为增强污泥消化的超声波污泥预处理

近几十年来,厌氧消化工艺得到广泛的研究,而强化这种工艺的各种方法亦得到了探讨。这些方法包括热处理、添加碱、分阶段和膜强化。一般说来,这些方法在技术上行得通,而却未能证明在经济上有竞争力。     

城市生活垃圾和污水厂剩余污泥联合厌氧消化产气性能研究

以城市生活垃圾和污水厂剩余污泥为消化原料,在中温(35℃)条件下,采用序批式厌氧消化方式,研究了生活垃圾和剩余污泥不同混合比例下的厌氧消化产气性能,以及不同原料配比对厌氧消化过程及消化效率的影响。按照生活垃圾和剩余污泥VS比分别为1∶0(R1),2∶1(R2),1∶1(R3),1∶2(R4)和0∶1(R5),试验设置了5个试验组。研究结果表明:两种物料混合后有助于提高消化效果和产气性能,其中,当城市生活垃圾和剩余污泥VS比为2∶1时,系统厌氧消化效果最好,VS去除率为35.98%,单位VS产气量为348.84 m L/g,产气中甲烷含量为53.8%,消化时间较单纯生活垃圾厌氧消化缩短了9 d。说明一定比例的生活垃圾和剩余污泥联合厌氧消化是提高厌氧消化效率的有效途径。     

不同预处理剩余污泥的中温厌氧消化试验研究

设计单因素试验,考察了热处理时间和碱投加量对剩余污泥有机质溶出和厌氧消化产沼气的影响。结果表明:加热和碱预处理均可明显地促进有机质溶解和提高厌氧产气效率;与原污泥相比,高温处理20 min后,剩余污泥可溶性有机质和累积厌氧产气量达到最高,分别为2 550 mg/kg和3 275.33 mL,较对照污泥分别增加了7.4倍和34.15%;高浓度CaO(6%和10%)处理后,剩余污泥中STOC浓度分别达到3 280 mg/kg和3 340mg/kg,较对照污泥STOC浓度(305 mg/kg)提高了9.75和9.95倍;CaO预处理对污泥厌氧消化影响较复杂,表现为低浓度促进产气和高浓度抑制产气;2%CaO处理下,累积产气量比对照提高了39.87%;6%和10%CaO处理下,累积产气量低于对照污泥。     

剩余污泥与生活有机垃圾联合厌氧消化产沼气研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾为发酵原料,研究了不同原料配比对厌氧消化过程及消化效率的影响。结果表明,剩余污泥和生活垃圾联合厌氧发酵可以提高垃圾的消化效率,当剩余污泥和生活垃圾TS比为1∶4时厌氧消化效果最好,经过66 d消化后,COD去除率为59.79%,TS去除率为56.92%,VS去除率为66.87%。     

稻壳中温厌氧消化产沼气试验研究

对稻壳厌氧消化产沼气进行了试验研究,采用中温发酵,用1%NaOH和2%NaOH分别对35g/L、50g/L、65g/L和80g/L四个负荷的稻壳进行预处理,并用相应负荷的未经NaOH预处理的稻壳作对比,结果发现:稻壳厌氧消化易酸化,酸化时间在8～11天左右,最长的一个为15天;经1%NaOH预处理的稻壳在不同负荷中日产气量均达到最高,分别为35g/L时1730mL、50g/L时2070mL、65g/L时2330mL和80g/L时2980mL;通过NaOH化学预处理,加快了稻壳的厌氧消化速度,厌氧消化周期明显缩短.     

果蔬废弃物与剩余污泥协同厌氧消化特性研究

为了提升污泥的厌氧消化效率,文章从改善原料碳氮比入手,在温度为35℃,挥发性固体(VS)浓度为4%条件下,将果蔬废弃物与污泥按不同VS比例复配,并进行协同厌氧消化产甲烷潜力实验。实验结果表明:在厌氧消化过程中,不同配比实验组的pH值、氨氮浓度和挥发性脂肪酸浓度均在适宜的范围内;不同配比实验组的累积产甲烷量由高到低依次为6∶4,5∶5,4∶6,3∶7,8∶2,7∶3,2∶8,1∶9和9∶1,其分别比纯污泥组提高了516%,485%,430%,360%,335%,330%,290%,144%和-64%。通过Gomperzt修正方程拟合发现,果蔬废弃物与污泥协同厌氧消化的最佳VS配比为6∶4,此时体系的单位VS理论甲烷产率和单位VS最大甲烷日产量分别为114.05mL/g和14.61 mL/(g·d),分别比纯污泥组提高了422%和353%。     

厌氧消化污泥预处理对提油后微藻渣产氢的影响

以微藻油脂提取后的藻渣为底物,研究了厌氧消化污泥预处理方式对产氢的影响,预处理方法为热、碱、酸和氯仿处理。结果表明,污泥预处理方式对藻渣的产氢量和消解率有很大影响。热处理污泥的底物消解率最高,而酸处理时为最低;热处理污泥的氢气产量最高,为27.27 ml/g,酸、碱、氯仿和未处理污泥的氢气产量较低,分别为13.97,23.69,17.73和18.88 ml/g。虽然氯仿处理和酸碱处理完全抑制了甲烷菌活性,但是产氢细菌的活力也受到抑制,其中酸处理的抑制最为严重。因此,热处理是富集产氢细菌最有效的方法。     

常温下厌氧消化技术处理柑橘皮渣的研究

以新鲜榨汁柑橘渣添加30%猪粪为原料,室温下进行批次厌氧发酵,周期30 d。结果表明,平均室温20℃时,6%投料浓度可正常启动发酵。发酵温度的变化对日产气量有显著的影响,18℃以上方能产气,稳定、较高的温度有利于发酵的顺利进行。物料TS、VS产气潜力分别为44.45、51.06 mL·g^-1,每天的池容产气率为0.088 mL·mL^-1,CH4含量约58.7%。TS、VS利用率分别为20.70%、13.79%,COD去除率41.50%。     

餐厨垃圾特性及其厌氧消化性能研究

以校园餐厨垃圾为原料,分析测定了早餐、午餐和晚餐餐厨垃圾的总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)、碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪含量以及无机盐离子浓度,并通过批式厌氧发酵试验对3种餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,早餐餐厨垃圾特性与午餐/晚餐餐厨垃圾差异较大,Na+,Ca2+和Cl-含量高于后两者。餐厨垃圾不同特性对其厌氧消化产气及有机物去除率都有一定影响,早餐、午餐和晚餐餐厨垃圾的累积甲烷产量分别为212.2,331.6和362.4 ml/g,早餐餐厨垃圾产气量比午餐和晚餐餐厨垃圾分别低36%和41.4%,其中Cl-含量高可能是造成其产气量低的主要原因。     

Heat and energy requirements in thermophilic anaerobic sludge digestion

The heating requirements of the thermophilic anaerobic digestion process were studied. Biogas production was studied in laboratory experiments at retention times from 1 to 10 days. The data gathered in the experiments was then used to perform a heat and energy analysis. The source of heat was a conventional CHP unit system. The results showed that thermophilic digestion is much faster than mesophilic digestion and therefore produces more biogas in a shorter time or at smaller digester volumes. The major part of the heating requirements consisted of sludge heating. The heat losses of the digester were only 2–8% of the sludge heating requirements. The heating requirements in thermophilic digestion are about twice those of mesophilic digestion. Therefore a CHP unit system cannot cover all of the needs for successful operation of thermophilic digestion. Heat regeneration was introduced as a solution. Heat is regenerated from the sludge outflow at a temperature of 50–55 °C and transferred to the cold inflow sludge at a temperature of 11 °C. Enough heat is regenerated in a conventional counter flow heat exchanger to bring the thermophilic process to the same level as the mesophilic one. Considering the smaller digester volumes and the relatively small investment in the regenerative equipment, the construction of thermophilic digestion systems may be a very good alternative to conventional mesophilic sludge digestion systems.     

葡萄籽提油前后发酵产沼气潜力研究

在恒温25℃条件下,采取批量发酵工艺,研究了葡萄籽提油前后产沼气潜力。结果表明:葡萄籽TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为473.65 mL/g和484.55 mL/g,能源转换效率为37.25%;葡萄籽油枯TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为450.03 mL/g和460.44 mL/g,能源转换效率为36.43%。     

链霉素菌渣中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能研究

为实现链霉素菌渣的无害化、资源化利用,文章以链霉素菌渣为原料,在菌渣含固率为2%,温度为30±2℃的条件下进行60 d的厌氧发酵试验。试验结果表明:链霉素菌渣的累积产气量为18.20 L,中温产气能力为364.07 mL/g;在稳定产气阶段,发酵液的氨氮、VFAs含量均维持在较低水平,pH值大于7.0;厌氧发酵结束后,发酵液的VS去除率达64.32%;以金黄色葡萄球菌作为指示菌,在厌氧发酵后的沼液中未检测到链霉素残留。     

城市有机生活垃圾高温厌氧转化生物质能研究

在国内外已有的研究基础上,对城市有机生活垃圾的高温厌氧（批量）消化工艺实验进行了初步探索,研究了在55℃的高温条件下累积产气量与消化时间的关系,C／N比与产气量的关系,消化过程中pH值变化,并研究了垃圾高温发酵实验过程中沼气中的CH4和CO2的含量变化,其中甲烷含量最高可达75．3％。实验结果表明,城市生活垃圾高温消化的降解效果较好,产气量较高,启动时间短。     

Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge

When treating municipal wastewater, the disposal of sludge is a problem of growing importance, representing up to 50% of the current operating costs of a wastewater treatment plant. Although different disposal routes are possible, anaerobic digestion plays an important role for its abilities to further transform organic matter into biogas (60–70 vol% of methane, CH₄), as thereby it also reduces the amount of final sludge solids for disposal whilst destroying most of the pathogens present in the sludge and limiting odour problems associated with residual putrescible matter. Anaerobic digestion thus optimises WWTP costs, its environmental footprint and is considered a major and essential part of a modern WWTP. The potential of using the biogas as energy source has long been widely recognised and current techniques are being developed to upgrade quality and to enhance energy use. The present paper extensively reviews the principles of anaerobic digestion, the process parameters and their interaction, the design methods, the biogas utilisation, the possible problems and potential pro-active cures, and the recent developments to reduce the impact of the problems. After having reviewed the basic principles and techniques of the anaerobic digestion process, modelling concepts will be assessed to delineate the dominant parameters. Hydrolysis is recognised as rate-limiting step in the complex digestion process. The microbiology of anaerobic digestion is complex and delicate, involving several bacterial groups, each of them having their own optimum working conditions. As will be shown, these groups are sensitive to and possibly inhibited by several process parameters such as pH, alkalinity, concentration of free ammonia, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, heavy metals, volatile fatty acids and others. To accelerate the digestion and enhance the production of biogas, various pre-treatments can be used to improve the rate-limiting hydrolysis. These treatments include mechanical, thermal, chemical and biological interventions to the feedstock. All pre-treatments result in a lysis or disintegration of sludge cells, thus releasing and solubilising intracellular material into the water phase and transforming refractory organic material into biodegradable species. Possible techniques to upgrade the biogas formed by removing CO₂, H₂S and excess moisture will be summarised. Special attention will be paid to the problems associated with siloxanes (SX) possibly present in the sludge and biogas, together with the techniques to either reduce their concentration in sludge by preventive actions such as peroxidation, or eliminate the SX from the biogas by adsorption or other techniques. The reader will finally be guided to extensive publications concerning the operation, control, maintenance and troubleshooting of anaerobic digestion plants.     

Effect of agitation pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of swine manure

This study evaluated the effect of mechanical agitation pretreatment on anaerobic digestion (AD) of swine manure (SM). The results showed a remarkable increase in soluble polysaccharides, soluble proteins, and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) by 82.42%, 121.17%, and 114.89%, respectively, after the SM being agitated for 22 h. No improvement in the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) yield was observed during the agitation pretreatment. Apparently, agitation significantly accelerated the hydrolysis of SM, while it did not seem to enhance the acidification step. Batch AD experiments showed an improved accumulative methane yield by 77.89% with the pretreated SM compared to raw SM.     

鸡粪厌氧消化过程中水解酶与沼气产量的关系研究

研究了鸡粪在厌氧消化全过程中几种水解酶活的变化与沼气产量的关系。结果表明,纤维素酶、脂肪酶、液化型淀粉酶和糖化型淀粉酶 的酶活在发酵过程中是变化的,与产气量是相关的;酶活最大值出现在产气高峰期的附近;酸、中、碱蛋白酶活性在消化过程中不断降低。     

Photobiostimulation of anaerobic digestion by laser irradiation and photocatalytic effects of trace metals and nanomaterials on biogas production

Biogas generation from the latent energy in biomass is one of the most attractive renewable energy sources. This can be attributed to the environmental friendly nature of the process and its less energy requirements. This article reviews the anaerobic digestion of biomass (livestock manure and crop residues) for biogas and methane production as a source of renewable energy. Furthermore, this study investigates the enhancement of biogas and methane production using light and laser radiations. The laser radiation accelerates bacterial division and growth, where this process is termed as “photobiostimulation.” Additionally, laser radiation photoactivates the inactive enzymes. The results of this literature review showed that the irradiation of methanogenic bacteria with laser sources increased the biogas production by one and a half fold the traditional method of biogas production. The simultaneous irradiation of both nanomaterials and methanogenic bacteria using laser radiation increased the biogas volume by twofolds the biogas volume resulted from the traditional method of biogas production.