柴油机燃用生物柴油的经济性与排放特性试验研究

在DL190-12单缸柴油机上进行了燃用生物柴油与纯柴油的经济性与排放特性对比试验研究。试验结果表明:柴油机燃用生物柴油时,有效燃油消耗率升高约11%~15%,当量燃油消耗率中小负荷时略高于纯柴油水平,大负荷时趋近于纯柴油水平;NOx排放量在中小负荷时趋于纯柴油水平,而大负荷时的排放量较纯柴油升高约14%~20%;CO排放量低于纯柴油水平,最高下降幅度约为11%;THC排放量低于纯柴油水平,下降幅度约18%~47%,燃用生物柴油的炭烟排放较纯柴油大幅度下降,最高下降幅度约50%。     

CLZ微乳化乙醇柴油混合燃料的发动机性能研究

基于亲油-亲水平衡(HLB值)理论和乳化原理,研究了单试剂和复合试剂作为乳化剂对乙醇柴油混合燃料体系的乳化效果和稳定性的影响,开发了一种以生物油、蓖麻油以及其他几种单试剂复配而成的CLZ复配型乳化剂,结果表明:CLZ复配型乳化剂较好地解决了E10乙醇柴油体系在较宽广温度范围内的物理稳定性问题,对E15乙醇柴油混合体系有较强的乳化能力,能使乙醇柴油混合燃料长期保持良好的物理稳定性.通过试验对比研究了乙醇柴油燃料对柴油机性能的影响,结果表明:燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料后,当量燃油消耗率降低,有效热效率提高,CO排放量低负荷时升高、高负荷时下降;NOx排放量略低于燃用纯柴油水平;THC排放量高于燃用纯柴油水平,碳烟排放量相比纯柴油大幅度下降.     

供油提前角对含水乙醇-生物柴油发动机性能的影响

在对含水乙醇和生物柴油互溶性研究的基础上,进行了不同供油提前角下B90A10混合燃料柴油机经济性与排放特性的对比试验研究。试验结果表明:生物柴油和含水乙醇具有良好的互溶性;柴油机原机供油提前角为18°CA BTDC时,B90A10有效燃油消耗率较低,供油提前角增大或减小都使燃油经济性不同程度地恶化;低负荷工况下,16°CA,18°CA,20°CA BTDC供油提前角时的CO排放水平相当;中、高负荷工况下,随着供油提前角的减小,CO排放量依次增大。随着供油提前角的增大,碳烟排放降低,而NOx排放上升,呈现折中(Trade-off)的关系;HC排放对供油提前角的变化不敏感,总体排放量接近。对B90A10混合燃料的台架试验结果分析表明,多组分B90A10混合燃料是一种较为理想的柴油机代用燃料。     

不同海拔下EGR对含氧燃料柴油机性能影响的试验研究

利用大气模拟系统,在81kPa和100kPa的大气环境下,试验研究废气再循环(EGR)对柴油、B15E5燃料动力性、经济性及排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:使用EGR后,柴油机动力性下降较明显,81kPa时转矩的下降幅度高于100kPa时,B15E5燃料在最大转矩转速时动力性下降幅度大,转矩峰值消失。EGR对柴油机的经济性影响不明显,B15E5燃料的经济性差于纯柴油;低负荷工况有EGR时,柴油机燃油消耗率在81kPa时增加,而在100kPa时下降。EGR使柴油机的NOx排放明显下降,随着负荷增大降幅增大。EGR使柴油机的碳烟和CO排放明显增加,B15E5燃料的碳烟和CO排放明显低于纯柴油;81kPa时碳烟和CO排放高于100kPa时。EGR使燃烧温度和压力下降;100kPa时燃烧始点比81kPa提前。     

生物含氧燃料成分对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

将占体积比80％的柴油分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及10％乙醇和10％生物柴油的混合物,连同纯柴油组成E20、B20、E10810和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行燃烧、性能及排放特性试验研究。结果表明：含氧燃料成分的不同对折合油耗率基本不产生影响,但对燃烧和排放特性影响较大。发动机燃用E20的缸内最大爆发压力较柴油要大,B20、E10810较柴油要小;含氧燃料中生物柴油的加入使最大压力升高率减小,燃烧变得柔和;含氧燃料的放热时刻均落后于柴油的放热时刻。含氧燃料成分在中低负荷下对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2300r／min的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油要低。含氧燃料成分不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低。3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放较柴油要低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小。     

柴油机燃用不同比例菜籽油生物柴油和乙醇柴油的对比试验研究

在一台S195直喷柴油机上进行燃料燃烧对比试验,试验结果表明,燃用生物柴油和乙醇柴油会使柴油机的动力性有所下降,其中菜籽油生物柴油的动力性接近纯柴油燃料的动力性,乙醇柴油的动力性相对较差。生物柴油和乙醇柴油的油耗率都比纯柴油要高,生物柴油的油耗率要高于乙醇柴油。但随负荷的增大,这种差距呈下降趋势。生物柴油和乙醇柴油在较大工况范围都可以保持比纯柴油燃料较低的CO排放量。低负荷状态下改善不明显,甚至会增大;高负荷工况下,混合燃料的CO排放比纯柴油降低较多。绝大部分工况下,生物柴油和乙醇柴油燃料的HC排放都比纯柴油高。绝大部分工况下,生物柴油和乙醇柴油的NOx排放和碳烟排放都比纯柴油低,其中生物柴油的表现优于乙醇柴油。     

生物含氧燃料对柴油机排放特性影响的研究

在柴油中分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及lO％乙醇和10％生物柴油,组成E20、B20、E10B10和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行排放特性试验研究.结果表明:在中低负荷下,含氧燃料对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2200r·min-1的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放均较柴油低.含氧燃料不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低.3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放也较柴油低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小.     

基于废气再循环的乙醇-生物柴油发动机性能试验研究

通过在单缸柴油发电机上燃用5种混合比的乙醇-生物柴油燃料,并采用了16%和28%两种废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR)率,对比分析了乙醇-生物柴油混合燃料的经济性,NOx,HC,CO的排放特性和光吸收系数,及EGR对以上性能参数的影响,结果发现:燃用E30B70时,燃烧状况不佳,NOx排放量较低,但HC,CO排放和尾气的光吸收系数较高;随乙醇比例增加,体积油耗增加;在10%的乙醇混合比附近能获得较高的热效率;20%的乙醇混合比,采用EGR可以降低油耗;乙醇混合比为20%以下时,混合燃料的NOx排放量相差较小;采用EGR后,NOx排放量明显降低,且降低量随EGR率增大而增大;各混合比燃料的HC和CO的排放量均随乙醇混合比的增大而增大;随EGR率增大,CO排放量增大。光吸收系数在1/3负荷左右时有极大值,在2/3负荷左右时有最小值;在不同的负荷范围内存在某一混合比的燃料有较优的烟度排放,不同混合比燃料有各自较优的EGR率以获得较低的油耗和HC排放。     

直喷柴油机燃用生物柴油/柴油混合燃料适应性研究

在AVL标准试验台架上研究了掺混不同比例生物柴油混合燃料对DW10TD四缸电控柴油机动力性、经济性及排放性的影响.研究结果表明,发动机在不作任何改动的前提下,可实现稳定运转;发动机燃用B10的动力与原柴油机相当,燃用B20,B30时动力与燃用B0时相比下降幅度在3%以内.随着柴油中生物柴油添加比例的增大,发动机有效燃油消耗率增大,但发动机燃烧有效热效率有所改善.发动机燃用掺混生物柴油混合燃料对发动机碳烟排放有显著的改善作用;CO和NOx排放在中小负荷与原柴油机相当,大负荷时CO排放随着混合燃料中生物柴油添加比例的增高而减少,而NOx排放则随着生物柴油添加比例的增大而升高;THC排放在中小负荷随着生物柴油添加比例升高而下降.大负荷下燃用各种燃料THC排放基本相当.     

不同大气压力和乙醇/柴油混合掺比对柴油机性能和排放的影响

在增压柴油机上进行了不同大气压力下燃用纯柴油和E10、E15、E20和E30的对比试验研究。试验结果表明,不同大气压力下的不同乙醇掺烧比例的当量燃油消耗率均优于原机,气压低于90 kPa时,气压的上升对当量燃油消耗率的改善明显;90~100 kPa的各排放参数均优于81~90 kPa。在81 kPa时,随着转速、负荷的下降和掺比的增加,HC和CO明显上升,气压大于90 kPa后,随着转速、负荷的上升和掺比的增加,对HC和CO的影响不大,在大负荷工况的CO排放均优于原机;大气压力和掺比的变化对NOx排放的影响不大,大部分工况的NOx比原机有小幅下降;大气压力低于90 kPa时掺烧乙醇对降低碳烟排放有显著的影响,大于90kPa后对降低碳烟排放的影响减弱,碳烟排放随掺比的提高呈明显下降趋势。     

共轨柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油的性能与排放特性

对某共轨柴油机燃用石化柴油、生物柴油及其混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了研究.在未对原机做任何改动的情况下,分别燃用了0%、5%、10%、20%和100%的5种不同体积配比的餐饮废油制生物柴油与石化柴油的混合燃料,分析比较了不同生物柴油配比对发动机功率、燃油消耗率,以及CO、HC、NO_x和烟度排放的影响.研究表明:共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油与石化柴油混合燃料后,功率略有下降,燃油消耗率有所上升;烟度、CO和HC排放减少,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的升高而降低;NO_x排放上升,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的升高而增加.     

Effect of diethyl ether additive in Jatropha biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on the variable compression ratio diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics at different loads and compression ratios

An investigational analysis was performed to assess the effect of diethyl ether (DEE) that acts as an oxygenated additive in Jatropha biodiesel and diesel fuel blends on the performance enhancement and emission reduction of a variable compression ratio (CR) diesel engine. The DEE (10% vol) is added to different concentration levels of Jatropha biodiesel (B5, B10, and B20). The Jatropha biodiesel (JME) is prepared by the transesterification reaction and DEE is prepared through acid distillation of ethanol. The various tests were conducted by varying the loads at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (3, 6, 9, and 12 kg). The DEE was entirely miscible with diesel and Jatropha biodiesel, the addition of DEE increases the cetane and calorific value, kinematic viscosity of the fuel blends compared with neat diesel or Jatropha biodiesel. The results illustrate that at higher loads and CRs, the engine performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency enhances and reduces the brake-specific fuel consumption for DEE-Jatropha biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. Blend A3 (10% DEE + 20% JME + 70% diesel) demonstrated an overall improvement in the engine performance parameters and emission characteristics compared with A1, A2, and diesel fuel blends. It is concluded that the DEE-JME-diesel fuel blend is a promising source of fuel for diesel engine at maximum load.     

推进特性试验下生物乳化柴油对柴油机性能的影响

在柴油机上进行柴油、三种生物乳化柴油(E10、E15和E20)和生物柴油的推进特性试验,就其燃烧特性、动力性、经济性及常规排放特性进行对比。试验结果显示:高转速时,生物乳化柴油的缸内燃烧压力和放热率略低于柴油,缸内燃烧温度有所降低;动力性相比柴油略有下降,仅E10的燃油消耗率比柴油低,B100最高;烟度和NOx排放均有显著降低,且随水和丁醇掺混比例增加而降低; CO和HC排放与柴油基本无差别,整体增加不多。表明:生物乳化柴油作为替代燃料能保证柴油机运行的稳定性,可同时降低柴油机的烟度和NOx排放,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

Combustion characteristics of CI engine fueled with WCO biodiesel/diesel blends at different compression ratios and EGR

The present study investigated the effect of compression ratio (CR) with the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology on the performance of combustion characteristics at different CRs and engine loads; the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), volumetric efficiency (VOL.EFF), exhaust gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission (CO₂), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen content (O₂). The single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition engine was run on a mixture of diesel and biodiesel prepared from Iraqi waste cooking oil at (B0, B10, B20, and B30). A comparison has been achieved for these combustion characteristics at different blends, load, and CRs (14.5, 15.5, and 16.5) at 1500 rpm constant engine speed. The transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel and ASTM standards have been used to determine the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and compare them to net diesel fuel. The preliminary conducting tests indicated that engine performance and emissions improved with the B20 mixture. Experimental test results showed an increase in BTE when CR increased by 17% and SFC increased by 23%. It also found a higher VOL.EFF by 6% at higher pressure ratios. A continuous decrease in BTE values and an increase in SFC were sustained when the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture was increased. Emissions of carbon dioxide, HC, and NOx increased by 12%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, as CR reached high values. NOx increased with the addition of biodiesel to 35%, which necessitated the use of EGR technology at rates of 5% and 10%. The results indicated that the best results were obtained in the case of running the engine with a mixing ratio of B20 with the addition of 10% EGR, NOx decreased by 47% against a slight increase in other emissions.     

新型多碳醇-柴油燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

试验在一台S195柴油机上进行,试验结果表明,新型多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油高,但随负荷的增大,差距呈下降趋势。新型混合燃料在较大工况范围都保持较低的CO排放量。新型混合燃料中,小比例多碳醇油料的加入有利于混合燃料的HC排放状况的改善,大比例多碳醇油料的加入,对改善混合燃料的HC排放影响不明显;新型混合燃料的NOx排放均比纯柴油低,并且小比例多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的NOx排放比其大比例混合燃料的NOx排放量低;新型混合燃料的碳烟排放均比纯柴油低,并且随着多碳醇掺混比例的增大,改善效果越好。     

Performance and emission study on the effect of oxygenated additive in neat biodiesel fueled diesel engine

This work presents the effect of the Di-tetra-butyl-peroxide (DTBP) as an oxygenated additive on neat used mustard oil biodiesel (B100) to evaluate the emission and performance engine characteristics. Four fuels, namely, diesel, biodiesel (Mustard biodiesel), a blend of B100-10percentage, and 20% by volume of DTBP (BD90DTBP10 and BD80DTBP20) are prepared and tested on a single cylinder, constant speed diesel engine. Experimental outcomes revealed that 20% of DTBP reduces 7.3% CO, 5.1% HC, and 4.6% NOx and 3.2% smoke emissions of B100. From this study, further, it is inferred that BD80DTBP20 blend could be utilized as an alternative fuel for a CI engine with no modifications in engine design.     

不同大气压力下E15含水乙醇/柴油对柴油机性能与排放的影响

为了探索掺烧乙醇后大气压力对柴油机性能和排放的影响和变动规律,在增压柴油机上进行了不同大气压力下燃用纯柴油和掺烧15%含水乙醇的对比试验研究。试验结果表明:随着大气压力的上升,动力性略有提高;气压从81kPa上升至90kPa时,燃油消耗率be的改善幅度较大,从90kPa上升至100kPa时,be的改善幅度较小,大气压力上升对低负荷区域的be变化影响较小,对中、高负荷区域的be有明显改善;气压在81kPa时,中、低负荷工况的HC和CO明显上升,随着气压的上升,HC和CO得到明显改善,高负荷工况时的HC和CO分别趋于原机水平或低于原机水平;气压变化对NOx排放的影响较小,但均比原机有所下降;气压低于90kPa时碳烟排放均比原机明显下降,大于90kPa后对碳烟排放的改善效果减弱。     

发动机燃用生物柴油的性能研究

通过对比研究了柴油机燃用餐饮废弃油炼制的生物柴油、柴油及B50时在高原地区的动力性、经济性及排放特性。研究结果表明：在柴油机不进行任何调整的情况下,全负荷时,燃用生物柴油的发动机动力性降低6.8%,B50降低3%;燃用生物柴油有效燃油消耗率升高了13.8%;燃用B50在高速高负荷时柴油机热效率提高2.5%;无论在全负荷还是在部分负荷工况下,燃用生物柴油均能大幅度降低柴油机烟度、CO和HC排放,但会引起NOx排放量的上升。     

Comparative evaluations of injection and spray characteristics of a diesel engine using karanja biodiesel–diesel blends

The injection and spray characteristics of a diesel engine with 7.4‐kW rated power output for use of different karanja biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) are studied for identifications of further scope of performance improvement and emission reduction. The dynamic injection timing advanced for the biodiesel blends resulting in higher NOx emission, which increased from 2.94 g/kW‐hour with base diesel to 3.40 g/kW‐hour with B20. At the rated load, the dynamic injection timing advanced from 9.2 deg. crank angle before top dead centre (CA BTDC) with base diesel to 9.3 and 9.4 deg. CA BTDC for B10 and B20, respectively. The in‐line injection pressure increased from 460 bar with base diesel to 480 bar with B20, and in‐cylinder injection duration also increased from 9.5 deg. CA with base diesel to 10.2 deg. CA with B20. The penetration distance increased from 33.37 mm with base diesel to 34.80 mm and 34.25 mm with B10 and B20, respectively. Sauter mean diameter (SMD) increased from 11.39 µm with base diesel to 12.71 and 17.09 µm for B10 and B20, respectively, at the rated load. Air entrainment increases for the biodiesel blends, and it enhances the mixing rate of injected fuel with surrounding hot air. Vaporization time of biodiesel droplets increases because of larger SMD. However, increase in over penetration distance, large SMD and high vaporization time for the biodiesel blends would lead to deteriorated performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines. The remedial measures of spray characteristics for further performance improvement and emission reduction also are highlighted in the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.