Blends of ultrasonically devulcanized and virgin carbon black filled NR

The ultrasonically devulcanized carbon black filled NR was mixed with virgin carbon black filled NR. The properties of the blends were studied and compared with those of the blends of fully cured ground NR and virgin NR. Curing characteristics of the blends indicated that an increase in the devulcanized NR content decreased the cure time and the scorch time. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the blends with ultrasonically devulcanized NR were much better than those of the blends with ground rubber. As the proportion of the virgin NR in the blends was increased, the mechanical properties progressively increased.     

Effect of expanded graphite and modified graphite flakes on the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber/polybutadiene rubber (SBR/BR) blends

The aim of the present research work is to develop expanded graphite (EG) and isocyanate modified graphite nanoplatelets (i-MG) filled SBR/BR blends, which can substitute natural rubber (NR) in some application areas. The present study investigated the effect of i-MG on the physical, mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of polybutadiene rubber (BR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and SBR/BR blends in the presence of carbon black (CB). Graphite sheets were modified to enhance its dispersion in the rubber matrices, which resulting in an improvement in the overall physical and mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates. Compounds based on 50:50 of BR and SBR with ∼3 wt% nanofillers with CB were fabricated by melt mixing. The morphology of the filled rubber blends was investigated by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopic (HR-TEM) analyses. The intercalated and delaminated structures of the nanofiller loaded rubber blends were observed. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the cryo-fractured surfaces of the rubber compounds showed more rough and tortuous pathway of the fractured surfaces compared to the fractured surfaces of the only CB loaded rubber composites. Filled rubber compounds exhibit increase in the ΔS (torque difference) value, reduced scorch and cure time compared to their respective controls. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) of the filled rubber compounds shows an increase in the storage modulus compared to the controls. Isocyanate modified graphite nanoplatelets (i-MG) containing rubber compounds in the presence of CB showed an increase in the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, hardness, abrasion resistance and thermal properties compared to the alone CB filled rubber vulcanizates.     

Modified phosphate pigments as high performance reinforcing materials for rubber vulcanizates

This study is focusing on the synthesis of novel modified micronized phosphate pigments as reinforcing materials for the vulcanizates of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR) and their blends. The metal phenyl phosphate pigments were prepared via co-precipitation process from the reaction of equimolar ratios of the disodium phenyl phosphate solution and the water soluble salts of the investigated metals. The white prepared phosphate pigments were introduced in the rubber formulations to replace carbon black the highly common and commercial reinforcing material in rubber vulcanizates. The rheometric characteristics, physico-mechanical properties in addition to the accelerated aging properties of the rubber vulcanizates were investigated, discussed and interpreted in the light of previous studies. The results showed that, phenyl phosphate pigments exercised a great effect on the rheological characteristics (scorch time, cure time…etc.), and achieved high performance and pronounced mechanical properties. The stress and strain at yield and at rupture of the loaded rubber with modified phosphates are better than that loaded with carbon black and Hisil e.g. tensile strength data were (20.0–23.4), 18.01 MPa and 15.05 for rubber blend vulcanizates loaded with 30 phr of modified phosphate pigments, carbon black and Hisil, respectively.     

Study of the influence of Chitosan on selected properties of elastomeric blends

The current trend of greening production is increasingly bringing to the fore alternative types of fillers, such as biofillers, which are obtained from renewable sources or waste [1, 2]. Unfortunately, biofillers cannot be used as majority fillers due to their incompatibility with elastomer matrices and high biodegradability susceptibility [3, 4]. Therefore, the way to their efficient industrial use leads through supplementary fillers to the commonly used inorganic fillers and the partial replacement of these fillers in the blend. The influence of Chitosan as the majority filler has been investigated and its combination with carbon black filler on the elastomeric matrix of natural rubber was investigated in the presented work. The results were compared with natural rubber blends filled exclusively with carbon black. Natural rubber blends with different content of Chitosan and carbon black and their various combinations were subjected to the determination of vulcanization parameters, mechanical properties before and after thermo-oxidative aging, and scanning electron microscopy. Although the scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed the expected negative impact of Chitosan as the majority filler on the tensile properties of the vulcanizate, its significant impact on the main vulcanization parameters such as scorch time and optimal vulcanization time was also demonstrated. In the case of blends with a combination of carbon black and Chitosan, it has been shown that Chitosan, in addition to the filler function, also acts as an antioxidant agent through its functional groups, limiting the process of degradation of mechanical properties of natural rubber blends due to their thermo-oxidative aging. It can be concluded that precisely because of its antioxidant and anti-degradation effects, Chitosan can be, in addition to carbon black filler, an excellent additional filler for elastomeric blends.     

Gamma irradiation aging of NBR/CSM rubber nanocomposites

The effect of gamma-irradiation on the acrylonitrile butadiene/chlorosulphonated polyethylene rubber blends (NBR/CSM) based nanocomposites containing carbon black (CB) and silica filler (Si) were investigated by TG-DTG and ATR-FTIR techniques. The silica (with primary particle size of 22 nm) was added in content of 0, 10, 20 and 30 phr and carbon black (with primary particle size 40–48 nm) was added in content of 30 phr and rubber blend compounds were prepared. The obtained elastomeric materials were aging to different γ-irradiation doses (100, 200 and 400 kGy). The cure and mechanical properties of obtained nanocomposites were determined. Incorporating 20 phr of silica to the control NBR/CSM rubber blends containing 30 phr CB resulted 152% increase in tensile strength, 116%, in elongation at break and 142% modulus at 100% elongation, according to synergistic effect between the fillers. FTIR measurements of aged samples estimated the formation of alcohols, ethers and small amounts of lactones, anhydrides, esters and carboxylic acids after exposure to lower doses of γ-radiation (100 kGy). On the basis of the obtained spectra the formation of shorter polyene sequences and aromatic rings in aged elastomeric samples are assumed. The results show that 30 phr of carbon black (CB) and 20 phr of silica are needed for the best gamma aging resistance of NBR/CSM rubber nanocomposites. The result of radiation exposure is decrease in mechanical properties. The dose at which ultimate mechanical properties decreased was at 200 kGy. TG-DTG measurements estimated decrease in thermal stability of gamma-irradiated NBR/CSM rubber blend based nanocomposites. Silica reinforced NBR/CSM rubber blend had better radiation resistant than carbon black. Rough and heterogeneity of fracture surfaces has been observed for NBR/CSM rubber blends filled with silica. More uniform morphology of fracture surfaces according to high polymer–filler interaction and low filler–filler interaction has been observed for CB/Si filled NBR/CSM rubber blend.     

Self-vulcanizable rubber blend system based on epoxidized natural rubber and chlorosulphonated polyethylene

A mill-mixed blend of epoxidized natural rubber and chlorosulphonated polyethylene becomes vulcanized during moulding in the absence of any vulcanizing agent. Such a system of self-vulcanizable rubber blend is miscible, as is evident from differential scanning calorimeter studies and dynamic mechanical analysis. The physical properties of the blend are comparable to those of conventional rubber vulcanizates and the blend can be reinforced by carbon black filler.     

Ultrasound devulcanization: comparison of synthetic isoprene and natural rubbers

Sulfur-cured vulcanizates of unfilled synthetic isoprene rubber (IR) were prepared and successfully devulcanized in a continuous co-axial ultrasonic reactor. Die pressure characteristics and ultrasonic power consumptions were measured. Network structures of the virgin vulcanizates, devulcanizates and revulcanizates were characterized by gel fraction and crosslink density according to the classic swelling method. The molecular characteristics of the sol generated by ultrasound treatment were determined by GPC. Kinetics of revulcanization, rheological properties of the devulcanizates and mechanical properties of the revulcanizates were compared with those of virgin uncured IR and their vulcanizates. In addition, a comparison of the cure behavior, devulcanization characteristics, network structures and the mechanical properties was made between IR and the natural rubber (NR) reported earlier. Simulations on the correlation of the normalized gel fraction and the normalized crosslink density show that these two rubbers have almost equivalent probability of main chain scission and crosslink rupture ratio, which is probably determined by the main chain structure of both rubbers consisting of cis-1,4-isoprene.     

Effects of virgin Ethylene–Propylene–Diene–Monomer and its preheating time on the properties of natural rubber/recycled Ethylene–Propylene–Diene–Monomer blends

Blending of natural rubber/recycled Ethylene–Propylene–Diene–Monomer (NR/R-EPDM) blends was carried out. A fixed amount of carbon black and virgin Ethylene–Propylene–Diene–Monomer (EPDM) were also introduced into the blends. Applications of two different processing methods were carried out to improve the cure compatibility, crosslink distribution, and hence mechanical properties of the blends. Simple processing method was done by mixing the entire additives and rubbers on a laboratory-sized two-roll-mill at ambient temperature. Whereas, reactive processing method was conducted by mixing virgin EPDM, recycled EPDM and other compounding ingredients using an internal mixer, the compound was later preheated according to designated time before blending with natural rubber and carbon black. Results revealed that the enhancement of the physical and mechanical properties was significantly achieved towards preheating time of EPDM/R-EPDM blends. The improved properties in the blends suggested that the reactive processing method had led to more homogeneous blends due to a better crosslink distribution and more homogeneous carbon black distribution.     

Hybrid filler system for nitrile rubber vulcanizates

Relative efficiency of different types of fillers e.g., phenolic resin, carbon black and carbon black plus phenolic resin hybrid system in nitrile rubber vulcanizates for improvement of physico-mechanical properties, resistance to swelling in oil/fuel and thermal stability has been studied. The hybrid system was always found to offer maximum benefit in strength and dynamic mechanical properties coupled with higher percent of (a) retention of physical properties due to aging and (b) swelling resistance in oil or fuel. Both thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as thermomechanical analysis (TMA) reflect much better thermal stability for the combined filler system compared to the vulcanizates containing either phenolic resin or carbon black.     

轮胎胶高剪切应力诱导脱硫反应的影响因素

采用在轮胎胶粉与三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)混合物的熔融挤出过程中提高双螺杆挤出机螺杆转速的高剪切应力诱导方法,研究了轮胎胶粉品种和烷基酚多硫化物促进剂对轮胎胶脱硫共混物的凝胶含量、溶胶分子链结构及脱硫共混物共混丁苯橡胶再硫化材料力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,胶粉品种对所得脱硫共混物溶胶中的双键含量及再硫化材料的拉伸强度具有重要影响;烷基酚多硫化物促进剂420和450具有明显促进脱硫反应和抑制交联副反应的作用,有效减小再硫化材料凝胶粒子尺寸,聚合型促进剂450兼具有抗氧化降解和抑制加成副反应的功能。     

Effect of epoxidized natural rubber–organoclay nanocomposites on NR/high styrene rubber blends with fillers

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and organoclay nanocomposites (Cloisite 20A) were prepared by solution mixing in this study. The obtained nanocomposites were incorporated in natural rubber (NR) and high styrene rubber (HSR) blends in presence of ISAF and SRF types of carbon black as reinforcing fillers. Morphology, curing characteristics, mechanical and thermal properties and wear characteristics of the nanocomposites against standard abrader and different mining rock surfaces were analyzed. The morphology of the ENR/nanoclay showed a highly intercalated structure. The nanocomposites containing SRF N774 type of carbon black has showed increase in cross-link density, maximum torque and cure rate index compared to ISAF N231 type of carbon black. The overall mechanical properties and thermal stability was higher for the nanocomposites containing SRF type of carbon blacks. The compounds containing EC in NR–HSR have higher barrier properties compared to without EC. EC with SRF N774 carbon black has showed minimum compression set value due to the increased formation of effective network chains due to higher reinforcing efficiency of the nanoclay in the rubber matrix. EC with SRF N774 type of carbon black showed high abrasion resistance property against Du-Pont abrader, DIN abrader and rock–rubber experimental study and also it has been found to be the toughest rubber compound against all types of rock under the present study. Concrete has been identified as the major abrader against the blends than other rock types.     

液体聚异戊二烯对天然橡胶/环氧化天然橡胶共混物结构与性能的影响

研究了液体聚异戊二烯(LIR)对天然橡胶(NR)/环氧化天然橡胶(ENR)共混体系的加工性能、硫化特性、物理力学性能、耐热氧硫化性能、动态力学性能及微观结构的影响。结果表明,加入LIR提高了体系的加工性能,硫化性能和物理力学性能基本不变,体系的耐热氧老化性能提高。少量的LIR的加入可提高体系的抗湿滑性,同时滚动阻力略有下降。LIR还可有效提高炭黑在NR/ENR体系中的分散。     

天然橡胶与其环氧化物并用胶基复合材料的黏弹阻尼性能

为改善天然橡胶（NR）的阻尼性能,在密炼机中以质量比20：80混合不同环氧度环氧化天然橡胶（ENR）与天然橡胶制备ENR-NR并用橡胶基体,在橡胶基体的混炼与开炼过程加入其他填充组分（硫磺、促进剂2,2'-二硫代二苯并噻唑（DM）、促进剂N-环己基-2-苯并噻唑次磺酰胺（CZ）、ZnO、硬脂酸、炭黑）得到了宽温域阻尼ENR-NR基复合材料。采用橡胶加工分析仪和动态力学热分析仪,研究了ENR-NR混炼胶和硫化胶的动态力学和阻尼性能。结果表明：NR环氧化增强了分子链局部刚性,改善了胶体与填料的黏结性,但ENR吸附较多炭黑后不易均匀分散于连续相NR中。因此,ENR-NR并用混炼胶的黏度和储能模量随ENR环氧度增大而增加;在NR中加入ENR可改善硫化胶的弹性和阻尼性能。ENR-NR并用胶的有效阻尼温度范围拓宽到较高温度,环氧度为25的ENR与NR并用后,有效阻尼温度范围为-57~1℃,明显宽于NR的-57~-20℃,但高环氧度并用胶则出现阻尼失效区。加入少量ENR对NR的硬度、模量和断裂伸长率影响不大。     

废橡胶超声波再生的研究

废旧橡胶的再生,是关系到环保和资源综合利用的重要课题,超声波再生法,被认为是最具发展前途的再生方法之一,本文对废旧轮胎胶粉的超声波脱硫过程进行了实验研究。结果表明,超声波能有效地对硫化胶进行脱硫再生,超声波的振幅和作用间隙对脱硫过程起关键作用。     

稀土氧化物填充丁基发泡橡胶阻尼性能的研究

制备了一种具有较好阻尼性能的丁基发泡橡胶,研究了发泡、补强剂种类、稀土氧化物种类对丁基橡胶阻尼性能的影响,并对其泡孔形貌进行了表征。结果表明,发泡后丁基橡胶的阻尼性能优于未发泡的丁基橡胶;加入白炭黑后丁基发泡橡胶的损耗峰明显高于加入炭黑后丁基发泡橡胶的损耗峰,但加入炭黑的丁基发泡橡胶具有较宽的有效阻尼温域;稀土氧化钆(Gd_2O_3)由于具有磁性,其作为填料时,丁基发泡橡胶的阻尼性能较好,泡孔形貌均一、分布均匀,且多为闭孔。     

芳纶短纤维对氢化丁腈橡胶复合材料性能的影响

选用芳纶短切纤维(DCF)和芳纶浆粕(PPTA)2种芳纶短纤维分别补强炭黑N220填充、过氧化物硫化的氢化丁腈(HNBR)胶料,力求制备出高强度、高模量的HNBR复合材料,比较了芳纶短纤维的类型和用量对氢化丁腈胶料性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着DCF用量的增加,HNBR/CB体系的门尼黏度增加,但PPTA对HNBR/CB体系的门尼黏度几乎没有影响;芳纶短切纤维DCF填充的HNBR/CB体系比芳纶浆粕PPTA填充的HNBR/CB体系具有更明显的填料网络;DCF填充的HNBR/CB体系具有更高的硬度、拉伸强度以及撕裂强度。     

Influence of carbon blacks on butadiene rubber/high styrene rubber/natural rubber with nanosilica: Morphology and wear

The effect of fillers on morphology and wear characteristics are studied in butadiene rubber (PBR)/high styrene rubber (HSR)/natural rubber (NR) blends with different types of carbon black. SAF N110 with SRF N774 type of carbon black shows a significant effect on curing studies and mechanical properties by reacting at the interface between PBR, HSR and NR matrix. Blends containing the same carbon blacks show high abrasion resistant properties against Du-Pont abrader, DIN abrader and different mining rock surfaces and also is found to be the toughest rubber against all types of rock.     

Effect of fillers and nitrile blended PVC on natural rubber/high styrene rubber with nanosilica blends: Morphology and wear

The blends of high styrene rubber (HSR) and natural rubber (NR) with nitrile blended PVC (NVC) and nanosilica are prepared by using a blending technique in presence of different types of carbon black. The effect of filler on morphological and wear characteristics is studied. ISAF type of carbon black have showed a significant effect on optimum cure time, cure rate index and mechanical properties by reacting at the interface between NVC, HSR and NR matrix. All the samples show only one melting peak on the DSC curve; this is attributed to the same backbone structure of the matrix and the carbon black reinforcement. The samples containing 20 wt.% of NVC with ISAF N234 type of carbon black has shown maximum heat buildup and lower compression set value. Blends containing ISAF type of carbon black with 20 wt.% of NVC shows high abrasion resistant properties against Du-Pont abrader, DIN abrader and different mining rock surfaces and also is found to be the toughest rubber against all types of rock. Coal is identified the main abrader against the rubber blends under this study.     

Effect of extensional strain on the resistivity of electrically conductive nitrile-rubber composites filled with carbon filler

The resistivity and mechanical properties of nitrile-rubber based conductive composites filled with short carbon fibres (SCFs) and mixed filler system (SCF + carbon black) are studied as functions of the extensional strain and the strain rate. It has been observed that both strain and strain rate have a strong influence on the resistivity of the composites. The sensitivity of the change in resistivity against the strain and strain rate depends on the concentration as well as the type of conductive filler. SCFs impart higher conductivity to the composite than a blend of SCFs and carbon black at the same level of loading parts per hundred of rubber (p.h.r.). Composites filled with a mixed filler system show high mechanical properties in contrast to those of SCF-filled composites. The change in resistivity with the degree of strain is less pronounced in mixed-filler-filled composites than in only carbon-fibre-filled composites. The mechanical properties of the composites are dependent on the polymer-filler interaction whereas change in resistivity is dependent on the transient arrangement of the conducting components in the polymer matrix. A good correlation exists between mechanical and electrical response to the strain sensitivity.     

Effect of fillers on natural rubber/high styrene rubber blends with nano silica: Morphology and wear

The blends of high styrene rubber (HSR) and natural rubber (NR) with nano silica were prepared using a blending technique in presence of different types of carbon black. The effect of filler on morphological and wear characteristics was studied. ISAF (Intermediate Super Abrasion Furnace) type of carbon black have showed a significant effect on optimum cure time, cure rate index and mechanical properties by reacting at the interface between HSR and NR matrix. All the samples show only one melting peak on the DSC curve; this is attributed to the same backbone structure of the matrix and the carbon black reinforcement. The samples containing 30 wt.% of HSR with ISAF type of carbon black has shown maximum heat buildup, lower swelling and lower compression set value. Blends containing ISAF type of carbon black with 30 wt.% of HSR showed high abrasion resistant properties against Du-Pont abrader, DIN abrader and different mining rock surfaces and also is found to be the toughest rubber against all types of rock. Coal is main abrader against the rubber under this study.