无盖板渗透型太阳能空气集热器热性能的实验研究

无盖板渗透型太阳能空气集热器是一种易于实现建筑一体化的高效新风预热及干燥装置。为了掌握无盖板渗透型集热器在实际工况下的热性能,建造了集热面积为2.2 m2的太阳能空气加热系统实验台,并在2009年2月至2009年4月对其热性能进行了户外瞬态实验研究。实验结果表明出口空气温度随辐射强度的增加而升高,太阳辐射强度是影响集热器出口空气温度的最重要因素,而室外空气温度的影响极小。空气温升随风量的增加而减小,集热器热效率随风量的增加而增大。在三个测试日中集热器的平均热效率分别为58%、63%和72%,高于普通平板太阳能空气集热器。     

太阳能平板集热/储热系统

介绍一种将相变储热材料和太阳平板空气集热器相结合的太阳能集热/储热系统(包括结构设计和试验测试),并对整个系统的储热效率和热损失进行了估算.结果显示,装置的储热效率可达23%,热效率达55%.而同样情况下的普通集热器的热效率仅为19%,远远小于前者.因此,该太阳能集热/储热系统可有效降低集热器的热损失,提高集热效率.     

改进型微热管平板太阳能空气集热器性能分析

近年来,以空气作为换热介质的太阳能集热器越来越受到重视。本文以微热管阵列为核心传热元件,设计并搭建了改进型微热管平板太阳能空气集热器性能测试系统。通过实验研究了不同空气流量和不同进口温度对集热器集热性能的影响,获得相应参量对集热器的出口空气温度、集热效率和微热管阵列蒸发段温度的影响特性,分析对比了改进前后集热器的集热性能,得到了集热器效率的归一化曲线。实验结果表明,改进型微热管平板太阳能空气集热器在夏季240 m³/h空气流量时集热性能最佳,改进后的集热器相比原集热器在夏季的平均集热效率最高同比提升13.8%;在240 m³/h风量下的平均集热效率最高达到了74%,对应集热器的压降为9.2 Pa。     

利用条缝射流强化无盖板型太阳能集热器性能

为提升无盖板型太阳能空气集热器热性能，设计一种条缝射流型太阳能空气集热器，并利用数值模拟和实验验证对其热性能进行分析。集热器内部流动及换热特性的模拟结果表明，利用圆孔和挡片形成的条缝射流能对集热板形成有效覆盖，进而提高进气与集热板的对流换热。射流条缝存在最优结构参数，当圆孔直径为25 mm时，条缝宽度在3 mm处接近最优；集热效率则随挡片直径的增大而增大，是由于射流贴附效应在变强。实验结果表明，条缝射流型集热器的全天热效率稳定且高效。当处理气量为39 m3/h时，该集热器全天热效率稳定在约48%，优于传统的无盖板渗透型太阳能集热器。     

两种盖板式冲缝型空气集热器的热性能研究

提出一种冲缝型吸热板结构,并对采用该结构的普通玻璃和真空玻璃盖板式冲缝型空气集热器的热性能进行研究。建立两种集热器的数学模型,并在实验的基础上,以空气出口温度和热效率作为评价指标,模拟研究不同参数对集热器热性能的影响。结果表明,在该文参数范围内,两种集热器的空气出口温度和热效率均随冲缝当量直径和室外风速增大而减小,随平均冲缝间距和环境温度增大而增大;空气出口温度随集热器送风量增大而减小,随空气进口温度升高而增大;热效率随集热器送风量增大而增大,随空气进口温度升高而减小;受真空玻璃透射率较低的影响,在室外环境条件良好时,真空玻璃盖板式集热器的热性能低于普通玻璃盖板式集热器。     

基于平板微热管阵列的新型太阳能空气集热器热性能及阻力特性研究

以平板微热管阵列为核心部件设计一种新型的太阳能空气集热器,对其热性能和阻力特性进行详实的实验研究。探讨不同季节对空气集热器集热效率的影响;空气流量对集热效率的影响;空气集热器的流动阻力特性。实验结果表明:夏季稳定运行状态下集热器的集热效率可达73%,流动阻力小于25 Pa。     

多功能太阳能采暖集热器研究

本研究设计了一种可转换冬季与夏季功能的太阳空气集热器,该集热器的集热板为一组叶片,叶片由传动装置联接在一起,吸热板叶片可以转动,并且能够跟踪太阳能运行,最大限度吸收太阳辐射。吸热板背面涂以热反射涂层,夏季叶片翻转180,°反射红外辐射隔热降温。文章分析了影响太阳空气集热器的瞬时集热效率的各种因素,并对其热性能进行了试验。     

不同气候条件下平板太阳能集热器动态热性能的解析

利用一种可结合环境气象数据等参数来计算平板太阳能集热器一段时间内集热效率动态分布的数学模型,对比研究了不同气候区典型城市年平均效率及逐月效率分布的差异,分析了入口温度与环境温度温差、太阳辐照度对集热器全年瞬时效率的影响,并将该模型与《太阳能供热采暖工程技术规范》中的集热效率计算方法进行了对比。通过分析说明了在研究太阳能集热器的集热效率时,应结合气象条件和运行参数动态进行研究分析,冬季的瞬时效率并非总是低于夏季。该模型可更精确地模拟实际工程情况来计算集热器平均效率,是一种更加适应不同气候地区的太阳能集热器热性能模型,为工程实例中平板太阳能集热器平均效率的选取提供了参考。     

典型太阳能集热器热性能研究

以当今市场保有量最高的两种典型太阳能集热器——全玻璃真空管型太阳能集热器和平板型太阳能集热器为研究对象,从能量传递角度,构建了太阳能集热器在理想状态下的热效率模型,并依据模型计算了极限热效率;最后对两种太阳能集热器做了热性能测试实验,并使用最小二乘法拟合出太阳能集热器瞬时热效率与归一化温差的关系,对比两种太阳能集热器在同一实验条件下的极限热效率和热损失系数,并验证了该模型的正确性。     

空气-水复合平板型太阳能集热器

提出了一种适用于太阳能供热采暖工程的新型太阳能空气-水复合平板集热器。该集热器可以单独使用空气、水或同时以空气和水作为集热工质。测试显示,该集热器空气循环集热效率为55%～65%,水循环集热效率为32%～34%,能够满足太阳能供热采暖工程的要求。该集热器成本不高,适用于在我国北方广大农村地区推广使用。     

Use of unglazed transpired solar collectors for desiccant cooling

The use of unglazed transpired solar collectors for desiccant regeneration in a solid desiccant cooling cycle was investigated because these collectors are less expensive than conventional glazed flat-plate collectors. Using computer models, we studied the performance of a desiccant cooling ventilation cycle integrated with either unglazed transpired collectors or conventional glazed flat-plate collectors. We found that the thermal coefficient of performance of the cooling system with unglazed collectors was lower than that of the cooling system with glazed collectors because the former system did not use the heat of adsorption released during the dehumidification process. Although the area required for the unglazed collector array was 70% more than that required for the glazed collector array in a 10.56 kW (3 ton) solar cooling system, the cost of the unglazed array was 45% less than the cost of the glazed array. The simple payback period of the unglazed collector was half of the payback period of the glazed collector when replacing an equivalent gas-fired air heater. Although the use of unglazed transpired collectors seems to make economic sense relative to use of glazed conventional collectors, some practical considerations may limit their use for desiccant regeneration.     

Mathematical modeling and thermal performance analysis of unglazed transpired solar collectors

Unglazed transpired collectors or UTC (also known as perforated collectors) are a relatively new development in solar collector technology, introduced in the early nineties for ventilation air heating. These collectors are used in several large buildings in Canada, USA and Europe, effecting considerable savings in energy and heating costs. Transpired collectors are a potential replacement for glazed flat plate collectors. This paper presents the details of a mathematical model for UTC using heat transfer expressions for the collector components, and empirical relations for estimating the various heat transfer coefficients. It predicts the thermal performance of unglazed transpired solar collectors over a wide range of design and operating conditions. Results of the model were analysed to predict the effects of key parameters on the performance of a UTC for a delivery air temperature of 45–55 °C for drying applications. The parametric studies were carried out by varying the porosity, airflow rate, solar radiation, and solar absorptivity/thermal emissivity, and finding their influence on collector efficiency, heat exchange effectiveness, air temperature rise and useful heat delivered. Results indicate promising thermal performance of UTC in this temperature band, offering itself as an attractive alternate to glazed solar collectors for drying of food products.The results of the model have been used to develop nomograms, which can be a valuable tool for a collector designer in optimising the design and thermal performance of UTC. It also enables the prediction of the absolute thermal performance of a UTC under a given set of conditions.     

Solar collectors with colored absorbers

The integration of solar collectors in buildings should be compatible with the architectural design, and solar collectors with colored absorbers would be aesthetically preferable. In our laboratory we constructed and tested flat plate solar collectors with colored absorbers for water heating applications. The study includes collectors in their typical form with the protective glazing, and also collectors without glazing. Unglazed solar collectors are not widely used, although they are cost effective solar devices, suitable for low temperature thermal applications. We tested outdoors the constructed models, glazed and unglazed, with black, blue and red brown absorbers. In order to overcome the high thermal losses of the unglazed collectors and the low optical efficiency of the colored absorbers, we used flat booster reflectors. The additional solar radiation input from the reflectors increases the thermal energy output of the collectors, improving their performance. Theoretical steady state efficiency curves are also given for collectors with or without glazing. The presented experimental and theoretical results determine the range of the effective operation of the proposed solar collector types, which can be used in a variety of applications, instead of glazed or unglazed solar collectors with a black absorber.     

Design,fabrication and performance evaluation of natural circulation rectangular box-type solar domestic water heating system

This study includes design and experimental analysis of a solar domestic water heating system. Water heating systems with glazed and unglazed collectors were constructed and tested at Dhaka, Bangladesh, at a latitude of 23.7 °N. Collector thermal efficiency and capability of raising water temperature were considered as performance evaluation measures. A typical day analysis showed that collector efficiency varied with time and touched its peak at around 12:00 h. During testing, the efficiency of the glazed collector increased by about 70.3% when compared with the unglazed collector. Average collector efficiency over the whole test period was also estimated to be 57.3% and 33.7% for glazed and unglazed collectors, respectively. Maximum water temperatures measured at daytime user outlets were, respectively, 82.4 °C and 65.5 °C for domestic water heating systems with glazed and unglazed collectors and approximated to be 49 °C and 32 °C higher than the ambient temperature. The glazed collector eventually offered significantly higher performances over the unglazed collector in improving system performance.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON A SOLAR AIR COLLECTOR WITH METAL MATRIX ABSORBER

The present contribution describes the development and testing of an efficient single-glazed solar matrix air collector. This collector was designed in order to overcome the physical problems of conventional flat-plate air collectors as well as the technical problems of matrix air collectors, in particular. The absorber of the collector consists of two parallel sheets of black oxidized or black galvanized industrial woven, fine-meshed wire screens made of copper. The new collector can be readily produced industrially at acceptable costs. A test collector was developed and tested indoors by varying design features and operating conditions using a solar simulator as a radiation source. The new collector is very durable and flexible regarding mass flow rate and collector duct height, and yields high thermal performances at very low pressure losses. High outlet temperatures are obtainable, thus improving the quality of the gained heat. This type of collector can be used for drying and heating applications and – due to its light-weight design and the possibility to serve as a sunshade (anti-glare device) which can be unrolled if there is dazzle by the sunlight inside of the building – it can be easily integrated vertically into double facades of buildings.     

NUMERICAL SOLUTION AND VALIDATION OF A DYNAMIC MODEL OF SOLAR COLLECTORS WORKING WITH VARYING FLUID FLOW RATE

A method to calculate the short-term dynamic behavior of solar collectors, working with varying fluid-flow rate, has been developed. It is based on a system of first-order partial differential equations. The method was applied to model a large unglazed collector used for heating a public outdoor swimming-pool in Marburg (Germany). A validation with data measured at this collector showed good short- and long-term accuracy of the model at constant and varying flow rates. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the detailed model was compared to that of several model approximations especially at varying flow rate. In the case of unglazed collectors a simple dynamic model, based on an ordinary differential equation, gives accurate results in most practical applications even at varying flow rate. The extension of the method to flat-plate collectors is demonstrated as well.     

基于微通道的太阳能集热器及其性能模拟

针对传统的平板型太阳能集热器集热效率较低的问题,本文设计了一款微通道集热器,采用数值模拟方法研究了微通道集热器的工作状况,并分析了传统平板型集热器的管中心距在稳态传热条件下对集热器的效率影响。仿真结果表明:相同条件下,平板型集热器的管间距越小,集热效率越高;微通道集热器的平均集热效率比最佳管间距的平板型集热器高9.3%,比常用的两种平板型集热器分别高20.6%、30.6%。该结果有利于优化平板型集热器的设计参数,为微通道集热器的实际应用提供了依据。     

Parametric study of various configurations of hybrid PV/thermal air collector: Experimental validation of theoretical model

In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the overall performance of hybrid PV/thermal (PV/T) air collector. The different configurations of hybrid air collectors which are considered as unglazed and glazed PV/T air heaters, with and without tedlar. Analytical expressions for the temperatures of solar cells, back surface of the module, outlet air and the rate of extraction of useful thermal energy from hybrid PV/T air collectors have been derived. Further an analytical expression similar to Hottel–Whiller–Bliss (HWB) equation for flat plate collector has also been derived in terms of design and climatic parameters. Numerical computations have been carried out for composite climate of New Delhi and the results for different configurations have been compared. The thermal model for unglazed PV/T air heating system has also been validated experimentally for summer climatic conditions. It is observed that glazed hybrid PV/T without tedlar gives the best performance.     

不同吸热涂层平板集热器的热性能衰减研究

为分析不同吸热涂层平板集热器的热性能衰减,以蓝膜、阳极氧化和黑铬集热器为研究对象,基于太阳集热器热性能测试平台,对集热器热性能及空晒老化性能进行测试。分别测试吸热涂层样品的吸收比和发射比,分析空晒前后平板集热器吸收比、发射比和瞬时效率的变化情况及影响因素。研究结果表明:在温度约为18℃的工况下,蓝膜集热器热性能为75.5%,黑铬为73.4%,阳极氧化为69.3%,吸热涂层的光学性能是影响平板集热器热性能的主要因素。平板集热器瞬时效率、吸收比和发射比变化情况的依存关系为Δη≈9.553Δα-1.213Δερ,该式可衡量平板集热器的热性能衰减度。通过空晒老化性能实验可知,提高平板集热器吸热涂层的抗腐蚀、抗氧化能力,可延长集热器的使用寿命。