硝基苯催化加氢Pt-MoS_2/C催化剂的制备及使用寿命的研究

采用浸渍法制备Pt/C和Pt-MoS2/C催化剂,用于催化硝基苯加氢反应。采用BET、压汞仪等测试方法测定新鲜催化剂和重复使用后的催化剂的比表面积和孔容。结果表明,比表面积下降27.3%,微孔孔容下降13.2%,总孔容下降5.8%。催化剂失活的主要原因为有机物覆盖在催化剂表面,造成表面积下降和孔堵塞。负载MoS2可使Pt/C催化剂延缓比表面积下降和孔堵塞,寿命显著提高,可循环使用14次左右。     

氧化铝载体孔结构对长链正构烷烃(C_(16)～C_(19))脱氢Pt-Sn-K/Al_2O_3催化剂性能的影响

通过N_2吸附-脱附法对4种Al_2O_3载体进行孔结构表征,采用等体积真空浸渍法制备Pt质量分数0.5%的Pt-Sn-K/Al_2O_3催化剂,以直链烷烃C_(16)~C_(19)脱氢反应为探针,考察Al_2O_3载体孔结构对催化剂脱氢性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂载体的孔容、平均孔径和比表面积之间存在相互制约的关系。载体孔容和平均孔径大,则其比表面积相对较小。对于直链烷烃C_(16)~C_(19)脱氢催化剂,较大孔容、孔径和一定比表面积的Al_2O_3载体为最佳,孔容和孔径较小的催化剂脱氢活性和稳定性较差。     

Pt/C催化剂还原烷基化制备防老剂4030

对Pt/C催化剂还原烷基化制备防老剂4030进行了研究,分别考察了未经修饰的Pt/C和Pt-S/C的催化性能。结果表明:Pt/C活性过高导致副反应加剧,Pt-S/C兼具高活性、高选择性和较好的稳定性;较佳的反应条件为反应温度为110℃,反应压力为3.5 MPa,酮胺摩尔比为n(5-甲基-2-已酮)∶n(对苯二胺)=4∶1,Pt-S/C催化剂质量分数为1.25%。反应条件温和,得到的4030产品质量分数稳定在98.5%以上。利用TEM、ICP以及N2低温物理吸附对催化剂进行表征发现,新鲜和使用后催化剂表面Pt分散度较好,使用后催化剂出现Pt流失及比表面积和孔容减少是造成活性劣化的原因。     

载体制备工艺对Pt/CA催化剂甲醇氧化催化性能的影响

比较研究了炭气凝胶(CA)的制备工艺条件对其表面微观结构及以其为载体的催化剂Pt/CA甲醇氧化催化活性的影响.结果表明,常压干燥制得的CA表面以微孔为主,而超临界CO2干燥制得的CA表面主要以中孔为主,而且比表面积、表面孔容和平均孔径更大;超临界CO2干燥比常压干燥更适合制备高活性甲醇氧化Pt/CA催化剂的载体材料;CA制备过程中催化剂Na2CO3的用量(常用R/C表示,其中R代表制备CA的原料间苯二酚,C代表制备CA的催化剂Na2CO3)为200至1000的范围内,R/C的增大会引起超临界CO2干燥制得CA的表面平均孔径随之增加,R/C为300时制得的CA具有最大的BET比表面积和表面孔容,以其为载体制得的催化剂具有最好的甲醇氧化催化性能.     

Pt基直接乙醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的性能研究

采用水热法制备了高分散碳载Pt/C和Pt-SnOJC电催化剂.采用XRD、SEM、TEM和激光粒度仪等方法对制得的纳米催化剂进行了表面微观结构分析.采用电化学工作站测试循环伏安曲线(CV)等表征Pt/C和Pt-SnO2/C纳米催化剂电催化活性.测试结果表明,Pt-SnO2/C纳米催化剂的峰电流密度(131.05 mA·cm-2)是Pt/C催化剂的峰电流密度(65.48 mA·cm-2)的2倍;Pt-SnO2/C催化的电化学表面积(108.4 m2·g-1)远高于Pt/C催化剂的电化学表面积(99.14 m2· g-1);Pt-SnO2/C纳米粒子比Pt/C纳米粒子具有更强的抗CO中毒能力和更高的电催化活性.     

合成对氨基苯酚Pt/C催化剂失活的研究

硝基苯催化加氢合成对氨基苯酚反应中,加氢Pt/C催化剂的稳定性决定生产成本。实验结果表明,催化剂循环使用10次,将失活催化剂过滤,在60%的硝酸溶液中加热回流3 h,用去离子水充分洗涤后,催化剂可恢复部分活性。第一次硝酸活化处理后,催化剂还可以使用4次左右。采用原子吸收、BET、SEM及XRD等测试方法对新鲜催化剂和经过重复实验的催化剂进行表征,结果表明,催化剂失活的主要原因为有机物覆盖在催化剂表面造成表面积下降和孔堵塞,致使催化剂丧失活性中心。在催化剂使用过程中,活性组分Pt流失及Pt 金属晶粒长大也会导致催化剂失活。     

长链烷烃（n-C10~13）脱氢制单烯烃催化剂的研究Ⅰ.氧化铝载体孔结构对催化剂性能的影响

通过n-C_10～13烷烃脱氢反应考察了氧化铝载体孔结构对长链烷烃脱氢催化剂性能的影响,结果表明,氧化铝载体的总孔容对催化剂影响不大,而有效孔容（孔径分布）影响催化剂的反应性能。小孔对载体的比表面积起主要作用,并影响催化剂的Pt分散度;大孔为催化剂金属位的积炭迁移提供有效空间。Pt与载体的强相互作用对提高催化剂的活性和稳定性有利。     

同时煅烧硫化反应中石灰石微观孔结构演变特性

采用自制恒温热重实验装置,测试了石灰石同时煅烧硫化反应的煅烧动力学特性和颗粒孔结构演变特性,探讨了孔结构演变机理。当煅烧环境中存在SO₂时,石灰石颗粒煅烧的同时发生硫化反应。煅烧环境中SO₂的存在降低了石灰石煅烧速率。与纯煅烧相比,同时煅烧硫化反应的比表面积和比孔容增长均较慢,比表面积和比孔容分布曲线均较低,且在反应后期直径2～8 nm内小孔的比表面积和比孔容随时间降低。提出了描述石灰石同时煅烧硫化反应过程中微观孔结构演变的模型：石灰石颗粒的煅烧由颗粒的表面向内进行,在煅烧前期（0～75 s）,少量CaSO₄在CaO表面生成,小部分孔隙被CaSO₄堵塞,CaSO₄对煅烧速率和孔结构的影响较小;在煅烧中期（75～225 s）,CaSO₄厚度和覆盖面积不断增加,堵塞孔体积增加,CO₂的扩散阻力增加,导致石灰石的煅烧速率下降;煅烧后期（225～300 s）,由于CaSO₄的不断积累,孔隙堵塞加剧,且堵塞主要发生在小孔上。对煅烧过程堵塞孔体积的计算表明,在煅烧前期和中期孔堵塞现象已经发生,在反应后期孔堵塞体积快速增加。     

介孔碳负载Pt催化剂用于抗氧剂7PPD的合成

以纳米氧化锌为模板剂,酚醛树脂为碳源,采用硬模板法制备了介孔碳(MC),并以其为载体制备了Pt/MC催化剂,同时,以商品化活性炭(AC)为载体制备了Pt/AC催化剂。对制备的样品进行BET、SEM、ICP和TEM表征。结果表明,氧化锌模板剂可有效调控介孔碳的比表面积和孔结构,Pt/MC催化剂和Pt/AC催化剂的Pt负载量(质量分数,下同)均为2.8%左右,活性金属粒径均为1.8nm左右。将制备的Pt/MC催化剂用于抗氧剂N-(1,4-二甲基戊基)-N'-苯基对苯二胺(7PPD)的合成,与普通Pt/AC催化剂相比,4-氨基二苯胺(p-ADPA)的转化率由97.5%提高至100%,7PPD选择性由94.2%提高至99.5%,催化剂的稳定性明显提高。CO化学吸附、ICP、N_2低温物理吸脱附表征结果表明,催化剂载体的孔结构是影响催化剂稳定性的重要因素。当平均孔径较小时,7PPD等较大尺寸的分子容易堵塞孔道;当平均孔径较大时,孔壁较薄,催化剂使用过程中容易磨损,导致活性组分流失。     

Ni-Mo/TiO_2催化剂上二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能

采用浸渍法,以TiO_2成型载体制备Ni-Mo/TiO_2催化剂,考察MoO_3负载量对二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响,采用XRD和BET等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,当MoO_3负载质量分数大于10%时,已超过TiO_2载体的单层负载量,MoO_3晶相开始聚集长大,堵塞部分孔道,造成催化剂的比表面积和孔容显著下降。MoO_3负载质量分数10%时,二苯并噻吩转化率最高,继续提高MoO_3的负载质量分数,催化剂活性反而下降。对Ni-Mo/TiO_2催化剂进行30天的稳定性试验,催化剂没有失活。     

Investigation on Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability of Pt/C Catalyst Prepared by Facile Solvothermal Synthesis for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Pt nanoparticles supported on Vulcan XC‐72 carbon black have been synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. The obtained Pt/C catalysts are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis to identify Pt mean size and Pt content. The results of electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Pt/C catalyst prepared at the reaction temperature of 140 °C and the reaction time of 2 h shows the biggest initial electrochemical area with an initial electrochemically active specific surface area (ESA) of 70.6 m²g_Pt⁻¹, the highest electrocatalytic stability with an ESA loss of 48.7% after 1,000 CV cycles, and the best electrocatalytic activity and stability toward methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) with a specific activity of 0.6 mA cm⁻² and a retention rate (the ratio of the final current density to the maximum current density) after 3,600 s of 42.8%. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of homemade Pt/C catalyst is superior to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst, suggesting that the solvothermal synthesis is a promising method for preparing Pt based catalyst.     

柴油加氢裂化装置加氢裂化催化剂失活分析

在某炼油厂柴油加氢裂化装置停工换剂时,取样分析加氢裂化催化剂。对所取裂化剂进行甲苯抽提、再生后,采用比表面积及孔径分析仪、碳硫分析仪(C-S)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段进行检测。结果表明,失活裂化剂的比表面积、孔容等孔结构性能参数明显降低。在最优的再生条件下,再生裂化剂上的C含量降至0.360%,裂化剂的表面或其它位置未发现杂质的明显沉积。再生裂化剂的比表面积损失约21.5%,其中微孔比表面积的损失约占87.2%,孔容损失约17.4%。加氢裂化催化剂长期在高温等条件下反应,造成分子筛晶粒的烧结、团聚等是导致其比表面积等孔结构性能降低的主要原因。     

Pt/C催化剂的制备及其在对氯苯胺合成中的应用

采用浸渍法制备Pt/C催化剂，考查了催化剂中Pt含量，催化剂还原温度以及第二金属的加入对由对氯硝基苯合成对氯苯胺的影响。结果表明，Pt/C催化剂中Pt含量为2％，还原温度500 ℃效果最佳，加入第二金属后氯苯胺的选择性高达99%以上。通过XRD、SEM和BET等方法对催化剂的失活进行初步探讨，分析发现，失活催化剂的Pt晶粒明显长大、载体形貌发生变化和比表面积变小等是导致催化剂失活的重要因素。     

氯的脱除对丙烷脱氢PtSnNa/Al2O3催化剂结构的影响

考察了氯的脱除对丙烷脱氢铂锡催化剂结构和反应性能的影响,并采用XRD、N₂吸脱附、TPR、NH₃-TPD、TEM和Raman等方法进行表征。结果表明,氯的脱除温度显著影响催化剂的酸性、孔体积、比表面积、孔径和Pt颗粒尺寸。随着处理温度的提高,催化剂酸性、比表面积、孔体积都呈现下降的趋势,平均孔径增加,Pt颗粒的烧结程度加剧。随着处理温度的增加,催化剂初活性逐渐降低,丙烯选择性增加,稳定性出现先增加后降低趋势。研究表明,氯的较佳的脱除温度为540℃,催化剂具有很好的脱氢性能和稳定性,收率最高。     

Preparation of Low Loading Pt/C Catalyst by Carbon Xerogel Method for Ethanol Electrooxidation

Low platium loading Pt/C catalyst was prepared by direct Pt-embedded carbon xerogel method. The Pt content of the as-prepared Pt/C is about 4.32 wt% and has a typical polycrystalline phase. Textural and structural characteristics of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, EDS and BET. Pt-embedded in carbon xerogel increases the specific surface area and pore volume of the X-Pt/C during carbon gelation and the carbonization process. Electrochemical characteristics of the catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation were measured. The results indicated that the as-prepared 4.32 wt% Pt/C has higher mass current density in ethanol electrooxidation as compared to the 20 wt% Pt/C. This may be due to the high roughness of the Pt surface that is formed during the carbon gelation and carbonization process.     

Carbon cryogel as support of platinum nano-sized electrocatalyst for the hydrogen oxidation reaction

The kinetics of hydrogen oxidation reaction was studied in perchloric acid solution on carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles using the rotating disk electrode technique. Carbon cryogel and commercial carbon black. Vulcan XC-72 were used as catalyst supports. Pt/C catalysts were prepared by a modified polyol synthesis method in an ethylene glycol (EG) solution. Considerable effect has been observed for the specific surface area of carbon support on the fundamental properties of Pt/C catalyst, such as catalyst particle size distribution and dispersion as well as catalytic activity for the oxidation of hydrogen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the particle size of the catalyst decreases with the increase of specific surface area of carbon support. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used for determination of the actual exposed surface area of catalyst particles. It was found that Pt catalyst prepared by using the novel carbon material displayed better hydrogen electrochemical oxidation activity than the catalyst prepared by using Vulcan XC-72.     

Hybrid Carbon Supports Composed of Small Reduced Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes for Durable Oxygen Reduction Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

We demonstrated highly active and durable hybrid catalysts (HCs) composed of small reduced graphene oxide (srGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for use as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Pt/srGO and Pt/CNTs were prepared by loading Pt nanoparticles onto srGO and CNTs using a polyol process, and HCs with different Pt/CNT and Pt/srGO ratios were prepared by mechanically mixing the two components. The prepared HCs consisted of Pt/CNTs well dispersed on Pt/srGO, with catalyst HC55, which was prepared using Pt/srGO and Pt/CNTs in a 5:5 ratio, exhibiting excellent oxygen reduction performance and high stability over 1000 cycles of the accelerated durability test (ADT). In particular, after 1000 cycles of the ADT, the normalized electrochemically active surface area of Pt/HC55 decreased by 11.9%, while those of Pt/srGO and Pt/C decreased by 21.2% and 57.6%, respectively. CNTs have strong corrosion resistance because there are fewer defect sites on the surface, and the addition of CNTs in rGO further improved the durability and the electrical conductivity of the catalyst. A detailed analysis of the structural and electrochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts suggested that the synergetic effects of the high specific surface area of srGO and the excellent electrical conductivity of CNTs were responsible for the enhanced efficiency and durability of the catalysts.     

Graphene and Functionalized Graphene Supported Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC

The graphene was synthesized by chemical oxidation followed by thermal exfoliation of natural graphite. The functionalized graphene (FG) was prepared by chemical treatment of the synthesized graphene. The as‐synthesized graphene and FG were characterized and used as Pt support materials. The 20 wt.% Pt/G and 20 wt.% Pt/FG catalysts were prepared by precipitation method. The prepared catalysts were characterized for particle size using X‐ray diffraction, surface morphology, electrochemical performance, and stability using cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical surface area of the FG supported platinum catalyst was found to be more than 45% as compared to the commercial carbon supported platinum catalyst. The stability of the developed catalyst (Pt/G and Pt/FG) was significantly higher than the commercial Pt/C. The membrane electrode assembly was developed using the catalysts and tested in a PEMFC. The maximum power densities of the fuel cell were found to be 314, 426, and 455 mW cm^–2 using Pt/C, Pt/G, and Pt/FG, respectively.     

添加Pt的选择性催化还原催化剂低温去除NOx的研究

以锐钛矿型TiO2为载体,V5O2和WO3为活性组分,添加微量贵金属Pt,制备了选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂,并对催化剂样品进行表征和脱硝性能试验.结果表明,贵金属Pt的加入,使催化剂样品比表面积、起活温度和温度窗口均发生一定的改变,在低温段具有良好的催化活性.在温度160℃和氨氮体积比0.8～1.2时,催化剂的脱硝率较稳...