质上代表的是微粒引导真空间隙击穿所需的能量。