Effect of hydrocolloids on the rheological, microscopic, mass transfer characteristics during frying and quality characteristics of puri

Effect of hydrocolloids such as guar gum (GG), arabic gum (AG), carrageenan (CG), locust bean gum (LBG), xanthan gum (XN), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) at 0.5% w/w level on rheological and quality parameters of puri from whole wheat flour was studied. Hydrocolloids like CMC, XN and HPMC increased the water absorption of puri dough, while it decreased in all other samples. The dough development time and mixing tolerance index values increased, while dough stability did not get affected. On addition of hydrocolloid, there was a reduction in the pasting temperature, while the peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and cold paste viscosity values increased. Hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness properties of the puri dough increased with the addition of hydrocolloids. All the hydrocolloids used in general helped in retention of moisture in the puri and hence remained softer and pliable, while there was a significant reduction in the oil content of puri samples containing hydrocolloids. Among the different hydrocolloids used, addition of guar gum at 0.5% w/w level led to puris having improved quality characteristics to a greater extent with respect to moisture retention, lowering of oil content upon frying with softer and pliable texture and better keeping quality. The mass transfer studies confirmed that the mass transfer co-efficient values for moisture loss and oil uptake were lower in puris with guar gum than control.     

3种改良剂种类对小麦复配粉粉质特性及面片品质影响的比较分析

为改善市售小麦粉（蛋白质11%）制作汤饭面片的面团特性和品质,在小麦粉中添加不同磷酸盐、食用胶类和淀粉,测定复配粉的糊化特性、面团特性以及面片复水后的品质比较。结果表明,磷酸盐能增加面粉峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度、衰减值和回生值,对峰值时间、糊化温度影响不显著（p>0.05）。焦磷酸钠和三聚磷酸盐显著增加了面粉峰值粘度（p<0.05）;聚丙烯酸钠显著降低了面粉回生值和衰减值（p<0.05）,分别为767 cP、593 cP;马铃薯变性淀粉、木薯变性淀粉显著降低了面粉的回生值（p<0.05）。磷酸盐、食用胶对面团粉质特性有显著提高,淀粉降低了面团的粉质特性。六偏磷酸钠、三聚磷酸盐和焦磷酸钠弱化度最低,都为4 BU;聚丙烯酸钠、黄原胶弱化度最小分别为1 BU、4 BU。3种改良剂均能改善面片的剪切特性,除碳酸氢钠其他试验组能有效改善面片复水性和感官。三聚磷酸盐、黄原胶和马铃薯变性淀粉在试验组中对面片的硬度和延展性更好,复水性、品质和适口性更佳。综合评价：添加三聚磷酸盐、黄原胶和马铃薯变性淀粉能够较好的改善面团的特性和面片的品质,并能制作出适合加工新疆汤饭的方便面片。     

蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉对小麦粉粉质及饼干品质特性的影响

研究蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉对小麦粉粉质及混合粉制作饼干品质特性的影响。将蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉添加到小麦粉中,测定不同比例蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉与小麦粉混合后的沉淀指数、糊化特性、粉质特性以及混合粉饼干质构性质。结果表明：小麦粉中添加不同量的蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉后,小麦混合粉的沉淀指数、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、稀懈值、最终黏度和反弹值均降低;蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉添加到小麦粉中,面筋蛋白被稀释,吸水能力随可溶性膳食纤维质量分数的增加而增加,而面团的形成时间和稳定时间缩短,弱化度升高,粉质质量指数降低;混合粉焙烤出的饼干质构特性发生变化。根据饼干的质构特性和感官评定结果,在低筋面粉中添加质量分数6%的蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉时,混合粉制作的饼干品质最佳。     

山药薏米芡实混合粉对小麦粉加工品质的影响

在小麦粉中加入山药、薏米、芡实混合粉,利用快速黏度分析仪、Mixolab混合实验仪和质构仪分析不同添加量的混合粉对小麦粉糊化特性、面团热机械学特性以及对馒头质构特性的影响.结果表明:随着混合粉添加量的增加,小麦粉的糊化黏度、崩解值、回生值、糊化温度、糊化时间、面团吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间逐渐降低,蒸煮稳定性和蛋白质弱...     

Effect of hydrocolloids and emulsifiers on the rheological,microstructural and quality characteristics of eggless cake

Effect of hydrocolloids like Arabic (AR), guar (GR), xanthan (XN), carrageenan (CG) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) in combination with emulsifiers such as glycerol monostearate (GMS) and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL) on the rheological, microstructural and quality characteristics of eggless cake was studied. Addition of GR to wheat flour in the presence of SSL increased peak viscosity, while in the presence of GMS all hydrocolloids excepting XN increased the peak viscosity. The set back value decreased with the addition of hydrocolloids. Addition of hydrocolloids to wheat flour as well as in the presence of GMS and SSL increased the eggless cake batter viscosity, specific gravity, and XN showed the highest value. Among different hydrocolloids tried, only HPMC improved the eggless cake making characteristics of wheat flour. Use of HPMC increased the overall quality score of eggless cake with GMS to the maximum extent followed in decreasing order by CG and XN. Addition of all the hydrocolloids increased the overall quality of eggless cake with SSL and highest improvement was brought about by HPMC. Microstructure studies of eggless cake crumb with hydrocolloids showed that the starch granules appeared wrapped by XN and HPMC. In eggless cake with combination of HPMC and SSL the protein matrix appeared more uniform.     

INFLUENCE OF METHYLCELLULOSE ON OIL ABSORPTION OF WHEAT FLOUR BATTER COATED CUT POTATOES1

The influence of substitution types (A4M, E4M, and K4M), molecular weights (14000, 41000, and 86000), and concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/w of flour) of methylcellulose on oil absorption of wheat flour batter-coated cut potatoes in two batter systems was studied. The two batter systems are (1) controlled viscosity batters at 1200 cp (CVB) and (2) controlled initial moisture content batters at 134 g/100 g flour (CIMB). In CVB, addition of methylcellulose increased initial moisture content of batters. There was no significant difference in moisture and oil content in fried products among types of methylcellulose. Higher number average molecular weight (Mn) of methylcellulose up to 41000 with simultaneous increase in initial moisture content resulted in greater moisture content in fried coating and oil content in food substrate. The higher the concentration of methylcellulose with concurrent increase in initial moisture content of batter, the greater the oil content in food substrate and the lower the oil uptake ratio in coating were obtained. For CIMB, addition of methylcellulose raised viscosity of batters. Higher Mn and concentration of methylcellulose in CIMB provided increasing coating thickness and decreasing oil uptake in fried products. Substitution type of methylcellulose for the molecular weight studied did not affect the fried quality whereas increase in Mn and concentration resulted in lower oil absorption and oil uptake ratio.     

微波辐照稳定化处理小麦籽粒及其品质变化的研究

以河北优质白麦为原料,研究了微波辐照功率、辐照时间、润麦水分、润麦时间等参数对全麦粉脂肪酶活动度、湿面筋含量的影响,考察了适度微波辐照对面粉粉质特性和糊化特性的影响。结果表明微波辐照能够显著降低(p<0.05)全麦粉的脂肪酶活动度和湿面筋含量。适度的微波辐照(微波功率420 W,辐照时间90 s,润麦水分14%,润麦时间25 min)能够大幅降低全麦粉脂肪酶活动度,同时对其湿面筋含量损伤较小,并提高面粉粉质稳定时间,降低弱化度,增加了面糊峰值粘度和回生值,改善了面筋强度和面糊稳定性,延缓了全麦粉脂肪酸值的升高。     

Use of response surface methodology to investigate the effects of milling conditions on damaged starch,dough stickiness and chapatti quality

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the influence of three factors namely mill aperture, feed rate and moisture content of wheat grain on the damaged starch content of whole wheat flour from Lokwan wheat cultivar, dough stickiness and chapatti (Indian unleavened flat bread) quality. Each predictor variable was tested at three levels. Aperture was varied as 2, 3 and 4 mm in a stone mill, feed rate as 0.21, 0.63 and 1.05 min for 200 g wheat grains and grain moisture content as 8.6, 14.3 and 20% w/w. Flours containing varying amounts of damaged starch ranging from 6.1% to 26.90% were obtained and these were evaluated for dough stickiness and chapatti quality. Dough stickiness was increased with decreased aperture. With decreased aperture and increased grain moisture content softness of the chapatti was improved.     

小麦A-型及B-型淀粉对面粉糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响

采用分离重组的方法,使B-型淀粉占总淀粉的质量百分比分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、60%,探究不同小麦A-型及B-型淀粉比例下形成重组面粉的糊化特性及面团流变学特性的变化规律。结果表明,随着B-型淀粉颗粒配比的增加,重组面粉的糊化温度呈上升趋势,B-型淀粉从0%增加到40%时无显著性差别。峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度均呈下降趋势;重组面粉吸水率显著性增大,形成时间呈整体上升趋势,面团的稳定时间呈下降趋势,弱化度总体呈波动性上升趋势,B-型淀粉配比为0%时有最小值,在50%~60%范围时弱化度最大,当B-型淀粉占总淀粉比例为30%~50%时,其粉质指数较大且无显著性差异;面团发酵最大高度(Hm)、面团最终高度(h)的变化趋势基本一致,呈现出总体下降趋势。气体释放曲线最大高度(H’m)、面团的产气量(V总)、面团气体的损失量(V损)有着基本一致的变化趋势,当B-型淀粉配比在0%~20%范围时,均呈现出先增大后减少的趋势,随着配比的增大(20%~60%)总体呈小范围内波动性增加,但面团的持气率R有着完全相反的趋势。且当B-型淀粉占总淀粉比例为20%时,面团的产气量V总和气体损失量V损最小,面团的持气率R最大。     

燕麦面团流变学及加工特性研究

以燕麦粉为原料,以中强筋小麦粉为对照,研究燕麦粉与小麦粉不同配比混合粉的面团流变学特性和食品加工特性.结果认为,与小麦粉相比,燕麦蛋白质组分中清蛋白、醇溶蛋白含量较低,球蛋白含量高,谷蛋白含量稍低.燕麦粉峰值、最大、最终黏度均小于对照小麦粉.加入燕麦粉后,面团形成时间延长,稳定时间降低.用淀粉代替燕麦粉,同样添加量下面包及馒头比容、总评分降低,面条吸水率、总评分降低,失落率升高.当面粉取代量大于5%时,对混粉食品制作品质有显著影响.加入10%、25%、10%燕麦粉制作面条、馒头和面包是较为理想的配比.     

添加辣木叶粉对小麦粉面团品质的影响

考察不同粒径辣木叶粉对小麦面团品质的影响。采用普通粉碎、超微粉碎技术制备不同粒径的辣木叶粉,采用分光测色计、粉质仪、拉伸仪、黏度仪分析辣木叶粉对小麦面团品质的影响。结果显示添加5%辣木叶粉后,小麦粉的吸水率、糊化温度没有显著变化;形成时间、稳定时间均显著下降;45 min醒发后的最大拉伸阻力由234.9 BU下降至130 BU左右,延伸度下降;峰值黏度由531 BU显著下降至303～355 BU,回生值亦下降,衰减值上升。结果表明添加辣木叶粉一定程度减弱了小麦面团的面筋强度和淀粉黏性,但减弱了小麦粉面团的回生,超微粉碎可以减弱辣木叶粉对小麦粉面团的负面影响,研究为辣木叶粉在面制品行业的应用提供了理论参考。     

干热处理对藜麦淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

以高筋小麦粉为原料添加酵母制作面团,在温度28℃、湿度80%条件下发酵1～6 h,提取小麦淀粉。研究发酵时间对小麦直链淀粉含量、损伤淀粉含量、粒径、颗粒表面结构、糊化及消化特性的影响。结果表明：面团发酵1 h后直链淀粉含量和损伤淀粉含量均显著低于原淀粉(P<0.05)。快速黏度分析结果表明,发酵1 h的小麦淀粉峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷浆黏度最低。发酵处理后淀粉的粒径均小于原淀粉,其中发酵5 h的平均粒径最小。扫描电镜结果表明,发酵6 h的小麦淀粉颗粒表面出现破裂现象。体外消化实验表明,发酵5 h和6 h小麦淀粉的消化速率最高,发酵后抗性淀粉含量低于原淀粉,而慢消化淀粉含量高于原淀粉(P<0.05)。     

藜麦粉对冷冻面团特性及其面包品质的影响

将藜麦和小麦粉按一定比例混合,用快速粘度分析法测定混合粉糊化特性,流变仪测定了冻藏过程中小麦-藜麦冷冻面团的流变学特性,核磁共振法测定面团中水分迁移,并测定其发酵体积变化,最后分析了冷冻面团组织状态与产品品质的关系。结果表明：藜麦粉对冷冻面团及面包的品质均有改善。藜麦粉降低了混合粉体系的糊化粘度和崩解值。冻藏后,冷冻面团的弹性模量和粘性模量增加,小麦粉冷冻面团损耗角正切值增加了4.73%,添加量为5%时冷冻面团损耗角正切值仅增加0.41%;小麦冷冻面团自由水上升了3.90%,藜麦添加后仅上升2.40%,可见藜麦粉能冷冻面团降低水分迁移程度;同时,添加藜麦粉能维持面团面筋网络结构的完整性,发酵体积由26.42 mL/h增大到29.17 mL/h。不同添加量的藜麦粉对面团及面包的品质改善程度不同,最适添加量为10%,烘烤后面包比容为3.08 mL/g,硬度为2803.48 g。本研究可为开发藜麦冷冻面团提供理论基础,在藜麦新产品开发方面具有重要的指导意义。     

全麦粉的添加对油馕面团品质的影响

考察添加不同比例的全麦粉,对油馕面团粉质特性、拉伸性、糊化特性、混合粉溶剂保留特性、面团水分分布和面团面筋蛋白二级结构的影响。结果表明,随着全麦粉含量的增加面团加工性质变差,面团吸水率由65.18%增加至最大值80.30%,面团形成时间从4.13 min增加到最大值5.34 min;面团的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、回生值和衰减值呈下降趋势,而糊化温度则不断提高;拉伸能量由87 cm2降低至30 cm2,延展度由156 mm降低至92 mm,拉伸阻力由302 EU降低至242 EU。当全麦粉完全取代精粉时与精粉组相比（全麦粉取代率为0%）,混合粉的碳酸钠、蔗糖和水溶剂保留率分别增加了20.56%、18.69%和34.94%,而乳酸溶剂保留率则降低23.47%;核磁结果显示,面团中水分分布变化情况为A21/A2升高,A22/A2和A23/A2下降;傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定结果显示,面筋蛋白结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠的总相对含量由68.57%下降为50.89%,无规卷曲相对含量增加了31.5%,稳定的二级结构下降、不稳定的二级结构相对含量上升,导致面筋蛋白结构变差。     

不同品种紫薯粉面团品质特性

以纯小麦粉面团为对照,通过测定9种紫薯粉面团的粉质、糊化、流变学、水分分布状态特性,探讨9种紫薯粉对小麦粉混合面团品质特性的影响。结果表明:与纯小麦粉面团相比,不同品种紫薯粉面团的吸水率、稳定时间、弱化度、公差指数、糊化温度均有所增加;而面团带宽、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值均有所降低;储能模量、耗能模量和深层结合水基本呈现增加趋势,损耗角正切基本呈现下降趋势。紫薯粉的添加使得面团稳定性、保水性增加。不同紫薯粉平均粒径存在极显著性差异（P<0.01）,将紫薯粉平均粒径与其面团的粉质及糊化特性进行相关性分析和聚类分析,发现紫薯粉平均粒径与吸水率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与稳定时间呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;将紫薯粉面团分为三类,第I类包括鄂紫薯12号等7种紫薯粉面团;第Ⅱ类、第Ⅲ类分别为徐紫薯8号、绵紫薯9号。本研究为小麦粉面团专用紫薯粉品种的生产提供了理论依据。     

Rheological properties of instant fried noodle dough as affected by some ingredients

An experiment was set up to investigate the influence of ingredients such as moisture, gum and starch on the rheological properties of instant fried noodle dough. The noodle dough was formulated using a mixture of wheat flour (100%), 0–0.3% guar gum, 0–7.5% starch and 30–42% moisture. The rheological properties of noodle dough were influenced by the ingredients and their interactions. Increasing moisture content decreased Young's modulus (E) of dough samples. Addition of gum to dough at a lower moisture content of 30% increased E, decreased the energy at break (EB) and increased the storage modulus (G′) values. Interactions of starch and gum influenced changes in the rheological parameters at higher moisture contents. Increasing starch content in noodle dough with a lower gum concentration increased EB to a point beyond which further increase in starch concentration decreased EB. Gum and starch improved the binding and mechanical network in the dough. Insufficient water in the dough apparently reduced cohesion in the dough whereas excess water reduced the functionality of gum and starch. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同热处理的米粉对小麦粉裹粉特性的影响

以信阳杂交早粳米和小麦粉为原料,通过挤压膨化和湿热调质的方法对米粉进行热处理,对比研究这2种热处理米粉对小麦粉裹粉性质影响,探索不同添加量热处理米粉对小麦粉裹粉品质的改良作用,旨在为裹粉工业的发展提供依据。结果显示:添加热处理米粉可以提高小麦粉裹粉吸水性指数、膨润力、挂糊量、含水量、脆度和感官评分,降低峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和回生值的作用。相关性分析表明,裹粉的挂糊量与热处理米粉添加量呈显著正相关关系,而糊化特性和感官评分与热处理米粉添加量呈显著负相关关系,对于水溶性指数、膨润力、含水量、含油量和脆度与热处理米粉添加量相关性不一致,这2种热处理米粉均改善了裹粉的品质。     

Textural, Water Holding, and Sensory Properties of Low-fat Pork Bologna with Normal or Waxy Starch Hull-less Barley

All ultra-low-fat (< 1%) pork bolognas had similar cook yield and composition. Addition of 4% hull-less waxy barley flour or meal to formulations provided the greatest purge control; 4% normal starch barley, wheat flour and potato starch were intermediate; 0.25% kappa-carrageenan or 1% soy protein concentrate had little effect on water holding and texture. Expressible moisture and purge were significantly correlated to moisture content and batter viscosity. Formulations with wheat flour and waxy barley meal were scored the firmest, while bologna with potato starch required the most force to compress. For most sensory properties, barley fractions performed similarly to wheat flour; however, waxy barley provided superior water holding during storage.     

Influence of additives on dough rheology and quality of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thepla</Emphasis>: an Indian unleavened flatbread

Thepla is Indian unleavened flatbread made from whole-wheat flour with added spices and vegetables. In the present study, effect of addition of various emulsifiers such as sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), di acetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglyceride (DATEM) and glycerol mono-stearate (GMS) were studied. Further hydrocolloids (guar gum, carrageenan) and modified polysaccharides [hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl cellulose] were added at the concentration ranging from 0.25 to 1 % on the basis of whole wheat flour to prepared the doughs. These thepla doughs were analyzed for rheology and theplas were analyzed for tear force. Additives helped in improvement of dough and thepla quality. Guar gum increased dough stickiness and strength to the highest (31.12 and 1.76 g respectively). Also, guar gum decreased tear force value of thepla to 208.4 g. Tear force was found to be increasing with the duration of storage. Highest improvement in thepla dough and quality was obtained by the addition of guar gum at 0.75 % which retained the softest texture of thepla.     

马铃薯全粉剂量效应对面团特性以及馒头品质作用分析

为丰富馒头营养和品种,向面团中加入马铃薯全粉,分析马铃薯全粉基本成分及物化特性,探究马铃薯全粉剂量效应对混粉、面团特性,以及馒头品质影响的研究。结果表明,马铃薯全粉中主要成分为淀粉,含量约为67.07%;马铃薯全粉的持水性、吸水膨胀性分别为3.57 g/g、2.49 mL/g;马铃薯全粉的粘度为12.71 m2/s,与面粉混合可以增强面团的物化特性。马铃薯全粉的添加使得面团粉质特性变差,揉混特性变好,添加量为8%~15%时,面团糊化特性和拉伸特性较好;随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯馒头表皮、内瓤白度降低;马铃薯全粉添加量为5%~8%时,馒头比容、硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性较大,感官评分高。综上所述,为提高面团特性,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为8%~15%;为改善馒头品质,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为5%~8%。