基于能量耗散碾压混凝土重力坝地震损伤分析

摘　要：采用塑性损伤力学对混凝土重力坝进行非线性动力分析,通过研究塑性损伤本构中滞回曲线的特点以及地震中重力坝裂缝发展特征和结构能量耗散机理,建立了包含能量特性的大坝整体损伤评价指标。通过分析发现强震作用下坝体上部的损伤是结构的主要损伤,地震中的能量以结构阻尼耗散能量为主,混凝土损伤和塑性耗散的能量所占比例不大,但与裂缝的发展有直接关系。提出的大坝整体损伤指标可以综合的反应结构的整体损伤程度,以此对结构进行抗震设计,可以提高结构的抗震性能。     

基于多个响应量的拱坝地震易损性分析

以白鹤滩拱坝为研究对象,选取成组强震记录,同时考虑地震动和材料的不确定性,采用增量法对白鹤滩拱坝进行了地震易损性分析。统计连续调幅地震动作用下拱坝损伤破坏过程,直观的划分了拱坝地震破坏等级,确定了拱冠位移、横缝开度和损伤体积比这三个响应量在各破坏等级间的界限值,从而可通过这三个响应量定量描述拱坝的破坏等级。通过拟合增量动力分析结果,分别建立了三个响应量的概率地震需求模型,进而求得地震易损性曲线,并综合比较了不同破坏等级下基于三个响应量的易损性曲线,全面反映了拱坝易损性。利用易损性曲线可以预测不同强度地震作用下拱坝达到各级破坏的概率,为基于性能的拱坝抗震安全评价提供了理论依据。     

Failure analysis of a cracked concrete gravity dam under earthquake

A dynamic contact model for simulating the interaction of two surfaces divided by a dam crack, and a simplified reinforcing steel constitutive model for simulating the effect of earthquake-resistant reinforcement on a cracked dam are developed in this study. After the verification of the dynamic contact model and the reinforcing steel constitutive model by illustrations, the JINANQIAO roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dam is investigated with two case scenarios: a straight crack case and a curving crack case scenarios, including their dam–foundation–reservoir interaction, respectively. Emphasis is paid to analysing the failure process of the cracked dam with and without reinforcement. Results show that the cracked dam maintains a large safety margin, and the curving crack is beneficial to the improvement of earthquake resistance. Commonly applied steel reinforcement measures can effectively decrease the sliding displacement and the joint opening of the cracked dam; however, the layout of the reinforcing steel and its quantity to be used needs particular consideration.     

基于代数算法的单元模态应变能灵敏度分析

模态应变能在基于振动的结构损伤识别中得到了广泛的应用,其灵敏度分析成为了当前的一个重要问题。采用代数方法解析推导出了无阻尼线性系统单元模态应变能一阶和二阶灵敏度的解析表达式,该表达式简洁紧凑,便于编程,而且只需一阶模态信息,不存在模态截断引起的误差问题。通过数值模拟算例,对得到的单元模态应变能一阶灵敏度进行了参数分析,并着重考查了损伤及其噪声的影响。结果表明,低阶单元模态应变能比高阶模态能更好地反映出结构损伤,而且抗噪能力更好。     

基于势能判据的约束模态综合法截断准则

为提高大型复杂结构体系的计算效率,在深入分析约束模态综合法原理的基础上,定义了由不同主模态截断阶数产生的位移向量组成的线性空间,建立该空间上的一个函数,通过数学定理详细证明了该函数是线性空间上的范数,并以该范数的最大值定义势能判据,推导出势能判据与子结构主模态截断数量之间的关系,据此提出了一种基于势能判据的子结构主模态截断准则。此外对于约束模态综合法,还推导了以机械能为判据的情况,证明了约束模态法中子结构的机械能随截断主模态数量的变化曲线并不是单调的,故不适用于约束模态法。最后将势能判据截断准则应用到地基土—高层建筑相互作用体系的地震响应分析问题中,进一步对所提出的模态截断准则的计算精度进行对比研究。研究结果表明,所提出的势能判据截断准则是十分有效的,而应用于振型叠加法的机械能判据不宜应用于约束模态综合法中。     

基于HHT-RDT算法的高拱坝泄流结构工作模态识别方法

根据高拱坝泄流结构自身的工作特点,为准确辨识环境激励下的结构模态参数特征,提出了一种基于改进的HHT-RDT算法的高拱坝泄流结构工作模态识别方法。以某高拱坝原型振动响应测试资料为基础,利用改进的小波阈值-EMD算法对原始信号进行降噪预处理,滤除干扰噪声的同时保留有效特征信息;采用HHT-RDT算法识别高拱坝泄流结构的工作模态参数,运用带通滤波对振动响应信号的EMD过程进行控制得到结构的各阶模态分量,利用RDT法提取各阶模态分量的自由衰减信息,识别出高拱坝泄流结构系统的固有频率及阻尼比。工程实例表明,该方法避免了复杂系统定阶过程,有效提高结构振动响应工作模态识别精度,为辨识高拱坝泄流结构的工作模态参数提供捷径。     

An attempt to separate elastic strain energy density of linear elastic anisotropic materials based on strains considerations

A promising new effort toward the decomposition of the elastic strain energy density of linear elastic anisotropic materials into a dilatational and a distortional part is presented. By assuming that volume changes must keep the material symmetries unchanged, a new physical perspective is presented and interesting definitions are drawn. This new perspective necessitates the introduction of a strain parameter m characteristic of the material’s anisotropy. This strain parameter besides easing the calculation of the dilatational and distortional energetic terms additionally accounts for the directional sensitivity of anisotropic materials.     

Heterogeneous and anisotropic long-term concrete damage of the dez arch dam using thermal inverse analysis

In this paper, an assumption used in the recent work of the author and his contributors considers the long-term concrete damage of the Dez arch dam as a homogeneous and isotropic process, was investigated in more detail and was adjusted. To this end, the vertical dam sections were divided into nine and six subsections along the thickness and height directions of the dam, respectively. In each subsection, a transversely isotropic damaged elastic constitutive law was considered for diagnostic analyses. Following the previous authors’ mentioned work, an optimization procedure (minimization of a certain error function) accompanied with an inverse thermal analysis was carried out. That analysis was performed within the framework of finite element (FE) method. Mentioned error function was defined as the sum of the squared residuals. Residuals were set as difference between nodal recorded displacements with inverse pendulums of the dam and the corresponding computed ones with the proposed model. Parameters considered as unknowns in the present inverse analysis, which have contributions in that above-mentioned error function, were the five independent elastic moduli presented in the formulation of the earlier mentioned transversely isotropic damaged elastic constitutive law: two Young’s moduli: one in the planes parallel to the up and down stream surfaces of the dam, called in-plane and the other in the perpendicular planes to those planes, named out-of-plane Young’s modulus; two Poisson’s ratios (in-plane and out-of-plane); and one shear modulus (out-of-plane). These parameters were identified performing numerous thermal inverse analyses. Obtained results revealed that the long-term damage of concrete of the Dez dam is a heterogeneous and anisotropic phenomenon because that the magnitude of the mentioned error function was obtained smaller than the corresponding value in the previous study which had been performed before based on the homogeneous and isotropic damage evolution assumption.     

基于XFEM的强震区砼重力坝开裂与配筋抗震措施研究

已有震害表明,混凝土坝遭遇强烈地震将不可避免地产生开裂。扩展有限元法（XFEM）通过在相关节点的影响域上富集非连续位移模式,使得对非连续位移场的表征独立于单元边界,可以有效描述混凝土中的裂纹扩展。基于扩展有限元模型,采用合理的地震波动模型对国内某混凝土重力坝强震下的动力破坏过程进行了分析;针对大坝破坏情况,应用嵌入式滑移模型模拟了混凝土重力坝配筋前后的地震响应和破坏状况,据此评价局部配筋的抗震效果。研究表明,局部配置抗震钢筋虽无法防止裂缝的发生,但可有效限制坝体裂缝的开裂扩展范围及深度,减少裂缝的开度,有效改善坝体的抗震性能。     

Biaxial load effects on the crack border elastic strain energy and strain energy rate

In a previous paper it was shown that the singular expressions for the elastic stress and displacements in the border region of a line crack are inadequate, generally speaking. This is nowhere more clearly demonstrated than for the case of the infinite sheet with a flat central crack, biaxially loaded along its outer boundaries. For this particular problem, the entire effect of the load applied parallel to the plane of the crack shows up in the generally discarded second (non-singular) terms of the series representations for the stresses and displacements. Omission of these contributions is, in effect, equivalent to denying the presence of the boundary load applied parallel to the crack and, consequently, leads to prediction of results at variance with experimental data.

In this paper we continue with further discussion of the same problem, focusing attention on the fact that the local elastic strain energy density and strain energy rate depend significantly on the biaxiality of the applied load.     

Large-scale testing on specific fracture energy determination of dam concrete

The specific fracture energy of dam concrete is a basic material characteristic needed for the prediction of concrete dam behavior. Data on fracture properties of dam concrete are quite limited to date. A series of tests was carried out based on the size effect due to a number of geometrically similar notched specimens of various sizes. Experimental tests include three-point bending tests. The specimens were of square cross section with a span to depth ratio of 2/5. Three different specimens with depth of 200, 400 and 800 mm were considered for the purpose of testing. Concrete mixtures are provided from the Caroon 3 dam project site using river gravel or commonly crushed stones from quarries. To compare the fracture properties of dam concrete with normal concrete five types of concrete mixes of 65, 50, 40, 30 and 20 mm maximum aggregate size were considered. For all mixes, value of relative notch depth of 0.2 is used. Experimental results show that aggregate size has an important effect on specific fracture energy values of dam concrete. According to specific fracture energy definition based on size effect, the specific fracture energy of concrete mixes of 65, 50, 40, 30 and 20 mm M.S.A. are 178, 129, 88, 79 and 72 N/m, respectively. This indicates that the high specific fracture energy of dam concrete is the result of the nature, size and properties of its aggregate. The difference between specific fracture energy of normal and dam concrete should be noticed in nonlinear analysis of concrete dams.     

基于应变能分析的附加阻尼结构设计评价和准则优化方法

基于附加阻尼结构的模态应变能分析方法,对模态损耗因子关于附加阻尼的灵敏度和附加阻尼材料的相对利用效率进行了分析,并推导了以模态损耗因子最大为设计目标的附加阻尼层材料厚度分布的优化设计准则。对此推广,又进一步对强迫振动条件下结构的损耗因子关于附加阻尼的灵敏度和附加阻尼材料的相对利用效率进行了分析。由此,建立了一种分别根据自由振动模态和强迫振动响应对附加阻尼结构设计进行分析评价的方法。基于附加阻尼层材料厚度分布的优化设计准则,还给出了一个附加阻尼结构的迭代优化设计方法。通过对一个车身地板附加阻尼结构的计算分析,验证了提出的分析评价和优化设计方法的有效性。     

An analysis and computer simulation of using elastic strain energy to promote superconductivity

Both a model and a computer simulation are developed for superconducting electrons to move by releasing strain energy over mesoscopic distances. Rotation of a grain provides unique strain energy patterns to facilitate conduction. Numerical estimates are derived for the size of the force an electron could exert on the end of a grain to cause it to rotate. The numerical estimates take into account both electric fields and a quantum mechanical rate of change of momentum of the electrons. The force necessary to produce a torque to oscillate a grain at the same frequency of an electron wave packet is found to be in the same range. It is also shown that the magnetic field associated with a normal conducting current can disappear when a superconducting electron moves in the direction of a gradient in strain energy. A computer simulation in C++ shows that strain energy patterns from granular rotation can allow a high degree of electron movement through the center of a grain that has an aspect ratio from 8/7 to 2 and from 10 to 20. The range of tilt angle of the grain that allows electron movement is narrower and lower for higher aspect ratios.     

基于Najar能量法的混凝土分形损伤本构模型研究

混凝土损伤模型的研究,实质上是研究损伤变量对混凝土材料本构关系的影响。在外界因素作用下,材料的累积变形引起结构内部损伤的发展,最终将产生宏观裂缝直至破坏。在混凝土损伤破坏过程中,"凹凸无序"的断裂面和"杂乱无章"的裂缝是对混凝土宏观力学性能离散化、非线性、随机性的最直接的体现和表征。基于断裂面和裂缝的分形特性,得到了分形应力、分形应变的基本概念,使之能更为准确地描述混凝土的宏观力学性能。通过Najar能量损伤理论,利用分形应力与表观应力、多重分形应变与表观应变之间的关系,推导得出了混凝土分形损伤本构模型,重新定义了Weibull概率分布的混凝土损伤扩展规律,得到了基于压缩变形分形特性的损伤演化方程。     

A strain energy criterion for mixed mode crack propagation

The strain energy criterion for crack propagation proposed in the paper is based on the principle that the direction of crack propagation takes place along the direction where the distance from the crack tip to a certain contour line of constant distortional strain energy density is minimum, and the crack will begin to propagate when the total strain energy in the region surrounded by the contour line reaches a critical value. In the paper, predicted was compared with the measured results.     

Ductile crack propagation with the strain energy density criterion

The strain energy density criterion is used to characterize subcritical crack growth in a thin aluminum alloy sheet undergoing general yielding. A finite element analysis which incorporates both material and geometrical nonlinear behaviors of the cracked sheets is developed to predict fracture loads at varying crack growth increments. The predicted results are in excellent agreement with those measured experimentally, thus confirming the validity of the strain energy density criterion for characterizing ductile crack propagation.     

Mixed mode fracture analysis of CCBD specimens based on the extended maximum tangential strain criterion

The maximum tangential strain (MTSN) criterion has been modified to include the effects of T‐stress and stress intensity factors in conditions of both plane stress and plane strain. Further, both the T‐stress and Poisson's ratio affecting the crack propagation are also discussed according to the extended MTSN (EMTSN) criterion, which is a modified MTSN criterion. Finally, the generalized maximum tangential stress (GMTS) criterion and the EMTSN criterion are used to predict the test results obtained with central cracked Brazilian disc (CCBD) specimens. The results indicate that the T‐stress and Poisson's ratio have a remarkable influence on the mixed mode fracture resistance based on the EMTSN criterion. Theoretical values of both the EMTSN and the GMTS criteria are in very good agreement with the test results. Moreover, the EMTSN criterion provides a better prediction for pure mode II.     

混凝土梁式构件弹性模量的应变率效应研究

首先给出了梁式构件三点弯曲振动时材料弹性模量和跨中截面应变率的表达式,通过三点弯曲梁测试装置研究了素/钢筋混凝土梁弯曲振动时跨中最大应变率与动态弹性模量的关系,并进一步通过试验结果拟合出了考虑应变率效应的素/钢筋混凝土梁弹性模量提高系数的表达式.试验结果表明:在梁式构件的三点受弯振动中,随着跨中最大应变率由10-5/s增长到10-3/s,素混凝土梁的弹性模量增长了大约7.8%,钢筋混凝土梁的弹性模量增长了约10%.另外,由得到的拟合曲线和其他模型对比可知,应变梯度的存在一定程度上影响了混凝土材料弹性模量的应变率效应.     

基于变形离散元法的重力坝地震开裂分析

考虑脆性材料Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型复合断裂情况,基于渐进破坏理论建立了混凝土损伤破坏模型,提出一种损伤开裂模型与变形离散单元法耦合的分析方法。模拟了Koyna坝在强烈地震作用下的渐进破坏过程,通过与室内模型试验及其他方法所得结果的对比,验证了该方法的可靠性和正确性。研究表明：坝体初始裂缝是由地震拉应力集中所致,坝体开裂后,裂缝周围应力重新分布,但缝端仍存在拉应力集中现象,导致裂缝不断扩张;裂缝发展可分4个阶段;裂缝贯通后,坝头与底部剧烈错动,坝体动能减小,摩擦功急剧增加。     

Base force element method based on the complementary energy principle for the damage analysis of recycled aggregate concrete

The finite element method (FEM) is an effective approach for exploring the failure mechanism of heterogeneous materials. According to the complementary energy principle, the use of FEM might suffer from several difficulties in terms of keeping the elements and their boundaries balanced, as well as finding interpolation functions. In this study, we introduced an efficient approach to researching the failure mechanism of the material, named base force element method (BFEM), according to complementary energy principle. Specifically, the element compliance matrix of an arbitrary quadrilateral element with four mid-edge nodes was expressed based on the complementary energy principle. Then, the node displacement was obtained by the governing equation using the Lagrange multiplier method. In addition, both the compliance matrix and the node displacement were represented as explicit expressions without the use of Gaussian integration. A numerical model of the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) was established according to the Monte Carlo method. A comparative sample of the digital image model was also established using digital image technology. The influences of substituting recycled aggregate and the relative mechanical properties of adhered mortar to those of new mortar on the failure mechanism of RAC were studied. The simulation results indicated that the BFEM is an effective approach to researching the damage mechanism of heterogeneous materials.