燃煤工业锅炉节能监测研究分析

节能监测与技术服务是依据国家有关节约能源的法规(或行业、地方规定)和能源标准,对用能单位的能源利用状况进行监督检查、测试和评价,以及为用能单位研发节能新技术、新材料、新设备或将已研发的节能技术集成应用,并提供节能设计、咨询、工程组织实施等方面的节能技术服务工作。     

综述节能效益分享型的合同能源管理

合同能源管理（Energy Performance Contracting--EPC）是一种新型的市场化节能机制，其实质是以减少的能源费用来支付节能项目全部成本的节能业务运作方式。这种节能投资方式是由节能服务公司通过技术服务和商业化运作项目，让客户使用未来的节能收益为能源利用或能源转换系统和设备升级，以及降低目前的运行成本。典型、完整的合同能源管理项目是由节能服务公司通过与客户签订节能服务合同，为客户提供包括能源审计、     

全球可再生能源市场展望报告

本年度报告假设"墨守成规"、"基准情景"和"快速发展"三种发展情景,用以描述清洁能源市场未来可能的发展趋势.基于对技术成本、经济财富、政策方向和电网投资等不同假设,这三种情景代表了对世界能源体系发展的不同认识. 假设三种发展情景 墨守成规 ·世界经济持续低迷:实际GDP年复合增长率为2.2％. ·化石燃料保持低价:页岩气迅猛发展,从而压低了国际天然气和煤炭价格.     

浅析节能服务公司回款难题的解决途径

正节能服务公司是一种基于合同能源管理机制运作的、市场化的专业公司,能够为用能单位提供节能潜力分析、融资、设备选购、施工、检测、培训等一整套服务,以确保改造项目节能效益的实现。而用能单位以节约的能源费用来支付节能项目全部成本及节能服务公司的合理利润。合同能源管理机制对于提高我国能源利用效率、减少温室气体排放,促进我国节能机制转换具有一定的推动作用。但是,节能服务     

企业能源审计

“企业能源审计”是一套企业能源核算系统、合理用能的分析评价体系与能源利用状况审核考察机制的总和。科学、规范地对用能单位能源利用状况进行定量分析，对企业能源利用效率、消耗水平、能源经济与环境效果进行客观考察评价，寻求节能的潜力与机会是它的基本内容。企业能源审计是一种分析评价方法，可以应用于国家节能行政管理、应用于节能技术与政策服务，也可作为企业提高能源效率、改进能源成本管理进行自我检查的有效工具。企业能源审计也是实施其他节能措施的评价工具，是保障各种节能援助计划有效实施的措施。     

应用先进的合同能源管理方式推动节能事业向前发展

合同能源管理(简称EMC)是一种全新的节能服务新机制.它与传统的节能服务公司通过推销节能产品或节能技术,来推动企业节能的模式不同,是一种集前期工程诊断设计,中期融资、采购、安装,后期节能量测定跟踪服务为一体的全方位、系统化服务.其内容包括:为客户提供能源诊断、方案设计、技术选择、项目融资、设备采购、安装调试、运行维护、人员培训、节能量监测、节能量跟踪等.其实质是以减少的能源费用来支付节能项目全部成本的投资方式,这样一种节能投资方式允许用户使用未来的节能收益用于工厂的设备升级,以及降低运行成本.     

纺织企业能源审计与节能潜力分析

节能减排是建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的必然选择,是实现科学发展和可持续发展的必要途径。能源审计是全面了解企业能源消费过程和能源利用效率,帮助企业寻找节能潜力,加强能源管理,降低生产成本的重要方式。纺织业是重点耗能行业之一,是技术、资源、能源与劳动力密集型产业。通过不同规模纺织类企业的能源审计得到了能源消费指标和数据,找出了节能潜力,提出了切实可行的节能措施,为企业节能和政府决策提供了参考依据。     

碳达峰碳中和目标下推进节能机制创新的思考

"十一五"以来,我国围绕提高能源利用效率、发挥节能对转变经济发展方式的倒逼作用,从行政、法律、市场、经济等方面建立了一系列节能机制.在碳达峰、碳中和目标引领下,节能机制应在控制化石能源消费、推进可再生能源消纳、促进先进节能技术应用、推进区域能效综合提升和能源系统整体优化等方面进行完善和创新.本文梳理了"十一五"以来我国...     

北京节能技术服务中心简介

北京节能技术服务中心,是由联合国开发计划署和法国政府共同对我国政府援建的项目,是国家经委与北京市人民政府决定在北京建立的,是市经委直接领导的单位。北京节能技术服务中心,是一九八二年七月正式成立的,其宗旨是为贯彻执行我国政府关于“开发和节约并重,近期把节约放在优先地位”的能源政策,提高能源利用率。北京节能技术服务中心,具有一定的技术力量向企业提供测试、咨询和培训服务,提供节能科技情报资料,目     

书介：太阳能LED系统在室内环境艺术设计中的应用探讨

<正>化石能源的使用导致全球气候变暖,对人类生存环境造成严重破坏,能源作为社会发展的基础,以可再生绿色能源取代化石能源,调整能源结构已成为世界各国政府关注的重要问题之一。可再生能源的开发和应用可以有效缓解自然资源的过度消耗,同时助力社会经济持续发展。以光伏发电为首的可再生能源在全球得到广泛关注,我国光伏技术发展、推广应用更是领先于其他国家。分布式光伏发电是给用户端提供日常电力供给。对企业发展而言,企业能源管理与成本控制息息相关,采用光伏发电可以有效降低生产成本,因此分布式光伏发电技术应用广泛,如建筑设计、室内环境设计等。LED用于照明具有使用寿命长、效率高的优势,与光伏发电结合可达到环保、高效、节能的目的。     

External costs from electricity generation of China up to 2030 in energy and abatement scenarios

This paper presents estimated external costs of electricity generation in China under different scenarios of long-term energy and environmental policies. Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) software is used to develop a simple model of electricity demand and to estimate gross electricity generation in China up to 2030 under these scenarios. Because external costs for unit of electricity from fossil fuel will vary in different government regulation periods, airborne pollutant external costs of SO₂, NO_x, PM₁₀, and CO₂ from fired power plants are then estimated based on emission inventories and environmental cost for unit of pollutants, while external costs of non-fossil power generation are evaluated with external cost for unit of electricity. The developed model is run to study the impact of different energy efficiency and environmental abatement policy initiatives that would reduce total energy requirement and also reduce external costs of electricity generation. It is shown that external costs of electricity generation may reduce 24–55% with three energy policies scenarios and may further reduce by 20.9–26.7% with two environmental policies scenarios. The total reduction of external costs may reach 58.2%.     

Hydrogen as a renewable and sustainable solution in reducing global fossil fuel consumption

In this paper, hydrogen is considered as a renewable and sustainable solution for reducing global fossil fuel consumption and combating global warming and studied exergetically through a parametric performance analysis. The environmental impact results are then compared with the ones obtained for fossil fuels. In this regard, some exergetic expressions are derived depending primarily upon the exergetic utilization ratios of fossil fuels and hydrogen: the fossil fuel based global waste exergy factor, hydrogen based global exergetic efficiency, fossil fuel based global irreversibility coefficient and hydrogen based global exergetic indicator. These relations incorporate predicted exergetic utilization ratios for hydrogen energy from non-fossil fuel resources such as water, etc., and are used to investigate whether or not exergetic utilization of hydrogen can significantly reduce the fossil fuel based global irreversibility coefficient (ranging from 1 to +∞) indicating the fossil fuel consumption and contribute to increase the hydrogen based global exergetic indicator (ranging from 0 to 1) indicating the hydrogen utilization at a certain ratio of fossil fuel utilization. In order to verify all these exergetic expressions, the actual fossil fuel consumption and production data are taken from the literature. Due to the unavailability of appropriate hydrogen data for analysis, it is assumed that the utilization ratios of hydrogen are ranged between 0 and 1. For the verification of these parameters, the variations of fossil fuel based global irreversibility coefficient and hydrogen based global exergetic indicator as the functions of fossil fuel based global waste exergy factor, hydrogen based global exergetic efficiency and exergetic utilization of hydrogen from non-fossil fuels are analyzed and discussed in detail. Consequently, if exergetic utilization ratio of hydrogen from non-fossil fuel sources at a certain exergetic utilization ratio of fossil fuels increases, the fossil fuel based global irreversibility coefficient will decrease and the hydrogen based global exergetic indicator will increase.     

Energy and society

The era of accelerating fuel us accompanied by fall in price is contrasted with the more recent advent of environmental awareness, and of conservation methods directed towards reducing energy consumption. the nature of the trade-off between energy conserving equipment and fuel saving is compared with that between environmental damage costs and abatement costs. It is shown that society tends to operate at levels of conservation and pollution abatement which are well short of the optimum in each case. Householders require a very high return on conservation measures and utilities underestimate environmental damage. the parallel between factory reform legislation and modern standards setting is drawn. Simulation modelling is argued to have a role in showing the presence of market imperfections, discovering the magnitude of the effects deriving from the imperfections, and examining alternative instruments for overcoming the imperfections. In illustration of such simulation modelling, results of projections from the Energy Demand Projection model of the Systems Analysis Research Unit are given.     

The delivery of low-cost,low-carbon rural energy services

The provision of both electrical and mechanical energy services can play a critical role in poverty alleviation for the almost two billion rural users who currently lack access to electricity. Distributed generation using diesel generators remains a common means of electricity provision for rural communities throughout the world. Due to rising fuel costs, the need to address poverty, and consequences of global warming, it is necessary to develop cost efficient means of reducing fossil fuel consumption in isolated diesel microgrids. Based on a case study in Nicaragua, a set of demand and supply side measures are ordered by their annualized costs in order to approximate an energy supply curve. The curve highlights significant opportunities for reducing the costs of delivering energy services while also transitioning to a carbon-free electrical system. In particular, the study demonstrates the significant cost savings resulting from the implementation of conventional metering, efficient residential lighting, and electricity generation using renewable energy sources.     

Economic growth,fossil fuel and non-fossil consumption: A Pooled Mean Group analysis using proxies for capital

This study employs a Pooled Mean Group estimator to examine the nexus between economic growth and fossil and non-fossil fuel consumption for 53 countries between 1990 and 2012. The global sample was divided into four categories: developed exporters, developed importers, developing exporters and developing importers. The purpose of these categories was to observe whether factors unique to these countries influence the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. With the exception of developing importers, evidence of bi-directional causality between fossil fuel consumption and real GDP across all subsamples is observed. This leads to the conclusion that efforts to directly conserve fossil fuels may harm economic growth. In terms of non-fossil fuel use, the results are more diverse. Bi-directional causality between non-fossil fuel use and real GDP is found in the long and short run for developed importers; bi-directional causality only in the long run for developed exporters; negative long-run causality from real GDP to non-fossil fuels for developing exporters; and long-run causality from non-fossil fuel use to real GDP for developing importers. These results lead to the conclusion that other factors have been responsible for the progress seen in non-fossil fuel use. Thus it is concluded that economic growth on its own is insufficient to promote clean energy development. There is a need for policy makers to create an environment conducive to renewable energy investment.     

Energy conservation on Nova Scotia farms: Baseline energy data

Direct energy use is a small but essential component of the farm greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Improvements in energy efficiency and renewable energy can help reduce farm operating costs, improve air quality and reduce GHG emission levels. Energy conservation is especially important in Nova Scotia (NS), Canada, where fossil fuels, particularly coal, remain the primary source of electrical generation. Responses from mail surveys were used to establish baseline data on a cross-section of NS farms with respect to direct energy costs and usage to demonstrate differences in farm type and size. A 32% (N=224) response rate was achieved. Based on this survey, the average energy bill for a NS farm in 2004 was $11,228, with most (61.7%) of their energy cost attributable to the purchase of petroleum products. Almost all farmers (96.4%) indicated that their energy cost was a primary concern. Farmers identified the operation of vehicles and mobile equipment, as well as lighting and heating as having the greatest energy requirements in their operations. Energy usage varied with farm type and size. NS farms consumed 1.2 petajoules of energy equivalent to 127 kilotonnes of CO₂ with 52.7% of emissions from electricity use in 2004.     

我国工业节能现状调研和对策

近年来我国一次能源的消费持续快速增长,尤其是工业领域能耗巨大,约占我国总能耗的70%,能源供应形势严峻。针对目前我国以化石能源消耗为主的能耗结构,本文在用能现状分析的基础上,着重从科学用能的角度提出了节能降耗的关键技术路线,主要包括热能的梯级利用、能源-资源的综合利用、动力机械节能、余能的回收利用等,同时探讨了依靠良好的政策管理、积极的示范推广来实现节能的目的。     

Energy in Western Europe

Western Europe is exceptionally dependent on imports for its energy supplies and accounts for about half the world's energy imports. Although the countries of the region have widely differing energy resources and a diversity of energy policies, they all share the fundamental policy objectives of reducing energy cost and, particularly, minimizing oil imports as well as diversifying sources. Although projections of future use are notoriously unreliable, there is a projected reliance upon imports in the year 2000 for over 50% of fossil fuel needs. Thus continued, firm programmes and policies are essential to meet this challenge.     

我国与国际上非化石能源发电的能量折算方法比较分析

本文对IEA、EIA、BP和联合国等主要能源统计机构的非化石能源发电统计体系进行了分析,比较了各机构非化石能源电力能量折算方法中存在的主要差异,总结了不同方法对非化石能源电力消费统计结果的影响。     

The effects of rising energy costs and transportation mode mix on forest fuel procurement costs

Since fossil fuels have been broadly recognized as a non-renewable energy source that threatens the climate, sustainable and CO₂ neutral energy sources - such as forest fuels - are being promoted in Europe, instead. With the expeditiously growing forest fuel demand, the strategic problem of how to design a cost-efficient distribution network has evolved. This paper presents an MILP model, comprising decisions on modes of transportation and spatial arrangement of terminals, in order to design a forest fuel supply network for Austria. The MILP model is used to evaluate the impacts of rising energy costs on procurement sources, transport mix and procurement costs on a national scale, based on the example of Austria. A 20% increase of energy costs results in a procurement cost increase of 7%, and another 20% increase of energy costs would have similar results. While domestic waterways become more important as a result of the first energy cost increase, rail only does so after the second. One way to decrease procurement costs would be to reduce the share of empty trips with truck and trailer. Reducing this share by 10% decreases the average procurement costs by up to 20%. Routing influences the modal split considerably, and the truck transport share increases from 86% to 97%, accordingly. Increasing forest fuel imports by large CHPs lowers domestic competition and also enables smaller plants to cut their procurement costs. Rising forest fuel imports via ship will not significantly decrease domestic market shares, but they will reduce procurement costs considerably.