Galvanic corrosion of aluminium alloy members of bridge guiderails under severe atmospheric exposure conditions

ABSTRACT

Aluminium alloys are nowadays preferred as materials for bridge guiderails especially for bridges connecting oceanic islands or spanning inlets due to their inherent corrosion resistance. But because of the limited mechanical strength of aluminium alloy, fasteners of guiderail members are made from steel materials. It has been found that contact between bare steel fasteners and aluminium alloy members can cause galvanic corrosion in the aluminium alloy. Research was carried out to investigate the capability of different surface treatments on fasteners and aluminium alloy members to inhibit galvanic corrosion under atmospheric exposure for periods of one and three years. It was found, among other results, that stainless steel fasteners treated with zinc flake coating were the most effective inhibitors of galvanic corrosion on aluminium alloy members.     

飞机铝合金结构连接部位的腐蚀行为

简要阐述了飞机铝合金结构连接部位的腐蚀特点，采用加腐蚀试验方法研究了含有防腐涂层模拟件的腐蚀行为，在试验室条件下再现了服役期间飞机铝合金结构连接部位的腐蚀损伤历程，同时探讨了其腐蚀机理及其影响因素。结果表明，连接部位是飞机铝合金结构的腐蚀薄弱环节，是最容易出现腐蚀活性点和膜下腐蚀的区域，在腐蚀环境下连接部位缝隙处涂层最先出现鼓包和开裂，涂层剥落后金属基体有点蚀坑存在，随着腐蚀时间增加，点蚀向晶间腐蚀发展，最后出现剥蚀。     

Corrosion behaviour of aircraft coating systems in acetate- and formate-based de-icing chemicals

Corrosion behaviour of four coating systems, which are commonly used in aircraft components; namely cadmium-coated and subsequently chromate-treated steel AISI 4340, aluminium-coated steel AISI 4340, anodised aluminium alloy 7075-T6 and chromate-treated aluminium alloy 7075-T6, were investigated in six commercial acetate- and formate-based de-icing chemicals. The results show that the aluminium-coated steel specimens experience least corrosion among the four coating systems; no corrosion is detected in potassium acetate-based de-icing chemicals (Safeway KA HOT, Safegrip and Safegrip+), although some corrosion is observed in the other three chemicals (Safeway SD, Safeway SF and Meltium). In contrast, the coatings in the other three coating systems are damaged in all six de-icing chemicals. The thickness of the coating does not necessarily predict how well the coating will protect the substrate; the thickest coating, several tens of micrometres, is apparent on the cadmium- and chromate-coated steel specimens, while only a few micrometres thin aluminium coating on the steel substrate is the only coating system that can survive the corrosion tests in some of the de-icing chemicals. Comparison of the results from the two test methods used in this research, polarisation measurements and chemical exposure tests, shows that, for each coating system, the extent of corrosion, as evaluated on the basis of weight changes calculated from corrosion current density values and those experienced during chemical exposure tests, is different: the weight changes that materialise during exposure tests are, at least, from one to two orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by calculations. In this paper, these observations are discussed and explanations for them are presented.     

Influence of the β phase on the corrosion performance of anodised coatings on magnesium-aluminium alloys

The effect of the β phase in Mg-Al alloys on the corrosion performance of an anodised coating was studied. It was found that the corrosion resistance of the anodised coating was closely associated with the corrosion performance of the substrate alloy. In particular, Mg alloys with a dual phase microstructure of α + β with intermediate aluminium contents (namely 5%, 10% and 22% Al) after anodisation had the highest corrosion rate and the worst corrosion resistance provide by the anodised coating. The poor performance of an anodised coating was attributed partly to lower corrosion resistance of the substrate alloy and partly to the higher porosity of the anodised coating.     

Corrosion evaluation of microarc oxidation coatings formed on 2024 aluminium alloy

Dense alumina ceramic coatings of 7 μm thickness were fabricated on 2024 aluminium alloy by microarc oxidation (MAO). The corrosion behaviour of the MAO coated alloys was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarisation and EIS measurements. The results show that the corrosion process of the coated alloy can be divided into three stages: (1) the initial stage (the first 2-6 h of immersion): penetration of corrosion medium into the aluminium alloy was inhibited by coating; (2) the second stage (after 24 h of immersion), corrosion medium penetrated to attack the interface between the substrate and the coating; (3) the final stage (after about 96 h): corrosion process was controlled by the diffusion of corrosion products.     

飞机铝合金结构连接部位的腐蚀研究

简要阐述了飞机铝合金结构连接部位的腐蚀特点,采用加腐蚀环境谱的试验方法研究了含有涂层飞机铝合金结构连接部位的腐蚀行为,在试验室条件下再现了其腐蚀损伤历程,揭示了腐蚀发展规律。     

Galvanic coupling between copper and aluminium in a thin-layer cell

The Al/Cu coupling was investigated in a thin-layer cell formed by a large Cu electrode and an Al microelectrode embedded in an insulator placed above the Cu electrode. By using a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) the thickness of the thin layer was perfectly controlled with a precision in the micrometer range. A copper deposit on an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was also used as SECM substrate to quantify the copper dissolution rate. It was shown that such an experimental set-up allows to mimic the galvanic corrosion of intermetallic particles embedded in the aluminium matrix of the 2XXX series aluminium alloys. The combination of the SECM and the EQCM permitted the evaluation of the corrosion rate of copper at the corrosion potential of the 2024 Al alloy, whereas cyclic voltammetry performed on the SECM tip indicated the enrichment in Cu²⁺ ions in the thin electrolyte layer.     

通信滤波器铝基模块表面喷粉工艺研究

为了提高以变形铝合金(6061)和压铸铝合金(YL102)为基材的通信滤波器模块的防腐蚀能力,在其表面进行喷粉处理,研究了涂料类型、模块结构、处理工艺(模块前处理、喷涂烘烤)对成膜耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:针对不同基材选择涂料,适当的圆角过渡,窄槽的深宽比和孔深/孔径比不大于3,特殊的功能表面进行过渡处理,合理地安排喷粉处理工艺,均有利于提高喷粉层的防腐蚀能力。     

Effect of fluxing chemical: An option for Zn-5wt.%Al alloy coating on wire surface by single hot dip process

The corrosion of wire is one of the primary causes for premature failure. The ideal way to overcome this problem is to provide corrosion protection right at the time of manufacturing. It is well established fact that Zn-5 wt.% Al alloy coating on steel surface provides much better protection against corrosion than the conventional pure Zn coating. Conventional fluxing operation is done on wire surface using zinc and ammonium chloride mixture before dipping in molten zinc bath. Galvanization bath temperature of about 415 °C for Zn-5 wt.% Al alloy coating on wire surface develops black spots of AlCl₃ when conventional flux is used. Double dip process is being followed for Zn alloy coating on wire surface due to non availability of suitable flux. An effort has been made to develop a suitable flux to obtain Zn-5 wt.% Al alloy coating on wire surface by single hot dip process. A salt mixture (containing zinc, ammonium, sodium, potassium, cobalt and lead chloride) was formulated based on the decomposition temperature of individual chloride salts. Differential thermal and thermo gravimetric analysis indicate the temperatures for complete decomposition of conventional and formulated flux are 445 and 410 °C, respectively. The lower decomposition temperature of formulated flux is ensured black spot free Zn-5 wt.% Al alloy coating. Alloy coated wire consists of alternative layers of zinc rich and aluminium rich phases. The performance of alloy coated wires has been evaluated by salt spray and Tafel tests. The alloy coated wire shows around 4 times improvement of corrosion performance against aggressive chloride environment compared to pure zinc coated wire. This can be attributed to the fact that aluminium rich phase prevents dissolution of zinc rich phase.     

Zinc‐Aluminium‐Coatings as Corrosion Protection for Steel

An analysis was made to investigate the influence of the alloying of sprayed coatings on the corrosion performance in climates of practical relevance and to evaluate the optimised alloy compositions. Furthermore, the mechanism of corrosion and coating formation was evaluated. The protective effect increased up to an aluminium content of 15 and 22 wt%, respectively, with corrosion rates below 1 µm per year. Electrochemical investigations found a distinctive decrease in the cathodic reaction together with an accumulation of aluminium in per cent and a depletion of zinc. Due to the increasing concentration of aluminium within the layer and the correlated presence of inhibitive corrosion products, the cathodic reaction and therefore the corrosion of the sprayed zinc‐aluminium coatings can be increasingly eliminated.     

铝合金用的两种有机防护涂层评价

    选用LD5、LY11、ZL402为基材,分别施涂IMR11纳米浓缩浆复合涂层(纳米涂层)和SEBF-2型改性熔融结合环氧粉末复合涂层(环氧涂层),利用拉伸试验、抗弯试验以及铜加速乙酸盐雾腐蚀试验,研究涂层在应力应变条件下和酸性盐雾条件下与基材铝合金的适配性.结果表明：纳米涂层比环氧涂层与铝合金基材有更好的适配性;适合用于工作在海洋环境中的飞机、船舶、车辆等非磨损条件下动力设备铝合金结构件的防护涂层.     

Comparison of testing solutions on the protection of Al-alloys using a Mg-rich primer

Magnesium-rich coatings present a new and challenging field of development for the corrosion protection of aluminium structures. These coatings are capable of sacrificial protection, but assessment of their efficiency and durability can be strongly affected by the testing environment. In this work two solutions commonly used in our studies are compared: 0.1% NaCl and dilute Harrison solution (DHS). The corrosion behaviour of two aluminium alloys coated with a magnesium-rich coating, of pure magnesium and of the bare aluminium substrates was assessed in the two solutions using electrochemical techniques. The corrosion rate of pure magnesium was higher in DHS, although the dissolution rate of the magnesium embedded in the polymer matrix was not significantly affected. The impedance spectra of the scribed samples resembled that of the bare substrates in NaCl solution but not in DHS.     

聚脲聚氨酯环氧涂料用於混凝土钢筋防腐蚀的研究

聚脲聚氨酯环氧涂料用於混凝土钢筋防腐蚀的研究林薇薇（浙江大学高分子系杭州３１００２７）钢筋混凝土建筑物耐久性下降的主要原因之一是增强钢筋的腐蚀。因为混凝土是多孔性凝胶体，空气中的氧、湿气和其它腐蚀介质能通过孔隙和细裂缝侵蚀钢筋，而钢筋变成铁锈时体积要...     

铝制散热器焊接工艺对防腐涂料附着力的影响

目前绝大多数铝制散热器厂家均采用钎焊工艺焊接使用的铝硅合金焊丝,导致钎缝处的硅量很高.因此在漆前表面处理过程中,钎缝处会发生选择性腐蚀,从而析出大量的、疏松乱堆的硅微粒;这种微粒会极大的恶化钎缝处漆膜附着力下降.与钎焊不同,氩弧焊焊缝性质与母材性质十分接近,完全不存在上述问题.      

Microstructure and properties of TiN/Ni composite coating prepared by plasma transferred arc scanning process

The TiN/Ni composite coatings were deposited on 7005 aluminium alloy by high speed jet electroplating and then processed with plasma transferred arc(PTA) scanning process. The microstructure, microhardness and friction coefficient of PTA scanning treated specimens were investigated. It is shown that the PTA scanning treated specimens have a rapidly solidified microstructure consisting of the uniformly distributed TiN phase and fine Al₃Ni₂ intermetallic phases. The composite coating has an average microhardness of approximately HV 800. The friction coefficient of PTA scanning treated specimens (oscillated at around 0.25) is considerably lower than that of TiN/Ni composite coating (oscillated at around 0.35). The corrosion behavior of the composite coating in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature was also determined using a potentiostat system. In comparison with the corrosion potential _corr of −0.753 V for 7005 aluminium alloy, the corrosion potentials for TiN/Ti composite coating and PTA scanning treated specimen are increased by 0.148 V and 0.305 V, respectively. The PTA scanning treated specimen has the lowest corrosion current densityJ_corr as well as the highest corrosion potential _corr, showing an improved corrosion resistance compared with 7005 aluminium alloy.     

The use of Al-Al2O3 cold spray coatings to improve the surface properties of magnesium alloys

Pure Al and 6061 aluminium alloy based Al₂O₃ particle-reinforced composite coatings were produced on AZ91E substrates using cold spray. The strength of the coating/substrate interface in tension was found to be stronger than the coating itself. The coatings have corrosion resistance similar to that of bulk pure aluminium in both salt spray and electrochemical tests. The wear resistance of the coatings is significantly better than that of the AZ91 Mg substrate, but the significant result is that the wear rate of the coatings is several decades lower than that of various bulk Al alloys tested for comparison. The effect of post-spray heat treatment, the volume fraction of Al₂O₃ within the coating and of the type of Al powder used in the coatings on the corrosion and wear resistance was also discussed.     

7475高强铝合金在海洋和乡村大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究海洋和乡村大气环境对7475高强铝合金腐蚀行为的影响,为7475高强铝合金环境适应性设计提供支撑。方法在万宁和北京大气环境试验站开展了7475高强铝合金为期36个月的户外暴露试验,通过腐蚀失重分析方法研究了7475高强铝合金在我国2种典型大气环境中的腐蚀动力学规律;借助环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、金相显微镜和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征技术研究了7475高强铝合金的微观腐蚀形貌和锈层成分。结果2种大气环境中,铝合金腐蚀都呈现出初始阶段腐蚀迅速发展,之后腐蚀速率减慢,最后进入腐蚀扩展相对平稳时期的变化规律。在海洋大气环境中户外暴露36个月后,7475高强铝合金呈现明显的点腐蚀特征,腐蚀产物组成为Al(OH)_3、Al_2O_3和Al_2Cl_3。7475高强铝合金在乡村大气环境中表面腐蚀非常轻微,个别表面出现非常小且浅的腐蚀点。结论在乡村大气环境和海洋大气环境中,7475高强铝合金腐蚀动力学遵循幂函数规律。相比较乡村大气环境,7475高强铝合金在海洋大气环境中表现出非常强的腐蚀敏感性。     

超细晶铝合金化学镀镍研究

基于化学镀和超细晶金属材料所具有的独特优势,提出对超细晶铝合金进行化学镀镍,不仅可以保持基材的高强度,而且可以获得高耐磨性、良好的耐蚀性,满足对其表面性能的使用要求.通过对化学镀镍后镀层形貌、硬度和结合强度以及腐蚀性能的研究,结果表明:与退火态铝合金相比,在超细晶铝合金上更容易实现化学镀镍,获得的镀层更均匀、致密,结合力较好,同时也提高了镀层的硬度和耐蚀性.     

Hot dip fine Zn and Zn-Al alloy double coating for corrosion resistance at coastal area

A new hot dip Zn-7Al alloy coating was performed on a structural steel by double coating of fine Zn and Zn-7 wt.% Al alloy, to prevent severe corrosion in coastal area. The alloy-coated steels were exposed to seaside, quasi-industrial, and rural districts to compare with conventional Zn coating. Double coating was significantly effective in preventing corrosion, particularly in a seaside. It was estimated from the exposure test for 10 years that the life of the Zn-7Al alloy-coated steel would be almost four times that of the Zn-coated steel in the seaside. A bending test showed that no exfoliation occurred at the interface between the coated alloy and substrate steel. TEM observation revealed that the excellent adhesiveness of the doubly coated fine Zn and Zn-7Al alloy to the steel substrate was due to formation of the interface region consisting of heterogeneous fine phase mixture of zinc, aluminium and iron.     

镁合金表面电弧喷涂铝涂层在氯离子中的腐蚀行为

采用电弧喷涂技术在镁合金AZ91基材表面制备铝涂层.通过5(质量分数,%)NaCl溶液浸泡试验和盐雾试验,考察了镁合金表面铝涂层在氯离子中的耐蚀性能及其腐蚀行为.利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析技术对涂层形貌、显微组织结构和相组成进行了研究.结果表明,封孔处理后的试样耐蚀性能有较大提高,未封孔的涂层试样腐蚀比原始镁合金更严重.