Effects of tungsten fiber on failure mode of zr-based bulk metallic glassy composite

The authors systematically investigated the effects of tungsten fiber on failure mode as well as deformation and fracture mechanisms in tungsten fiber-reinforced Zr_41.25Ti_13.75Ni₁₀Cu_12.5Be_22.5 bulk metallic glassy composite under uniaxial compression at room and high temperatures. At room temperature, the failure mode of the composite changes from shear fracture to longitudinal splitting failure with increasing fiber volume fraction. Similar to the observations in monolithic metallic glasses, the shear fracture angle of the composite is approximately equal to 39∼40 deg, indicating that the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is suitable to give the critical shear fracture condition of the composite. When the compression tests were performed below the glass transition temperature of Zr_41.25Ti_13.75Ni₁₀Cu_12.5Be_22.5 metallic glassT _g, the deformation behavior of the composite strongly depends on the strain rates and the test temperature, which is quite similar to the deformation behavior of monolithic metallic glasses in the supercooled liquid region. The corresponding failure mode of the composite changes from shear or splitting fracture to bending failure with decreasing strain rate or increasing test temperature. The failure modes at the temperature nearT _g are mainly controlled by the metallic glass matrix due to the decrease in its viscosity at high temperature. Based on these multiple failure modes, the effects of test temperature and tungsten fiber volume fraction on deformation and fracture mechanisms are summarized.     

Responses of damage and energy of sandwich and multilayer beams composed of metallic face sheets and aluminum foam core under bending loading

This present article deals with bending deformation and failure behavior of sandwich and multilayer beams composed of aluminum foam core and metallic face sheets analyzed byin-situ surface displacement analysis (SDA). The effect of beam structure on the failure mode of beam and the energy absorbed by beam failure were investigated and discussed. The SDA results revealed that collapse of the sandwich beams is by two basic modes, indentation (ID) and core shear (CS). The ID is localized deformation on the beam adjacent to the inner or outer roller in four-point bending, where displacement and compressive strains are at the maximum. As for CS mode, failure occurs in the core between inner and outer rollers, which corresponds to the maximum shear strain; discontinuous displacements in both the vertical and horizontal directions are the primary factors for shear crack initiation, growth, and broadening. The failure of the multilayer beams depends on whether the face sheets show ID mode or otherwise. If a single layer core sandwich fails in ID mode, the multilayer beams with similar face sheets show mixed ID + CS modes. If a single layer core sandwich fails fully in CS mode, no ID characteristic appears in the similar face sheet multilayer beams. The deformation energy of the beams relates strongly to the structure and geometry of beam. The predication of the bending fracture workW _x of a beam is given by

Transverse Shear Effect on Flutter of Composite Panels

The effect of transverse shear deformation on the supersonic flutter of composite panels has been investigated using the finite element method. First‐order shear‐deformation laminated‐plate theory and quasi‐steady aerodynamic theory are employed for the analysis. The total displacement of the plate is expressed as the sum of the displacement due to bending and the displacement due to shear deformation. Thus, the aerodynamic pressure induced by the plate motion is also the sum of the pressure induced by bending deformation and the pressure induced by shear deformation. Numerical results show that the transverse shear deformation may have a significant effect on the flutter boundary if aerodynamic damping were small or neglected in the determination of flutter boundary.     

Direct Observation on the Evolution of Shear Banding and Buckling in Tungsten Fiber Reinforced Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Composite

The evolution of micro-damage and deformation of each phase in the composite plays a pivotal role in the clarification of deformation mechanism of composite. However, limited model and mechanical experiments were conducted to reveal the evolution of the deformation of the two phases in the tungsten fiber reinforced Zr-based bulk metallic glass composite. In this study, quasi-static compressive tests were performed on this composite. For the first time, the evolution of micro-damage and deformation of the two phases in this composite, i.e., shear banding of the metallic glass matrix and buckling deformation of the tungsten fiber, were investigated systematically by controlling the loading process at different degrees of deformation. It is found that under uniaxial compression, buckling of the tungsten fiber occurs first, while the metallic glass matrix deforms homogeneously. Upon further loading, shear bands initiate from the fiber/matrix interface and propagate in the metallic glass matrix. Finally, the composite fractures in a mixed mode, with splitting in the tungsten fiber, along with shear fracture in the metallic glass matrix. Through the analysis on the stress state in the composite and resistance to shear banding of the two phases during compressive deformation, the possible deformation mechanism of the composite is unveiled. The deformation map of the composite, which covers from elastic deformation to final fracture, is obtained as well.     

铜钢复合冷却壁热变形分析

提高高炉炉腰及炉身下部冷却壁抗热变形能力是维持高炉长寿的关键.采用热态实验和数值模拟手段研究高炉炉腰及炉身下部区域铜钢复合冷却壁的传热及热变形行为,并与铜冷却壁进行对比分析.铜钢复合冷却壁热面无渣铁壳覆盖,煤气温度1200℃条件下,铜钢复合冷却壁最高温度为180℃,传热性能与铜冷却壁接近.铜钢界面最大等效应力约为114.45 MPa,低于铜钢复合板的抗拉强度.铜钢复合冷却壁发生弯曲变形,中心z向位移为0.66 mm,较铜冷却壁低约25.8%;顶底端沿z向位移为0.13 mm,较铜冷却壁低约50%;曲率为0.93×10-4 mm-1,较铜冷却壁低约51.81%.铜钢复合冷却壁抗变形能力优于铜冷却壁,可以避免铜冷却壁热变形过大导致的螺栓及冷却水管断裂破损问题.      

Fracture behavior of laminated metal-metallic glass composites

The crack growth behavior of metallic glass in laminated metal-metallic glass composites was investigated and compared to the crack growth characteristics of monolithic metallic glass. The composite arrangement significantly increases the crack growth resistance of the glass. Growth in the monolithic glass is catastrophic, whereas in the composite, it is stable. The behavior is described in terms of crack growth resistance(R) curves and discussed in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic contributions to toughness. It is found that an extrinsic factor,i.e., matrix bridging, makes the major contribution to increased crack growth resistance and that a limiting crack opening displacement model interprets the experimental data quite well. Enhanced glass deformation in the crack tip region, manifested by multiple shear band formation, is responsible for the intrinsic toughening observed. Physical models are developed to estimate the level of intrinsic toughening due to this effect.     

Bending deformation of rotating metallic tubes

The bending deformation of rotating metallic tubes is considered. This deformation is often used for the straightening of tubes produced by rolling or drawing to increase their quality. The elastoplastic bending deformation of rotating metallic tubes is shown to differ substantially from the conventional deformation of fixed tubes.     

Roll-Bonded Tri-Layered Mg/Al/Stainless Steel Clad Composites and their Deformation and Fracture Behavior

The deformation and fracture behaviors of roll-bonded tri-layered Mg/Al/stainless steel (SST) composite plates were studied. Brittle interfacial reaction compounds were observed at the Mg/Al interface upon annealing at and above 573 K (300 °C), whereas no visible interfacial reaction compounds were observed at Al/SST interfaces even after annealing up to 673 K (400 °C). The strength of the tri-layered Mg/Al/SST clad plates is in close agreement with those calculated from the strength data of the separated Mg, Al, and ST layers using the rule of mixture. The fracture strain components of the tri-layered clad in the absence of brittle interfacial intermetallic layer far exceed those calculated based on the fracture strain data of separated Mg, Al, and SST sheets. The enhanced ductility of the clad composites is due to the suppression of the localized deformation in a metallic layer by other metallic layers caused by the mutual constraint imposed by an adjacent layer. On the other hand, the fracture strain was found to be reduced in the presence of intermetallic layers between the metallic substrates. Cracks perpendicular to the stress axis were observed in the intermetallic compound layer between Mg and Al, inducing the localized slip in the vicinity of intermetallic cracks and premature fracture of the Mg alloy layer.     

Mapping the Strain Distributions in Deformed Bulk Metallic Glasses Using Hard X-Ray Diffraction

The deformation behavior of Cu₄₅ Zr_46.5 Al₇Ti_1.5 bulk metallic glass (BMG) under bending was investigated in-situ using high-energy X-ray synchrotron diffraction. Samples were bent using two different benders with radii of 10 and 20 mm. The components of the strain tensor were determined from the change of positions of the first maximum of the diffracted intensity in reciprocal space. The procedure of data treatment was improved by the introduction of direct beam off-center correction. Comparing results for the two different bending radii, we found that the zero stress region does not necessarily lay within the central part of the specimen. Bending with smaller radius resulted in symmetric strain distribution, whereas a larger bending radius revealed strong asymmetry. Furthermore, bending with a smaller radius (10 mm) shows steeper strain gradients as compared with the situation in which the larger bending radius (20 mm) was used. Using a smaller bending radius implies reaching higher tensile/compressive stresses and reveals the signs of the plastic deformation, which are demonstrated as a saturation of elastic strains.     

二十辊轧机支撑辊组变形及板形调控分析

 板带材的产能和质量是一个国家工业水平发展的重要标志,铜板带材的生产能力和地位更加显著。森德威二十辊轧机是冷轧铜板带材轧制生产的关键设备,其最外层A、D支撑辊组的弯曲变形是最重要的板形调整手段之一。支撑辊组鞍座位移变化可以使支撑辊芯轴发生弯曲变形,变形会反映到背衬轴承上并且向下依次传递给中间辊和工作辊,最终影响板厚和板形。传统的假设折线法和超静定梁法将芯轴和背衬轴承考虑为一个整体,而忽略了两者之间的变形对整体支撑辊组变形的影响。因此,基于有限元方法进行仿真拟合各段背衬轴承弯曲变形得到简化后的一次函数表达式,将各段背衬轴承拟合结果汇总进而得到整体的支撑辊组弯曲变形的线性表达式,再结合辊系弹性变形模型和金属塑性变形模型构成的板形预报模型评估支撑辊组变形程度对板形和板厚的影响。研究结果表明,对上辊系中的4个鞍座施加不同的位移组合之后,板厚和板形分布在整个板宽方向上并非局部变化,而是呈现整体的变化趋势,且4个鞍座对板形和板厚的调整效果并不相同;在施加同样的鞍座位移条件下,中部鞍座比边部鞍座对板形和板厚的影响效果更加显著,并且即使在支撑辊组中心两侧施加对称的鞍座位移,其对板厚和板形的影响也是非对称的。     

Fracture Morphology and Local Deformation Characteristics in the Metallic Glass Matrix Composite Under Tension

Fracture and deformation characteristics of the Ti-based metallic glass matrix composite have been studied by the tensile test and the in situ TEM tension test. Typically, the composite exhibits the high strength and considerable plasticity. Microscopically, it was found that shear deformation zone formed at the crack tip in glass phase, which can bring about quick propagation of shear bands. However, the plastic deformation zone nearby the crack tip in dendrites will postpone or retard the crack extension by dislocations. The attributions of micro-deformations to mechanical properties of composites were discussed.     

双金属复合板矫直过程的弯曲及弹复解析

基于工程弹塑性力学建立了不同组坯方式下双金属复合板弯曲矫直过程截面弹塑性状态演变路径的解析模型.基于该模型分析不锈钢复合板矫直过程中的弯曲回弹特性,解释复合板弯曲回弹过程中截面的反向屈服现象,并将不锈钢复合板与单一材料板材弯曲过程进行对比.研究结果表明:双金属复合板在弯曲过程中截面会经历五种弹塑性状态,并伴随着不同的中性层偏移规律,弯曲回弹后的残余应力分布与单一材料板相比更加不均匀且可能进入反向屈服状态;复合板与单一材料板材的弯矩相对差值随着屈服强度比的增大而增大,其绝对值随着弯曲曲率先增大后减小.      

金属复合轧制包覆板坯厚度的计算

通过对金属复合轧制的变形分析，导出了多层金属复合轧制的包覆板坯厚度计算公式。该式对金属复合轧制时，包覆板坯厚度的迁取提供了理论依据。对生产具有重要的现实意义。     

Finite-Element Formulation for Analysis of Laminated Composites

This paper presents a multilayered∕multidirector and shear-deformable finite-element formulation of shells for the analysis of composite laminates. The displacement field is assumed continuous across the finite-element layers through the composite thickness. The rotation field is, however, layerwise continuous and is assumed discontinuous across these layers. This kinematic hypothesis results in independent shear deformation of the director associated with each individual layer and thus allows the warping of the composite cross section. The resulting through-thickness strain field is therefore discontinuous across the different material sets. Numerical results are presented to show the performance of the method.     

High temperature deformation of an alumina composite reinforced with silicon carbide whiskers

Four-point bending creep tests were carried out in air on an alumina matrix composite reinforced with 9.3 vol.% of silicon carbide whiskers. Typical three-stage creep was observed. In the temperature range of 1673–1823 K, the composite exhibited an average stress exponent of 3.8. The activation energy for creep was estimated as ∼820–830 kJ mol⁻¹. Microstructure of the composite was characterized before and after deformation. Dislocation networks and other configurations were observed in samples deformed to large strains. It is concluded that the deformation mechanism consists of intragranular dislocation movement controlled by the lattice diffusion of oxygen ions.     

Predictions of High Strain Rate Failure Modes in Layered Aluminum Composites

A dislocation density-based crystalline plasticity formulation, specialized finite-element techniques, and rational crystallographic orientation relations were used to predict and characterize the failure modes associated with the high strain rate behavior of aluminum layered composites. Two alloy layers, a high strength alloy, aluminum 2195, and an aluminum alloy 2139, with high toughness, were modeled with representative microstructures that included precipitates, dispersed particles, and different grain boundary distributions. Different layer arrangements were investigated for high strain rate applications and the optimal arrangement was with the high toughness 2139 layer on the bottom, which provided extensive shear strain localization, and the high strength 2195 layer on the top for high strength resistance The layer thickness of the bottom high toughness layer also affected the bending behavior of the roll-bonded interface and the potential delamination of the layers. Shear strain localization, dynamic cracking, and delamination are the mutually competing failure mechanisms for the layered metallic composite, and control of these failure modes can be used to optimize behavior for high strain rate applications.     

The Effect of Size and Shape of Austenite Grains on the Mechanical Properties of a Low‐Alloyed TRIP Steel

The effects of size and shape of austenite grains on the extraordinary hardening of steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) have been studied. The deformation and transformation of austenite was followed by interrupted ex situ bending tests using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A finite element model (FEM) was used to relate the EBSD based results obtained in the bending experiments to the hardening behavior obtained from tensile experiments. The results are interpreted using a simple rule of mixture for stress partitioning and a short fiber reinforced composite model. It is found that both, the martensite transformation rate and the flow stress difference between austenite and martensite significantly influence the hardening rate. At the initial stage of deformation mainly larger grains deform, however, they do not reach the same strain level as the smaller grains because they transform into martensite at an early stage of deformation. A composite model was used to investigate the effect of grain shape on load partitioning. The results of the composite model show that higher stresses develop in more elongated grains. These grains tend to transform earlier as it is confirmed by the EBSD observations.     

Structural changes in magnesium-aluminum composite obtained by explosion welding after bending and thermal treatment

The effect of bending deformation and subsequent thermal treatment on the behavior of the micromechanical properties and characteristics of a fine structure of the AD1-MA2-0 magnesium-aluminum composite material (CM) after explosion welding (EW) is investigated. It is found that an intermetallic interlayer is formed after the thermal treatment (t = 300 and 400°C, τ = 1 h) of the composite welded by explosion and subjected to bending, which substantially affects the behavior of the characteristics of a fine structure.     

In situ formation of metal-ceramic microstructures,including metal-ceramic composites,using reduction reactions

Partial reduction reactions were used to form a metallic phase either around or inside oxide grains in polycrystals in the FeMnO system. By suitable choice of oxide composition, partial pressure of oxygen, annealing time and temperature, it is possible to control the nucleation and growth of the metallic phase to produce a wide range of metal-ceramic microstructures. These include ceramic grains with a thin layer of metallic phase at their boundaries; ceramic grains with a thick layer of metallic phase at their boundaries —essentially, a metal-ceramic composite; and ceramic grains containing a fine distribution of metal particles—essentially, a ductile phase toughened ceramic. The presence of the metallic phase increases the fracture toughness of all the metal-ceramic microstructures with respect to that of the pure ceramic, with the largest increase observed for the metal-ceramic composite. It is believed that the principles established by studying the FeMnO system can be used on more practical mixed oxide systems to produce metal-ceramic microstructures, which in some cases are unique, and in particular, if the starting oxide material is in the form of plate- or rod-shaped crystals, to produce metal-ceramic composites in situ.     

Effect of plastic deformation and high pressure working on the structure and microhardness of metallic glasses

The effects of rolling, bending and high pressure working on the structure and microhardness of Fe, FeNi and Co based metallic glasses have been investigated. Some special methods of specimen deformation and microhardness measurement were used. The structure has beeninvestigated by X-ray analysis and positron annihilation methods. A large importance of structural relaxation process occurring at room temperature during some hours after deformation has been established. The correlation between structural changes and those of mechanical properties after deformation has been found. The strain hardening and strain softening of metallic glasses has been found to depend upon the pattern of stressed state under the deformation.