非接触爆炸冲击载荷对防盗门作用数值模拟研究

为实现反恐行动中非接触爆炸冲击波破门目标,针对金属防盗门实际条件建立数值仿真模型,重点研究了防盗门在非接触爆炸冲击载荷作用下塑性变形破坏过程及规律。结果表明：相同爆炸冲击载荷作用下,实际转动条件防盗门板塑性变形动力响应时间延长,最大变形量远大于四边固支条件下门板变形量;爆炸中心与防盗门距离过近,门板受爆炸产物和空气冲击波共同作用,只出现局部破坏,不能实现门板整体塑性变形;拟合了防盗门板在非接触爆炸冲击载荷作用下变形量计算式,可为反恐破门弹药设计提供依据。     

初始湍流对粉尘爆炸影响的实验研究

采用大型实验装置对管道相连的粉尘操作设备中粉尘爆炸的火焰和压力传播过程及其影响因素进行实验研究。实验装置由两个通过管道连接的不同体积容器构成,爆炸从一个容器中通过管道传播到另一个容器中。在不同的初始湍流度条件下进行粉尘爆炸实验,测试不同位置的火焰和压力信号。结果表明:随着初始湍流度的增大,爆炸的猛烈程度增强,火焰和冲击波的传播速度加快,初始湍流作为影响粉尘爆炸发展过程的重要因素之一,在进行粉尘爆炸的安全防护和设计时必须考虑其作用。     

The use of aerosol formation, flammability, and explosion information for heat-transfer fluid selection

The devastating consequences of aerosol/mist explosions have been widely documented, and there are currently efforts to understand the mechanisms of formation and explosion of aerosols. Heat-transfer fluids (HTFs) are particularly susceptible to these hazards, because they are utilized under high pressures and below their flash points, making them more prone to leaking as aerosols. In fact, there is a critical need during design stages for a perception of explosion risks associated with the selection of HTFs. This paper discusses a novel scheme to integrate the knowledge of HTF aerosol formation from leaks in process equipment into the selection of HTFs during the design process. Hazards of aerosols formed from leaks are classified qualitatively using process pressure and droplet sizes.     

Dust explosions-cases, causes, consequences, and control

Dust explosions pose the most serious and widespread of explosion hazards in the process industry alongside vapour cloud explosions (VCE) and boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVE). Dust explosions almost always lead to serious financial losses in terms of damage to facilities and down time. They also often cause serious injuries to personnel, and fatalities. We present the gist of the dust explosion state-of-the-art. Illustrative case studies and past accident analyses reflect the high frequency, geographic spread, and damage potential of dust explosions across the world. The sources and triggers of dust explosions, and the measures with which different factors associated with dust explosions can be quantified are reviewed alongside dust explosion mechanism. The rest of the review is focused on the ways available to prevent dust explosion, and on cushioning the impact of a dust explosion by venting when the accident does take place.     

爆炸冲击作用下连续梁桥动力响应和影响因素研究

运用数值模拟的方法建立爆炸冲击作用下的钢筋混凝土连续梁桥模型,通过改变爆炸作用点位置、爆炸作用比例距离等因素,研究连续梁桥在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的动力响应和敏感性影响因素。结果表明:连续梁桥中跨跨中是其桥面抗爆性能最为薄弱的位置,在抗爆设防中应着重考虑;当装药量相同时,桥梁的破坏程度与比例距离成反比关系;连续箱型桥梁内部爆炸时,对桥梁造成的破坏最为严重,同等条件下下方爆炸时,桥梁破坏程度最小。本研究为桥梁抗爆设计及损伤评估提供理论依据。     

Accident sequence analysis for sites producing and storing explosives

This paper presents a QRA-based approach for assessing and evaluating the safety of installations handling explosive substances. Comprehensive generic lists of immediate causes and initiating events of detonation and deflagration of explosive substances as well as safety measures preventing these explosions are developed. Initiating events and corresponding measures are grouped under the more general categories of explosion due to shock wave, explosion due to mechanical energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, and electromagnetic radiation. Generic accident sequences are developed using Event Trees. This analysis is adapted to plant-specific conditions and potentially additional protective measures are rank-ordered in terms of the induced reduction in the frequency of explosion, by including also uncertainty. This approach has been applied to 14 plants in Greece with very satisfactory results.     

水中冲击波传播规律及在水压爆破中的应用

炸药包在一定水深爆炸时，形成水中冲击波的运劝，同时形成水中气泡。本文通过分析炸药在水中爆轰后形成冲击波和气泡等现象，研究水中冲击波的传播和气泡上升的规律，并应用在水压爆破中，确定药包重量、入水深度、注水高度等参数的数值。     

负压条件下爆炸罐内爆炸引起筒体振动及噪声特性

为了研究负压条件下容器内爆炸引起的振动及噪声特性,研制一套34.8 L抽真空爆炸罐装置。实验用单发8号工业雷管作为爆炸源,采用NuBox8016型爆破振动测试仪、SZ4A型噪声振动测试仪分别测试筒体振动速度及爆炸噪声声压级,并使用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)以及经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)方法对振动信号进行分析。结果表明,随着真空度的提高,筒体峰值振动速度、爆炸噪声声压级均呈下降趋势。当筒体内真空压力为-99 kPa时,爆炸产生的有害效应得到有效衰减,与常压条件相比,峰值振动速度衰减70.0%,最大噪声声压级降低18.3%。通过FFT变换及EMD分解,发现筒体主振频率随着真空度提高,主振频率也随之提高,高贡献率的imf分量个数呈现增多趋势。该实验结果与分析对探究负压条件下爆炸振动及其噪声信号衰减规律,以及真空爆炸工程应用等具有重要指导意义。     

Delayed thermal explosion in flammable gas containing fuel droplets: Asymptotic analysis

The problem of thermal explosion in a flammable gas mixture with addition of volatile fuel droplets is studied based on the asymptotic method of integral manifolds. The model for the radiative heating of droplets takes into account the semitransparency of droplets. A simplified model for droplet heat-up is used. The results of the analysis are applied to the modelling of thermal explosion in diesel engines. Two distinct dynamical situations have been considered, depending on the initial droplet concentration. These are far zone (small initial liquid volume fraction and small droplet radii) and near zone (large initial liquid volume fraction and large droplet radii). The conditions of the first zone are typical for the areas in the combustion chamber which are far from the fuel injectors, while the conditions of the second zone are typical for the areas in the combustion chamber which are relatively close to the fuel injectors. It has been pointed out that small droplets heating and evaporation time in the far zone is smaller than the chemical ignition delay of the fuel vapor/air mixture. The total ignition delay decreases with increasing initial gas temperature. In the near zone for large droplets, the process starts with the initial gas cooling and slight heating of droplets. This is followed by a relatively slow heating of gas due to the chemical reaction, and further droplet heating. The total ignition delay in the near zone is larger than in the far zone. It is expected that before thermal explosion in the near zone takes place, the droplets break up and are removed from this zone. In optically thick gas effects of thermal radiation are negligible for small droplets but are noticeable for large droplets.     

The prediction of the reaction of an explosive system in a fire environment. coated RDX systems for pressed explosives

A means has been found to predict the behavior of an explosive in response to rapid heating as in a fire. The prediction is empirical and is limited at this time to coated RDX systems used for pressed explosives. The prediction is based upon the quality of the coating present on the RDX crystals. A complete, adherent coating is correlated with a mild reaction to rapid heating while a poor to nonexistent coating is correlated with violent explosions and detonations. Assessment of the quality of the coating is made by a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the interior surfaces of the molding powder. It is suggested that the SEM can be used to guide an explosive development program and as a quality control for explosives production.     

exLOPA for explosion risks assessment

The European Union regulations require safety and health protection of workers who are potentially at risk from explosive atmosphere areas. According to the requirements, the operators of installations where potentially explosive atmosphere can occur are obliged to produce an explosion protection document. The key objective of this document is the assessment of explosion risks. This paper is concerned with the so-called explosion layer of protection analysis (exLOPA), which allows for semi-quantitative explosion risk assessment for process plants where explosive atmospheres occur. The exLOPA is based on the original work of CCPS for LOPA but takes into account some typical factors appropriate for explosion, like the probability that an explosive atmosphere will occur, probability that sources of ignition will be present and become effective as well as the probability of failure on demand for appropriate explosion prevention and mitigation means.     

含铝炸药近场水下爆炸冲击波的实验及数值模拟

含铝炸药能改善能量的输出结构,增强爆轰产物的做功能力,将其应用于水下爆炸,能显著提高水中兵器的爆炸威力和毁伤能力。基于电测法采用PVDF压力传感器开展含铝炸药RL-F和TNT近场水下爆炸冲击波实验,并采用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)法对其进行模拟;通过将仿真结果与实验值及经验值对比,结果表明采用合理的边界条件、计算参数和有限元模型,CEL方法能准确地模拟含铝炸药和TNT近场水下爆炸冲击波的传播过程;含铝炸药近场水下爆炸冲击波压力衰减速率相对于TNT较缓慢。在验证数值模型合理性的基础上,将数值结果拟合得到TNT近场水下爆炸冲击波峰值压力在6倍装药半径内以及含铝炸药峰值压力在一定比例距离范围内的近似回归公式。     

龙山白云石矿不良地质条件硐室爆破施工

在龙山白云石矿硐室爆破施工中,地质条件发生变化,出现溶洞和溶槽,直接影响爆破效果,根据实际情况,采用换填封堵、改变药室位置和装药结构等措施,保证了爆破效果和爆破安全.     

Towards a predictive thermal explosion model for energetic materials

We present an overview of models and computational strategies for simulating the thermal response of high explosives using a multi-physics hydrodynamics code, ALE3D. Recent improvements to the code have aided our computational capability in modeling the behavior of energetic materials systems exposed to strong thermal environments such as fires. We apply these models and computational techniques to a thermal explosion experiment involving the slow heating of a confined explosive. The model includes the transition from slow heating to rapid deflagration in which the time scale decreases from days to hundreds of microseconds. Thermal, mechanical, and chemical effects are modeled during all phases of this process. The heating stage involves thermal expansion and decomposition according to an Arrhenius kinetics model while a pressure-dependent burn model is employed during the explosive phase. We describe and demonstrate the numerical strategies employed to make the transition from slow to fast dynamics. In addition, we investigate the sensitivity of wall expansion rates to numerical strategies and parameters. Results from a one-dimensional model show that violence is influenced by the presence of a gap between the explosive and container. In addition, a comparison is made between 2D model and measured results for the explosion temperature and tube wall expansion profiles.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.     

Strong evaporation of a laser-heated water aerosol droplet

Strong evaporation of a CO₂-laser-heated water aerosol droplet into the outer atmosphere is considered. The plots of the threshold values of laser radiation intensity and respective time of heating up to the droplet explosion vs the condensation coefficient have been obtained and analyzed. The effect of laser radiation intensity, starting from the threshold one, on the time of droplet heating up to its explosion and on the droplet mass at the instant of explosion was determined at different values of the condensation coefficient.N. E. Zhukovskii Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute, Moscow. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 288–292, September, 1992.     

Reducing aluminum dust explosion hazards: case study of dust inerting in an aluminum buffing operation

Metal powders or dusts can represent significant dust explosion hazards in industry, due to their relatively low ignition energy and high explosivity. The hazard is well known in industries that produce or use aluminum powders, but is sometimes not recognized by facilities that produce aluminum dust as a byproduct of bulk aluminum processing. As demonstrated by the 2003 dust explosion at aluminum wheel manufacturer Hayes Lemmerz, facilities that process bulk metals are at risk due to dust generated during machining and finishing operations [U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Investigation Report, Aluminum Dust Explosion Hayes Lemmerz International, Inc., Huntington, Indiana, Report No. 2004-01-I-IN, September 2005]. Previous studies have shown that aluminum dust explosions are more difficult to suppress with flame retardants or inerting agents than dust explosions fueled by other materials such as coal [A.G. Dastidar, P.R. Amyotte, J. Going, K. Chatrathi, Flammability limits of dust-minimum inerting concentrations, Proc. Saf. Progr., 18-1 (1999) 56-63]. In this paper, an inerting method is discussed to reduce the dust explosion hazard of residue created in an aluminum buffing operation as the residue is generated. This technique reduces the dust explosion hazard throughout the buffing process and within the dust collector systems making the process inherently safer. Dust explosion testing results are presented for process dusts produced during trials with varying amounts of flame retardant additives.     

粉状乳化炸药爆炸特性的实验研究

文章研究了粉状乳化炸药的爆炸特性－最大爆炸压力（Ｐｍａｘ）和最大爆炸压力上升速率［（ｄＰ／ｄｔ）ｍａｘ］，考查了各种因素对爆炸特性的影响，并与玉米粉和ＴＮＴ的爆炸行为进行了对比。试验结果表明，粉状乳化炸药与ＴＮＴ相比有着低得多的最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率。从火焰传播机理看，粉状乳化炸药更象非自供氧的玉米粉尘。     

水中爆炸对围岩增耦的实验研究

为研究水中爆炸对围岩的增耦,在一个直径1.6 m的水泥砂浆半球体装置上,将其中心预留的直径0.3 m的腔室内注水和置入水泥砂浆芯体,对比性地进行了一系列的1.00 gTNT(2,4,6-三硝基甲苯)当量的填实和空腔爆炸实验.水泥砂浆球表运动测量数据表明,与水泥砂浆中的空腔解耦相比,水中空腔爆炸的解耦效果较差,尤其水腔中爆炸可大大增强爆炸能量的耦合.可以推断,水下爆炸会明显增强围岩中的爆炸应力波强度,近水域中的空中爆炸也可能会增强围岩中的爆炸能耦合,因而相对于围岩和堤坝中同距离、同药量的爆炸来讲,所引起的破坏危险更大.     

含铝炸药在混凝土介质中爆炸响应的FE-SPH算法模拟研究

本文采用自编程实现的二维轴对称FE-SPH耦合算法对含铝炸药在混凝土介质中的爆炸响应过程进行模拟研究。含铝炸药的爆炸过程采用JWL方程结合Miller反应率方程来描述,同时采用粒子接触算法避免爆炸响应后转化的SPH粒子点间形成堆积及非物理穿透。对不同含铝量的高能炸药在不同埋深下爆炸响应过程进行模拟,通过对混凝土的毁伤及预设动能杆的运动分析,结果表明,所实现的FE-SPH耦合算法能够稳定再现含铝炸药爆炸对混凝土介质的破坏响应过程,并且响应的特征参量也与实验数据吻合。     

Numerical simulation of explosive welding using the material point method

Explosive welding involves detonation of explosive, interactions of fluid-structure and plastic deformations of metal plates at the instant of the explosion. Conventional mesh-based methods such as the finite element method (FEM) and finite difference method (FDM), are limited in simulation of the explosive welding when mesh distortion and interaction of different materials occur. In order to describe process of the explosive welding and accurately predict physical parameters for the explosive welding, numerical simulation of the explosive welding which involves multi-physical phenomenon is performed by using material point method (MPM). Not only can major physical phenomena of explosion impact be well captured, but also some important technical parameters for the explosive welding can be attained based on the MPM simulation. Through the comparison with the experimental results, it is shown that the MPM is a robust tool in simulation of the explosive welding.