太阳能光伏制氢储能——燃料电池发电系统

20年来,我国太阳能光伏发电技术的开发利用取得了巨大成绩。特别是通过“七五”、“八五”科技攻关项目的实施,太阳能光伏发电的技术水平与实用化程度有了显著提高,其应用范围和规模不断扩大。光伏发电在解决边远地区人民生活用电和某些生产用电方面起到了重要作用,取得了良好的经济效益和显著的社会效益。随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,边远地区居民对电视机、洗衣机、电冰箱等家用电器的购买欲望日益强烈,同时对供电质量,供电的保证率也提出了新的要求。我国现有的太阳能光伏发电系统基本上是独立方式运行,系统供电受季…     

独立光伏混合储能发电自治系统配置优化

发电自治系统是指零排放不间断运行的系统。根据负载特性和太阳光照强度时间分布曲线,结合典型储能器件,包括蓄电池、燃料电池与电解制氢,用穷尽搜索法对独立光伏混合储能发电自治系统进行了优化配置。以年为运行周期,按照蓄电池、燃料电池与电解制氢的充放电顺序,得到实现不间断供电的配置方案。根据各器件的安装和运行维护成本,计算各配置方案的年运行成本。为实现独立光伏混合储能发电自治系统的配置优化提供设计依据。     

基于FMPC的储能系统跟踪光伏发电计划控制策略

为了最大限度地提高跟踪光伏发电计划的能力,文章提出一种适用于储能系统的模糊模型预测控制(FMPC)充放电控制策略。基于模型预测控制(MPC)方法,建立了以储能系统剩余容量偏离理想值、并网功率与发电计划偏差最小为目标的控制模型,通过引入模糊控制(Fuzzy Control),即时调节目标函数中的权重系数以获得最佳跟踪效果。以光伏电站实际运行数据进行仿真分析,结果表明,与传统MPC和普通控制策略相比,所提出的基于FMPC的储能系统控制方法具有独特的灵活性和适应性。     

基于混合储能的并网光伏发电系统功率控制研究

针对并网光伏发电系统输出功率的波动,提出利用混合储能系统对功率进行平抑.介绍了光伏最大功率跟踪和并网逆变的控制,为实现发电和并网功率的匹配,考虑蓄电池和超级电容器各自特性的优势,对混合储能系统提出了三级式功率分配策略;通过设计相应的控制方法和以功率分配单元的输出功率作为参考值,混合储能系统控制变换器进行合理充放电.混合储能系统不仅保证了并网功率按计划运行,而且稳定了直流母线电压、满足了随机负荷供电.通过仿真验证,三级式功率分配策略有效,控制方法可行.     

独立光伏发电混合储能系统容量优化研究

准确建立系统中各环节数学模型,综合考虑不同储能元件（超级电容器和蓄电池）的储能特性,以混合储能系统成本最低为优化目标,以独立光伏发电系统各项运行技术指标为约束条件,提出了一种基于单纯形法的容量优化配置方法,并进行了编程实现和算例验证。     

超级电容器-蓄电池应用于独立光伏系统的储能设计

建立了混合储能系统的数学模型,对模型系统进行了稳定性分析,从应用角度出发,设计了一套超级电容器-蓄电池混合储能装置应用在独立光伏系统,使用PSPICE软件仿真分析了系统的运行特性,结果表明系统在光伏输入功率大幅波动以及负载突变时具有很好的稳定性,可为超级电容器应用于可再生能源发电和电能质量改善等领域提供较好的参考。     

Design of a grid-connected PV system with hybrid energy storage

由于国内的储能技术起步较晚,分布式电源中应用单一储能介质很难满足系统运行要求.基于某公司的光伏储能并网系统示范项目,以具有快速响应特性的超级电容器和具有大容量储能特性的锂离子电池为混合储能系统,以储能控制器为控制核心统一协调控制,使电能以可控功率按需送入电网.该系统可有效提高储能系统的功率输出能力,优化储能系统的充放电过程,延长储能电池的使用寿命,具有良好的应用及推广价值.     

Systematic development and application of a fuzzy logic equipped generic energy storage system for dynamic stability reinforcement

Even though fuzzy logic has been tremendously utilized in power systems, it has often been termed as far from complete due to the in-existence of a systematic procedure. Here, we report a systematic development and application of a fuzzy logic equipped generic energy storage system (GESS) for dynamic stability reinforcement in a conglomerate power system. While ensuring a stabilizing performance by minimizing a quadratic stability index, the reactive and real-power trajectories of GESS are determined. The proposed control strategy is optimized offline using a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization and cast with mixed integer programming mathematics to dispatch an optimal template of series weights, grades of membership and decisive fuzzy rules. The dynamic behavior of the dc link is also assimilated in the detailed GESS modeling using cascaded proportional-integral controllers. A perspective of a combination of flywheel energy storage system and superconducting magnetic energy storage is traversed by approximating the inherent loop dynamics of the storages by a GA-tuned first-order system. The role of the said storage devices in manifestation of exogenous wind power intermittency as well as concentrated short circuits is investigated. A wind farm integrated, reoriented form of an exemplar multibus network is adopted as the model system to authenticate the potency of the presented control strategy.     

Load shedding scheme for an interconnected hydro-thermal hybrid system with SMES

The frequency of the power system varies based on the load pattern of the consumers. With continuous increase in the load, the frequency of the system keeps decreasing and may reach its minimum allowable limits. Further increase in the load will result in more frequency drop leading to the need of load shedding, if excess generation is not available to cater the need. This paper proposed a methodology in a hybrid thermal-hydro system for finding the required amount of load to be shed for setting the frequency of the system within its minimum allowable limits. The load shedding steps were obtained based on the rate of change of frequency with the increase in the load in both areas. The impact of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) was obtained on load shedding scheme. The comparison of the results was presented on the two-area system.     

A new approach of sizing battery energy storage system for smoothing the power fluctuations of a PV/wind hybrid system

In this paper, a new approach for optimally sizing the storage system employing the battery banks for the suppression of the output power fluctuations generated in the hybrid photovoltaic/wind hybrid energy system. At first, a novel multiple averaging technique has been used to find the smoothing power that has to be supplied by the batteries for the different levels of smoothing of output power. Then the battery energy storage system is optimally sized using particle swarm optimization according to the level of smoothing power requirement, with the constraints of maintaining the battery state of charge and keeping the energy loss within the acceptable limits. Two different case studies have been presented for different locations and different sizes of the hybrid systems in this work. The results of the simulation studies and detailed discussions are presented at the end to portrait the effectiveness of the proposed method for sizing of the battery energy storage system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An updated review of energy storage systems: Classification and applications in distributed generation power systems incorporating renewable energy resources

The demand of electric energy is increasing globally, and the fact remains that the major share of this energy is still being produced from the traditional generation technologies. However, the recent trends, for obvious reasons of environmental concerns, are indicating a paradigm shift towards distributed generation (DG) incorporating renewable energy resources (RERs). But there are associated challenges with high penetration of RERs as these resources are unpredictable and stochastic in nature, and as a result, it becomes difficult to provide immediate response to demand variations. This is where energy storage systems (ESSs) come to the rescue, and they not only can compensate the stochastic nature and sudden deficiencies of RERs but can also enhance the grid stability, reliability, and efficiency by providing services in power quality, bridging power, and energy management. This paper provides an extensive review of different ESSs, which have been in use and also the ones that are currently in developing stage, describing their working principles and giving a comparative analysis of important features and technical as well as economic characteristics. The wide range of storage technologies, with each ESS being different in terms of the scale of power, response time, energy/power density, discharge duration, and cost coupled with the complex characteristics matrices, makes it difficult to select a particular ESS for a specific application. The comparative analysis presented in this paper helps in this regard and provides a clear picture of the suitability of ESSs for different power system applications, categorized appropriately. The paper also brings out the associated challenges and suggests the future research directions.     

一种并网型风光互补发电系统的建模与仿真

分析了风光互补发电系统的技术优势,设计了基于固态变压器结构的并网型风光互补发电系统。分别建立了光伏系统,风力发电系统,超级电容和蓄电池的模型,并分析各环节的控制策略,提出了基于平均功率的储能设备容量配置方法。仿真结果表明,该系统能模拟风光互补系统在不同模式下的运行特性,可以有效降低功率波动和维持电压稳定,并能在低光照强度、低风速等情况下为系统提供短时能量支撑。     

独立户用光伏发电系统成本影响因素及其分析

由光伏发电系统的成本计算公式可知光伏发电系统成本的高低主要受光伏组件和蓄电池容量的影响,通过分析影响光伏组件和蓄电池容量的各因素及其变化趋势,论述了如何根据安装地点的太阳能资源和系统用电要求,选取合适的光伏组件和蓄电池容量,从而使得发电系统的成本最低,且系统运行最优.     

光伏发电系统的并网模糊PID控制

在三相两级式并网逆变器数学模型的基础上,将模糊PID控制策略引入光伏发电系统的并网控制中。通过数字仿真和物理仿真表明模糊控制与PID控制相结合的模糊PID控制,改善了光伏系统并网控制的动态过程,能够实现光伏系统的平滑并网。     

Modeling and simulation of a grid-connected PV generation system for electromagnetic transient analysis

This paper addresses modeling and simulation of a grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPS) to analyze its grid interface behavior and control performance in the system design. A simple circuit model of the solar array is used to easily simulate its inherent characteristics with the basic specification data. Detailed power and protection control of the GCPS as well as its electrical circuits have been represented by user-defined and built-in components to take into account transients in normal and fault conditions, which are dominated by its power electronic controller. The model has been described with the reference to and implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC, a power system transient software package. Extensive simulation results are presented and analyzed to validate that the proposed simulation model is effective for control and protection performance evaluation of the GCPS in terms of electromagnetic transient analysis.