氯化铵水溶液定向凝固实验的传热分析

选用类合金NH4Cl-H2O二元溶液进行垂直定向凝固实验研究,再现过共晶合金结晶过程,测量记录凝固过程中的温度场和固、液相界面位置;重点分析了两相区的传热特性,包括局部热流和释放潜热,并尝试用实验数据与数值计算相结合的方法确定两相区局部固相分数与温度的关系曲线。研究表明:在结晶过程中,各点温度呈线性下降,局部热流在进入两相状态后达到峰值;各相区内温度梯度恒定,但相界面附近温度梯度变化显著。两相区凝固过程中,先期潜热释放总量大,总凝固分数大,两相区厚度迅速增长;随后总凝固分数随相界面迅速上移而急剧下降,经历准稳态过程后再缓慢上升。溶液沿凝固方向分层,NH4Cl质量分数逐渐增大,相应结晶温度逐渐升高。     

TiO2,TiN和Ti(CN)对连铸保护渣粘性特征的影响

采用旋转粘度计全面系统的研究TiO2,TiN和Ti(CN)对连铸保护渣粘性特征的影响作用机制。研究表明,TiO2可以降低连铸保护渣的粘度,但随着钙钛矿的析出,会增加凝固温度和粘度。TiN以固相质点的形式存在且会抑制渣中晶体析出,相对地降低凝固温度,但会增大粘度。Ti(CN)由于分解反应放出气体,会降低连铸保护渣的化学稳定性。     

生物质在高温下的动态热解及元素析出特性

利用管式炉在800~1 200℃的温度下对麦草、稻草和元宝煤进行高温热解,并通过红外光谱分析仪和氢气分析仪对析出气体的成分进行测量,研究结果表明:麦草和稻草的NH_3,HCN,H_2和主要烷烃气体的析出曲线均呈现为单峰状,其中,H_2最晚析出且析出时间最长;随着热解温度的升高,麦草和稻草的NH_3,CH_4和C_2H_4析出量均逐渐减小,H_2析出量逐渐增大且增速快于元宝煤,当热解温度约为1 100℃时,麦草和稻草的HCN析出量均达到最大值;当热解温度约为1 010℃时,稻草的C_2H_2和C_6H_6析出量最大,而麦草的C_2H_2和C_6H_6最大析出量对应的热解温度分别约为1 030,1 060℃;麦草和稻草析出气体的碳元素质量分数均随着热解温度的升高而逐渐减小,氢元素质量分数在热解温度为1 000℃时最小,氮元素质量分数在热解温度为900℃时最大,麦草析出气体的氧元素质量分数随着热解温度的升高而逐渐增大,而稻草析出气体的氧元素质量分数在热解温度为1 000℃时最大。     

稻壳热解碳化过程典型无机元素迁移状况实验分析

生物质利用过程中,典型无机元素(尤其是K和Cl)的释放特性及迁移规律对设备的设计和运行参数制定至关重要。文中通过固定床热解碳化实验系统,详细研究了稻壳在惰性气氛下热解碳化过程中典型无机元素(K、Cl)的迁移状况及其与热解温度和时间的变化关系。实验结果得出稻壳中K和Cl元素在热解碳化过程中随着反应温度的提高逐步向气相产物析出,其中Cl元素在400℃已析出大部分(70%),其释放量随温度的增加快速增长,并与热解碳化过程的失重率呈现一定的线性关系; K元素析出主要集中于400℃以下及700℃以上两个区间,总释放率相比于Cl元素较低,当反应温度大于700℃后,K的释放速率显著增加。研究表明:在设计热解碳化设备时,应将反应物温度设计低于700℃,在合理利用稻壳资源的同时避免了无机元素引起的积灰结渣问题。     

油泥-煤混合热解挥发分析出特性

利用热重分析的方法对含油污泥、煤及其混合试样的挥发分析出特性进行研究,分析了含油污泥、煤的混合比例及升温速率对含油污泥-煤混合热解过程的化学动力学参数和挥发分析出特性参数的影响规律.实验结果表明,随着混合试样中含油污泥含量的增加,挥发分析出份额越大,混合试样总失重量增加;混合试样的热解反应整体活化能要小于两种单一组分;煤中加入少量的含油污泥就可以使挥发分初析温度显著降低,挥发分析出的温度区间在含油污泥质量分数为33%左右时达到最大;当混合试样中含油污泥质量分数超过33%时,挥发分析出高峰时的温度接近含油污泥,且挥发分最大析出速度、挥发分析出特性指数随含油污泥含量的增加而增大,增加含油污泥对混合试样挥发分的析出有明显的促进作用;在10～30,℃/min的变化范围内,热解曲线随升温速率的增大向高温方向偏移,挥发分析出特性指数随升温速率的增加略有增大,升温速率的增大对于挥发分的析出略有促进作用.     

基于氯化镁的石油焦-水蒸气气化过程影响因素分析

以石油焦为气化原料、以氯化镁为催化剂制取氢气,基于Aspen Plus模拟软件建立石油焦-水蒸气气化模型,在验证模型的基础上,进行气化过程的模拟仿真计算,分析不同条件下(气化温度、气化压力、催化剂添加量、H_2O/PC质量比)对石油焦气化制备富氢气体的热力学影响。H_2、CO、CO_2的模拟值与实验值吻合较好,说明此模型具有一定的适用性。结果表明:升高温度会使氢气的体积分数降低,石油焦-水蒸气制富氢气体最适宜温度为700℃;增大压力会使氢气的体积分数降低,石油焦-水蒸气制富氢气体最适宜压力为0.1MPa;增大H2O/PC质量比可以使H_2的体积分数上升,当H_2O/PC质量比为6时,上升趋势变缓,因此石油焦-水蒸气制富氢气体最适宜水蒸气质量流量为石油焦的6倍;随着催化剂氯化镁添加量的增多,H_2的体积分数也会上升,当氯化镁添加量为5%时,H_2体积分数提高4%。     

稀土耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出的热力学分析

基于FactSage热力学软件的最小吉布斯自由能原理,系统研究了不同铈含量及钢液洁净度条件下耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物的析出行为。结果表明：耐热钢中添加铈后,高熔点的Ce2O2S、 Ce2O3等夹杂取代了SiO2与MnS夹杂;在一定洁净度条件下, SiO2与MnS无法析出的铈含量分别为0.02%与0.03%;随着氧含量的增加,耐热钢中的夹杂物类型由Ce2O2S、 CeN、 CeS向SiO2、 Ce2O3转变,当氧含量大于0.006%时,钢中开始析出SiO2夹杂;随着硫含量的增加,耐热钢中的夹杂物类型由Ce2O2S、 CeN、 CeS、 Ce2O3向Ce2O2S、 MnS、 Ce2S3转变,当硫含量大于0.005%时, MnS夹杂开始析出。     

国产9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb耐热钢的显微组织分析

运用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析研究国产9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb耐热钢1040℃正火及随后780℃回火态的显微组织。结果表明,正火态的显微组织为典型的低碳板条马氏体,其弥散细小析出物为M_(23)C_6型碳化铬和MC型碳化钒,经回火后板条马氏体粗化,位错密度下降,孪晶消失,马氏体再结晶开始进行,局部有亚胞形成,但板条的特征依然存在。认为由于合金碳化物聚集长大速度较慢以及Cr、Mo通过固溶强化提高原子间结合力,使原子扩散的激活能升高,推迟其回复和再结晶的过程,从而使回火抗力增长,这种组织结构的稳定性非常有利于高温蠕变性能的改善。     

硫酸加入量对铬铁矿硫酸浸出行为的影响

以铬铁矿为原料,采用硫酸浸出工艺,对铬铁矿中铁和铬元素浸出行为进行研究.热力学研究表明,随着硫酸加入量的增大,铬浸出率呈逐渐升高的趋势,而铁浸出率呈先升高后降低的趋势,当硫酸与铬铁矿质量比为2.5时,铁元素浸出率最大,其质量分数为70.1%;且随着硫酸加入量的增大,铬铁尖晶石相逐渐消失,出现了硅酸铁和二氧化硅相.     

差速流化床密相区内流动特性的数值模拟

基于颗粒动力学理论,采用Fluent软件中标准k-ε方程模型和欧拉-欧拉双流体模型对差速流化床底部密相区内的气固两相流动过程进行了数值模拟,分析了内循环过程中颗粒速度和压力等流动特性参数的分布和变化规律,研究了主、副床风速对密相区流场的影响.结果表明:保持副床风速u2=1.5m/s不变,随着主床风速的增大,主床的时均颗粒体积分数降低,副床的时均颗粒体积分数升高,压力降方差和回流速度增大;保持主床风速u1=4.0m/s不变,随着副床风速的增大,回流速度减小,压力降方差先增大后减小,当副床风速为2.0m/s时气固两相流动最强烈.     

Analysis of solidification in a finite PCM storage with internal fins by employing heat balance integral method

Here, a simplified analytical model has been proposed to predict solid fraction, solid–liquid interface, solidification time, and temperature distribution during solidification of phase change material (PCM) in a two‐dimensional latent heat thermal energy storage system (LHTES) with horizontal internal plate fins. Host of boundary conditions such as imposed constant heat flux, end‐wall temperature, and convective air environment on the vertical walls are considered for the analysis. Heat balance integral method was used to obtain the solution. Present model yields closed‐form solution for temperature variation and solid fraction as a function of various modeling parameters. Also, solidification time of PCM, which is useful in optimum design of PCM‐based thermal energy storages, has been evaluated during the analysis. The solidification time was found to be reduced by 93% by reducing the aspect ratio from 8 to 0.125 for constant heat flux boundary condition. While, for constant wall temperature boundary condition, the solidification time reduces by 99% by changing the aspect ratio from 5 to 0.05. In case of convective air boundary surrounding, the solidification time is found to reduce by 88% by reducing the aspect ratio from 8 to 0.125. Based on the analytical solution, correlations have been proposed to predict solidification time in terms of aspect ratio and end‐wall boundary condition.     

Optimizing conditions for obtaining a solid solution of tungsten carbide in titanium carbide by preparing it in a precisely controlled gas medium

A new ecologically acceptable procedure is proposed of preparing a solid solution of titanium carbide–tungsten carbide (TiC–WC) in hydrogen which contains an equilibrium amount of methane. The procedure allows the carbon content of TiC–WC to be obtained with the required precision. The use of the methane–hydrogen medium allows a solid solution to be obtained with no carbon black present. This prevents the detrimental impurities to enter into the solid solution from the carbon black, thus improving properties of carbides and reducing environmental pollution.     

Modeling of transport phenomena in continuous casting of non-dendritic billets

A macroscopic model for simulating the phase change process and transport of solid fraction is developed for the case of solidification during direct chill continuous casting of a non-dendritic Al-alloy billet, in presence of electromagnetic stirring. Maxwell’s equations are solved to obtain the electromagnetic force field, which is incorporated in the momentum conservation equations as body force source terms. Thereafter, the complete set of equivalent single-phase governing equations (mass, momentum, energy, species conservation and transport of solid fraction) are solved using a pressure-based finite volume method. A variable viscosity approach is employed to model fluid flow in presence of phase change. The model is first validated against some experimental and numerical results available in the literature, pertaining to the case of conventional continuous casting without any externally imposed stirring. The model predicts the temperature, velocity, species and most importantly, the solid fraction distribution in the mold. These predictions are then used for studying the influence of initial superheat, stirring intensity and cooling rate on the macroscopic behavior of the system.     

P92钢高温持久强度试验后组织变化对性能的影响

采用扫描电镜和透射电镜对国产P92钢在600℃下经持久强度试验后的显微组织进行了观察,并研究了组织变化对性能的影响．结果表明：试验1429h前硬度下降主要是由于M23C6的粗化,而后由于大量Laves相析出产生的强化作用使硬度重新上升．当试验6063h后,Laves相粗化使强化效果减弱,硬度再次下降,此时MX仍然保持细小的尺寸,具有较好的强化效果．在整个持久试验过程中,板条马氏体的回复、再结晶导致的位错强化减弱,W、Mo从基体的脱溶导致的固溶强化减弱都对硬度下降起一定作用．     

Characterization and performance of UNS S63019 (21-4N) as bipolar plate material in a simulated polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell environment

The austenitic stainless steel UNS S63019 was evaluated regarding its potential as bipolar plate material in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environment. Segregated grains of niobium carbide (NbC_x) were identified in polished cross-sections of the alloy, offering a possible pathway for enhanced electrical conductivity through the passive surface oxide. Additionally, the alloy was tested for corrosion resistance in a simulated PEMFC environment. It was considered that perhaps the elevated nitrogen concentration in the alloy would provide some benefit for corrosion resistance.Results for interfacial contact resistance (ICR) testing of the air-formed surface film on UNS S63019 showed decreased electrical conductivity as compared to UNS S30400. Niobium carbide particles did not improve film conductivity due to a non-conductive niobium oxide layer that formed on the surface. Corrosion resistance of the alloy was also poor as compared with UNS S30400, demonstrating that elevated nitrogen concentration in the alloy was not adequate in itself to enhance corrosion resistance. Poor corrosion resistance was attributed primarily to high carbon content in the alloy which combined with a significant amount of chromium to form carbides.     

冷却速率对钢中MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物包裹率的影响研究

通过实验室试验研究钢中MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物的生成以及不同冷却速率对MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物包裹率的影响。结果表明:被推动到钢液凝固前沿的Al_2O_3,会为MnS析出提供异质形核质点;随着冷却速率的增加,复合夹杂物的尺寸从4μm降至2.5μm左右,MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物包裹率逐渐降低。本次试验研究为得到较优包裹程度的实验条件以及进一步改善钢材性能提供一定的理论分析。     

Novel high stable electrocatalyst based on non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline niobium carbide toward effective hydrogen evolution

In this work, we have developed a method for the synthesis of non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline niobium carbide (NbC_y) using special heat treatment of niobium citrate in a vacuum. The powder synthesized was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and low-temperature nitrogen sorption-desorption technique. The PXRD results showed that the synthesized niobium carbide nanocrystals had a cubic structure (space group Fm-3m), isometric morphology, and average crystallite size of about 12 nm. The Rietveld method was used to refine the unit cell parameters: a = b = c = 446.8 pm; R_wp = 5.48%. The specific surface area about 212 m²/g (BET) and the porosity about 0.02 cm³/g (BJH) of the sample were determined by adsorption-structural analysis; it was found that niobium carbide had a weakly pronounced microporous structure associated with the presence of interparticle porosity, which was also confirmed by the HRSEM results. The catalytic activity of non-stoichiometric niobium carbide in the process of electrolytic reforming of an aqueous ethanol solution was analyzed. The electrocatalyst has a low hydrogen overpotential value (?245 mV), a Taffel slope (90 mV/dec), and high operational stability: the absolute value of the overvoltage increases by 21 mV after 500 voltammetry cycles, and the current density decreases by 5% after 20 h of chronoamperometry. The results obtained make it possible to consider non-stoichiometric niobium carbide as a promising electrode base for electrocatalytic production of hydrogen from renewable aqueous-alcoholic solutions.     

稻壳水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学分析

以稻壳为原料,利用水热碳化技术结合元素分析和热重法,考察水热反应强度对水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学的影响。结果表明：1）随着反应强度参数（lg R₀）的增大,水热炭整体挥发分和氧元素质量分数呈减少趋势,而C元素质量分数则逐渐增加,当水热反应强度lg R₀为4.90~6.19时,参数变化尤为显著,lg R₀为6.19时,C元素和O元素的质量分数分别为50.5%和21.3%,O/C和H/C原子比分别为0.32和1.21;2）相对于原料,水热炭的燃烧损失集中在固定碳和挥发分燃烧阶段,着火和燃尽温度均有小幅上升;3）当lg R₀由3.25增至6.49时,挥发分燃烧损失减小,固定碳燃烧损失增大,着火与燃尽温度呈整体向高温区转移的趋势,综合燃烧特性指数（S_N）呈先增加后减小的趋势;4）固定碳燃烧段活化能低于挥发分燃烧段,本次采用的动力学模型分析水热炭燃烧动力学结果可靠,相关系数（R²）均在0.92以上。     

小方坯帘线钢末搅参数的优化研究

以小方坯帘线钢的连铸生产为研究对象,采用ProCast商业软件根据实际生产的工艺参数建立铸坯的凝固传热模型,并利用射钉试验对模型进行校正以提高模型的准确性。结果表明,该凝固传热模型可以模拟帘线钢的连铸生产过程。根据射钉试验和数值模拟结果,对末搅位置进行改进,可发现铸坯中心缩孔等级下降,等轴晶率增大。