A framework for semantic grouping in P2P databases

Sharing of structured data in decentralized environments is a challenging problem, especially in the absence of a global schema. Social network structures map network links to semantic relations between participants in order to assist in efficient resource discovery and information exchange. In this work, we propose a scheme that automates the process of creating schema synopses from semantic clusters of peers which own autonomous relational databases. The resulting mediated schemas can be used as global interfaces for relevant queries. Active nodes are able to initiate the group schema creation process, which produces a mediated schema representative of nodes with similar semantics. Group schemas are then propagated in the overlay and used as a single interface for relevant queries. This increases both the quality and the quantity of the retrieved answers and allows for fast discovery of interest groups by joining peers. As our experimental evaluations show, this method increases both the quality and the quantity of the retrieved answers and allows for faster discovery of semantic groups by joining peers.     

Web search results caching service for structured P2P networks

This paper proposes a two-level P2P caching strategy for Web search queries. The design is suitable for a fully distributed service platform based on managed peer boxes (set-top-box or DSL/cable modem) located at the edge of the network, where both boxes and access bandwidth to those boxes are controlled and managed by an ISP provider. Our solution significantly reduces user query traffic going outside of the ISP provider to get query results from the respective Web search engine. Web users are usually very reactive to worldwide events which cause highly dynamic query traffic patterns leading to load imbalance across peers. Our solution contains a strategy to quickly ease imbalance on peers and spread communication flow among participating peers. Each peer maintains a local result cache used to keep the answers for queries originated in the peer itself and queries for which the peer is responsible for by contacting the Web search engine on-demand. When query traffic is predominantly routed to a few responsible peers our strategy replicates the role of “being responsible for” to neighboring peers so that they can absorb query traffic. This is a fairly slow and adaptive process that we call mid-term load balancing. To achieve a short-term fair distribution of queries we introduce a location cache in each peer which keeps pointers to peers that have already requested the same queries in the recent past. This lets these peers share their query answers with newly requesting peers. This process is fast as these popular queries are usually cached in the first DHT hop of a requesting peer which quickly tends to redistribute load among more and more peers.     

基于拥塞控制的非结构化P2P网络的路由负载均衡策略

非结构化P2P(unstructured peer-to-peer network)对等网络中的节点资源定位的路由查询是对等网络研究中的一个主要难题,特别是当网络中客户端节点由于其频繁加入、离开导致网络结构动态变化所带来的资源查询难题.提出了一种新的基于拥塞控制的路由查询方法来实现动态网络下的资源查询.该方法分两部分实现:首先是网络资源的分组与节点重连策略.该策略使得具有同等资源的节点相互连接,并周期性地调整节点上的节点连接数量以减少同组资源节点上的负载.通过以上策略,使得网络的拓扑结构自动地从随机网络结构进化到以资源组为单位的聚类网络,从而使得网络中形成网络资源组间的查询负载均衡.另一方面,组内的节点之间的路由负载均衡是通过节点间协同学习实现的.采用协同Q-学习方法,所研究的方法不仅从节点上学习其处理能力、连接数和资源的个数等参数,还将节点的拥塞状态作为协同Q-学习的重要参数,并建立模型.通过这种技术,同一组节点上的资源查询被有目的地引导,以避开那些组内拥塞的节点,从而最终实现资源组内节点之间的查询均衡.仿真实验结果表明,相比常用的random walk资源查找方法,该研究所实现的资源定位方法能够更迅速地实现网络的资源查询.仿真结果还表明,相比random walk方法,所提出的方法在网络高强度查询和网络节点动态加入和退出的情况下进行查询具有更高的鲁棒性和适应性.     

P2P Web搜索中一种有效的查询路由策略

有效的多关键字查询路由是P2PWeb搜索中的一个关键问题。文章提出一种基于收益代价比的查询处理方法。该方法基于DHT的P2P覆盖网,挖掘关键字的关联性和节点间覆盖度和重叠度。利用最小独立置换进行重叠检测,因此避免了对相同记录的冗余路由。实验证明了该方法显著减少了查询时间,同时提高了查全率和查准率。     

面向拓扑一致性的层次化常数度P2P构建

常数度P2P模型成为近几年的研究热点,但对于拓扑一致性问题,将已有的方法简单地移植到常数度P2P均存在严重的不足。本文针对常数度P2P FissionE提出一种层次化解决方案CO-Fissio-nE:系统节点首先聚类成簇并组成低层overlay,然后由"下界重合"规则确定高层的簇间链接以保证高效的簇间通信。该规则同时限定了簇间邻居的最大值,因此选取常数度拓扑作为簇间overlay便能够保证各节点度数仍为常数量级;给出了CO-FissionE的路由、资源发布、查询及拓扑维护策略。实验表明该方法通过有限的开销有效地满足了拓扑一致性,降低了查询开销,是一种十分有效的FissionE改进方法,该方法的思想同时可以结合其他拓扑优化技术以及应用到其他常数度P2P。     

一种基于P2P网络的层次化覆盖多播模型

P2P网络的应用日益广泛,但是针对网络中各个终端主机网络接口带宽各异的实际情况,目前的覆盖多播模型没有综合考虑节点的延迟和实际可用带宽的限制。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于P2P网络的层次化覆盖多播模型(HOMM),该模型综合考虑了延迟和带宽两种因素,采用优先度作为构建ALM树的标准,在簇内构建局部ALM树,同时节点的加入、失效等操作的影响只局限于较小的局部范围内,使整个P2P网络的数据转发负载更为均衡。仿真实验表明该模型具有高效性、健壮性,能够很好地适应终端主机网络接口带宽各异的大规模组播环境。     

移动环境中一种基于Hash的P2P覆盖网

目前提出的大多数基于哈希（hash—based）的P2P网络都集中于固定的对等节点。当节点移动到网络中一个新的位置时,这种结构在消息传递等方面的效率就会下降。文章提出一种移动环境中的基于哈希的P2P覆盖网（Hash—based P2P Overlay in Mobile Environment,H—MP2P）,允许节点在网络中自由移动。一个节点可通过P2P网络广播其位置信息,其他节点通过网络可以获知该节点的移动信息并进行定位。通过理论分析和实验可知H—MP2P在扩展性、可靠性和效率方面都可以取得较好的结果,可以很好的应用在移动环境中。     

自组织P2P网络的语义聚类查询算法

P2P网络中参与资源共享的节点日益增多,且呈海量趋势。如何在海量用户海量资源的情况下,查询整个P2P网络中的资源语义分布,计算网络中的所有语义聚类,是一个颇具挑战性的问题。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种面向自组织P2P网络的语义聚类查询算法SCQASPNSR。该算法可高效计算整个P2P网络中的语义聚类,为研究网络中资源语义分布、进行有效的知识发现,提供了有力支持。     

一种高效的P2P环境中的窗口查询算法

随着多媒体以及P2P网络的发展,针对高维数据基于属性的窗口查询已经成为一个重要研究课题.提出了一种在超级节点P2P网络中有效解决高维数据的窗口查询算法,在每个单独的网络节点上,数据通过一种降维算法映射到一维空间,在超级节点上,构造数据的统计信息表以及构造网络查询树,算法在每次查询时,按照查询树的规则来访问整个网络,并利用统计信息剪枝网络中的节点查询,避免网络的泛洪.实验中使用了不同的数据集来评测算法的查询效率,结果表明该算法具有很高的查询效率.     

基于混合P2P网络模型的语义检索方法研究

在语义理解的基础上检索出满足用户需求的信息,是P2P走向更广泛应用的关键技术之一.提出了一种支持语义的混合P2P网络模型M-Chord,采用基于元数据规范模板(MST)的语义描述模型,结合Chord和语义覆盖网的技术特点,对基于MST的语义覆盖网动态生成方法进行了设计,提出了语义扩展路由的概念,并在上述研究的基础上提出了语义检索方法.通过实验分析表明,M-Chord具有较好的扩展性和语义检索性能.     

XCube: Processing XPath queries in a hypercube overlay network

In this paper, we present the design and performance of XCube, a tag-based system for managing XML data in a hypercube overlay network. In XCube, each node in a d-dimensional hypercube is identified by a d-bit vector. A peer manages a smaller hypercube with dimension d′?d. An XML document is compactly represented as a structure summary and a content summary. The structure summary comprises a d-bit vector derived from the distinct tag names in the document and a synopsis capturing the structure of the document. The content summary consists of a bit map that summarizes the document content. The metadata of a document, i.e., owner IP, document identifier, structure summary and content summary, is indexed at its anchor peer (the peer that manages the node with matching bit vector). In addition, the structure summary is further indexed at all peers that manages nodes whose bit vectors are covered by the document’s bit vector. An XPath query is processed in four phases. In phase 1, the query is routed to its anchor peer according to the bit vector of the query. In phase 2, the query is evaluated against all the synopses stored in its anchor peer and forwarded to the anchor peers of the matching synopses. In phase 3, the anchor peer of each related synopsis examines the query on the related bit maps and forwards the query to the related owner peers. Finally in phase 4, the owner peers evaluate the query on the XML documents and return answers to the querying peer. We also present a scheme that dynamically partitions the hypercube to balance the load across peers. We further exploit the partition history to remove redundant messages. We conduct a comprehensive experimental study and the results show the efficiency of XCube.     

基于兴趣挖掘的纯P2P搜索机制研究与实现

在纯P2P环境下，搜索机制是影响信息检索的关键因素之一。本文提出一种基于兴趣索引表的搜索机制，并在此基础上实现纯P2P信息检索原型系统Isearch。该机制首先利用向量空间模型将文件内容向量化，然后对向量空间进行聚类，得到节点的兴趣度，再计算节点之间的兴趣相似度，在本地建立兴趣索引表。在搜索时，根据兴趣索引表直接将查询请求转发到有相似兴趣的节点。实验结果表明，该机制既不影响查询结果，又能减少访问节点的数量，提高查询效率。     

结构化P2P上的高效多属性区间查询

在结构化P2P上的多属性区间查询中,查询算法所需的跳数和消息数依赖于节点个数和被查询的区间大小,属性值改变时会产生大量的消息。针对这些问题,提出结构化P2P上基于节点动态分组(PDG)的多属性区间查询机制。仿真结果表明,PDG中解析每个查询所需的跳数和消息数与被查询的区间大小和节点个数无关,更新属性值所产生的消息数减少,并且节点分组的维护开销较低。     

基于P2P覆盖网络的数据网格副本定位机制

提出了一种基于P2P覆盖网络的数据网格副本定位机制。该机制采用Chord算法将位于副本定位服务顶层的全局副本目录节点组成一个P2P覆盖网络,从而起到均衡负载、提高性能的目的。分析和实验表明,该文提出的机制具有良好的性能、可扩展性、灵活性和可靠性,具有较好的实用价值。     

HD Tree: A novel data structure to support multi-dimensional range query for P2P networks

There are two basic concerns for supporting multi-dimensional range query in P2P overlay networks. The first is to preserve data locality in the process of data space partitioning, and the second is the maintenance of data locality among data ranges with an exponentially expanding and extending rate. The first problem has been well addressed by using recursive decomposition schemes, such as Quad-tree, K-d tree, Z-order, and Hilbert curve. On the other hand, the second problem has been recently identified by our novel data structure: HD Tree. In this paper, we explore how data locality can be easily maintained, and how range query can be efficiently supported in HD Tree. This is done by introducing two basic routing strategies: hierarchical routing and distributed routing. Although hierarchical routing can be applied to any two nodes in the P2P system, it generates high volume traffic toward nodes near the root, and has very limited options to cope with node failure. On the other hand, distributed routing concerns source and destination pairs only at the same depth, but traffic load is bound to some nodes at two neighboring depths, and multiple options can be found to redirect a routing request. Because HD Tree supports multiple routes between any two nodes in the P2P system, routing in HD Tree is very flexible; it can be designed for many purposes, like fault tolerance, or dynamic load balancing. Distributed routing oriented combined routing (DROCR) algorithm is one such routing strategy implemented so far. It is a hybrid algorithm combining advantages from both hierarchical routing and distributed routing. The experimental results show that DROCR algorithm achieves considerable performance gain over the equivalent tree routing at the highest depth examined. For supporting multi-dimensional range query, the experimental results indicate that the exponentially expanding and extending rate have been effectively controlled and minimized by HD Tree overlay structure and DROCR routing.     

一种实现高效副本发布与查询的DHT覆盖网

在对等计算应用中,副本复制技术是提升查询命中率、提升查询速度、维护负载均衡的一种有效方法,然而它也提升了在存储空间和流量上的代价.研究如何在结构化的P2P覆盖网中,通过拓扑优化手段减少复制中的冗余流量和冗余副本.首先在网络中选择支配集节点作为超级节点,设计一个层次化的、体现节点邻近度的P2P覆盖网,然后基于多hash函数,开发对应的复制技术以实现低代价的副本查询.该方法能够有效地在网络中分散副本,提升查询命中率,减少冗余消息和所需存储空间.给出了性能指标的理论分析,并通过仿真验证了该方法的优越性.     

基于模糊逻辑的资源感知P2P重叠网及其应用研究

P2P重叠网以其系统高效性和有效性被广泛应用于分布式网络管理系统中。但是,传统P2P重叠网络的设计往往只关注其P2P特性,忽略了重叠网自身的管理问题;另外,P2P网络强调的是参与者的平等性,忽略了各参与节点自身性能的差异,从而极大影响了系统的整体性能。本文提出一种基于模糊逻辑的资源感知P2P重叠网,系统中的每个参与节点负责管理一部分网元设备,并充分考虑各节点所管理资源的可用性及其所处环境的时变特性,同时利用基于策略的网络管理方式,构建了一种动态和自主的P2P重叠网网络管理系统。仿真结果证明了该方案在网络管理中的可行性和有效性。     

PSON: A scalable P2P file sharing system with efficient complex query support

A desired P2P file sharing system is expected to achieve the following design goals: scalability, routing efficiency and complex query support. In this paper, we propose a powerful P2P file sharing system, PSON, which can satisfy all the three desired properties. PSON is essentially a semantic overlay network of logical nodes. Each logical node represents a cluster of peers that are close to each other. A powerful peer is selected in each cluster to support query routing on the overlay network while the less powerful peers are responsible for the maintenance of shared contents. To facilitate query routing, super peers are organized in form of a balanced binary search tree. By exploiting the concept of semantics, PSON can support complex queries in a scalable and efficient way. In this paper, we present the basic system design such as the semantic overlay construction, query routing and system dynamics. A load balancing scheme is proposed to further enhance the system performance. By simulation experiments, we show that PSON is scalable, efficient and is able to support complex queries.     

无结构P2P系统的重叠网拓扑优化

无结构P2P（Peer-to-Peer）系统的自身结构特征表现着良好的自治性和扩展性。然而,由于自身松散的重叠网拓扑结构以及对等节点可以自由地加入和离开的特点,系统十分容易产生重叠层与底层物理网络的拓扑结构不匹配的问题。另一方面,由于无结构P2P系统大多数采用泛洪式转发,大量的消息会通过低效地重叠网连接占用带宽,产生不必要的数据冗余,从而影响网络的性能,降低整个网络的利用率。提出一种动态拓扑优化模型机制,该机制通过节点在消息转发过程中获取实时的网络拓扑信息,进而通过一系列优化策略对低效的拓扑结构实施优化。     

Continually Answering Constraint k-NN Queries in Unstructured P2P Systems

We consider the problem of efficiently computing distributed geographical k-NN queries in an unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) system,in which each peer is managed by an individual organization and can only communicate with its logical neighboring peers.Such queries are based on local filter query statistics,and require as less communication cost as possible,which makes it more difficult than the existing distributed k-NN queries.Especially,we hope to reduce candidate peers and degrade communication cost.In this paper,we propose an efficient pruning technique to minimize the number of candidate peers to be processed to answer the k-NN queries.Our approach is especially suitable for continuous k-NN queries when updating peers,including changing ranges of peers,dynamically leaving or joining peers,and updating data in a peer. In addition,simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR.)-based query approaches,especially for continuous queries.