NiTi SMA电沉积电流密度对耐蚀性的影响

系统研究了在不同电流密度下阴极电沉积法制得的Ti-O膜改性膜的表面形貌及耐腐蚀性能。得出在电流密度5 mA/cm2下阴极沉积得到的Ti-O膜非常均匀致密,有较小的裂纹;但电流密度为20mA/cm2下沉积的试样有较好的热力学稳定性和较优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

具有微米纤维碳的硅/石墨/碳复合材料的制备及在锂离子电池中的应用

以沥青为软碳原料,商业石墨的载体材料,通过高温热解法成功合成了硅/石墨/碳复合材料,同时原位生成了微米尺度的碳纤维.该硅/石墨/碳复合材料具有诸多优点,石墨片层堆叠之间的空隙为硅的体积膨胀提供了有效的空间,沥青热解碳材料的包覆能一定程度抑制硅基材料的体积效应和提高其电子电导率,同时微米级的碳纤维能提高材料的长程导电性和结构稳定性,从而极大的改善负极材料循环性能.通过电化学测试表明,硅/石墨/碳复合材料中硅/石墨/碳复合负极材料在200 mA·g-1电流密度下具有650 mA·h·g-1的可逆容量,在200 mA·g-1电流密度下经过500圈循环后容量保持率为92.8%,每圈的容量衰减率仅为0.014%,展现了优异的循环性能.      

二氧化钛涂层改性锌负极及其在水系锌离子电池中的应用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了锐钛矿型纳米二氧化钛粉体,将其涂覆在锌箔上制备了二氧化钛涂层改性锌负极。通过各种表征和测试手段,探究了涂层对锌负极的改善效果,评估了改性后的锌负极在水系锌离子电池中的电化学性能。结果表明,二氧化钛涂层可以诱导锌在负极均匀沉积,由改性锌负极组成的Zn/Zn对称电池可以在1 mA/cm²的电流密度下稳定循环500 h以上。此外,用改性锌负极组装的Zn/MnO₂全电池在0.5 A/g的电流密度下循环100次后容量保持率为82.53%,显著优于用未改性锌负极组装的Zn/MnO₂全电池。     

稻壳基多孔硬碳的制备及其储钠性能

用稻壳做原料,不同浓度的氢氧化钾溶液做活化剂,采用水热法制备钠离子电池硬碳负极材料.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积测试系统（BET）和电池性能测试系统,对其结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征.研究结果表明,用2 mol/L浓度的氢氧化钾做活化剂制备的多孔碳材料（RHPC-1-2）具有37.633 6 m2/g的高比面积且存在大量的微孔和中孔. RHPC-1-2材料具有高的可逆比容量为285 mAh/g和初始库仑效率为72%. RHPC-1-2材料表现出优异的循环性能,在100 mA/g电流密度下,首次循环放电比容量为204 mAh/g,循环100次后容量仍有200 mAh/g,容量几乎没有衰减. RHPC-1-2材料也表现出优异的倍率性能,在25 mA/g、50 mA/g、100 mA/g、200 mA/g和500 mA/g电流密度下放电比容量分别是265 mAh/g、247 mAh/g、213 mAh/g、170 mAh/g和112 mAh/g,当电流密度又是25 mA/g时,RHPC-1-2材料的放电比容量几乎没有下降.      

Morphology and microstructure of electrochemically deposited calcium phosphates in a modified simulated body fluid

Calcium phosphates were deposited on a pure titanium plate for various loading times under 1.3 and 12.9 mA/cm2 in a modified simulated body fluid at 52-92 degrees C. The plate-like crystals formed under 1.3 mA/cm2 were identified to be octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and/or carbonate-containing apatite. OCP converted to carbonate-containing apatite with the elapsing time of the loading current. The needle-like precipitates formed under 12.9 mA/cm2 were identified to be carbonate-containing apatite crystals elongated parallel to the c-axis direction. The degrees of crystallinity of the deposits formed under 1.3 mA/cm2 showed the highest value around 72 degrees C, whereas those under 12.9 mA/cm2 increased with the electrolyte temperature. The carbonate content of the deposits decreased with the electrolyte temperature and the flow current. The degree of crystallinity of the electrochemically deposited calcium phosphates decreased with the carbonate content.     

高温氢还原法制备纳米硅/石墨烯复合材料的结构与电化学性能

将Hummers法制备的氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)与纳米硅粉进行超声复合和高温氢还原,制备锂离子电池用纳米硅/石墨烯(Si/G)复合材料。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和Raman光谱分析,对Si/G复合材料的形貌与结构进行分析与表征,并测试其电化学性能。结果表明,通过高温氢还原,氧化石墨烯全部还原为石墨烯,无其它杂质相生成。石墨烯包覆在纳米硅颗粒表面,形成层状复合结构;与纯纳米硅粉相比,Si/G复合材料的电化学性能明显提高,在300 m A/g电流密度下,首次放电比容量为2 915.0(m A·h)/g,首次充电比容量为1 080.5(m A·h)/g,20次循环后比容量稳定在969.6(m A·h)/g,库伦效率为99.8%;而纯纳米硅粉的首次放电比容量和首次充电比容量分别为932.7和349.4(m A·h)/g,20次循环后比容量仅为6.4(m A·h)/g。     

Stimulating Biological Nitrification via Electrolytic Oxygenation

The feasibility of electric current prompted aerobic biodegradation of NH4+–N in an attached growth bioreactor system is demonstrated. Nitrification was induced at electric current densities of 1.25 and 2.5?mA/cm2 and with pure oxygen supplied at a rate equivalent to 1.25?mA/cm2 when the bioreactor was operated in batch mode at 6 days detention time. About 84% (27?mg/L)?NH4+–N loss was observed at the end of each detention period during all three experimental conditions, indicating that the electric current did not negatively impact the rate of nitrification. Nitrite accumulation was observed during the initial stages of nitrification experiments with 1.25?mA/cm2 current intensity, but nitrite did not accumulate during the other two sets of nitrification experiments. A mathematical model formulated to obtain the rates of biological reactions showed that rates of NH4+–N removal are similar for all aeration conditions. Abiotic experiments showed that NH4+–N was not removed electrolytically and via stripping, confirming that NH4+–N disappearance is due to biological activity.     

锂离子电池用CuFe2O4立方颗粒负极材料的合成及其电化学性能

金属氧化物材料具有多倍于商业石墨负极的理论容量,但此类材料在储锂过程中会出现体积膨胀,导致活性物质粉化脱落,影响锂离子电池的循环寿命。以金属有机框架（MOFs）普鲁士蓝立方体为自牺牲模板合成了空心CuFe₂O₄立方颗粒,并将其作为锂离子电池的负极材料。CuFe₂O₄立方块的粒径范围在300~500 nm之间,壳层厚度为40 nm。电化学测试表明CuFe₂O₄立方颗粒在200 mA/g电流密度下循环200次后放电容量仍能达到742.4 mAh/g,出色的性能得益于颗粒的中空结构能够有效缓解因储锂而产生的体积膨胀,从而延长锂离子电池的循环寿命。      

Mg-Al-Pb-Ga-Y海水电池用镁阳极的 成分优化和电化学性能

采用熔炼法制备了一系列Mg-Al-Pb-Ga-0.9Y海水电池用镁合金阳极材料.利用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和电化学测试等方法研究了Pb、Ga元素对合金组织和电化学性能的影响.结果表明, 合金的放电电压随Pb含量增加而提高. Pb含量（指质量分数，下同）为5%且Ga的添加量为1%时, 对放电电压的提升效果达到最优，合金在20 mA/cm2和100 mA/cm2电流密度下放电均有较大的放电电压.成分为Mg-3Al-5Pb-1Ga-0.9Y的镁阳极具有更优异的综合性能, 其放电电位最负, 在电流密度为20 mA/cm2和100 mA/cm2下的工作电位分别为-1.723 V和-1.680 V；合金的自腐蚀速率较低, 腐蚀电流密度为5.1164×10-5 A/cm2.      

2,6-二氨基蒽醌/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及在锂有机电池的应用

采用水热合成法和冷冻干燥技术制备了2,6-二氨基蒽醌(2,6-AAQ)/rGO复合材料,通过氨基(—NH2)与羧基(—COOH)形成肽键(—CO—NH—)共价键,使其在电解液中的溶解问题从本质上得到了解决.SEM和EDS Mapping表明,2,6-AAQ/rGO-3复合材料中的2,6-AAQ呈现出高度的棒状结构,并且被石墨烯包裹得更紧密.这种独特的结构提高了2,6-AAQ在锂化过程中的电子导电性,可有效减少2,6-AAQ的聚集,利于电解质的浸润.XPS、XRD、FTIR和Raman结果表明,2,6-AAQ和rGO之间发生了水热辅助化学键合,形成了rGO包裹2,6-AAQ的结构.此外,非原位FTIR表征结果验证了2,6-AAQ/rGO-3具有良好的储锂性能,羰基(C=O)为反应位点.同时,紫外-可见光谱测试清楚表明,与2,6-AAQ相比,通过肽键连接的2,6-AAQ/rGO-3的溶解度显著降低,表明电化学性能大大提高.其中2,6-AAQ/rGO-3作为锂离子电池正极时,在100 mA·g^-1电流下,首圈放电容量高达212.2 mA·h·g^-1...     

具有核壳结构的FeS2微米球与碳纳米管原位复合介孔材料的构建及其在锂离子电池中的应用

通过简单的水热反应原位合成了具有核壳结构的FeS₂微米球与多壁碳纳米管复合的介孔材料(C-S-FeS₂@ MWCNT).FeS₂微米球表面由纳米片状颗粒堆叠形成的厚度为~350 nm壳层, 以及以化学键的形式吸附在微球表面的碳纳米管共同构成了材料保护层.保护层具有丰富的官能团和大量的孔隙结构, 保证了锂离子扩散通道, 并有效抑制了体积膨胀.C-S-FeS₂@ MWCNT在200 mA·g-1的电流密度下, 250次循环可逆容量达到638 mA·h·g-1, 倍率性能也得到明显改善, 为过渡金属硫化物电极材料的微米化设计和体积能量密度的提升提供了可能.      

钙钛矿型锂离子固体电解质Li2x?ySr1?xTi1?yNbyO3的性能

采用高温固相法成功制备了Li_2x?ySr_1?xTi_1?yNb_yO₃ (x=3y/4, y=0.25, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8)锂离子固体电解质,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、交流阻抗图谱、恒电位极化等分别研究了各个组分的晶体结构、微观形貌、离子电导率和电子电导率。XRD显示当y≤0.70时,材料为立方钙钛矿型结构,几乎没有杂质相生成。SEM表明随着掺杂含量的增加材料的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大。Li_0.35Sr_0.475Ti_0.3Nb_0.7O₃锂离子固体电解质有着高离子电导率,为3.62×10?5 S·cm?1,其电子电导率为2.55×10?9 S·cm?1,活化能仅为0.29 eV。使用以Li_0.35Sr_0.475Ti_0.3Nb_0.7O₃为隔膜的LiFePO₄/Li半电池经过100圈循环后,放电比容量仍有93.9 mA·h·g?1,容量保持率为90.72%。      

硅铜复合物电化学储锂性能分析

以Cu_3Si/Si复合物为锂离子电池负极材料,研究Cu_3Si组分对活性物质Si的电化学储锂性能的影响。结果表明,Cu_3Si并无储锂能力,但能够提升活性物质Si的循环和倍率性能。在200mA/g充放电流密度下,负极首次嵌锂比容量为1 345mAh/g,首次库伦效率为88.37%,经过100次循环后,材料的可逆比容量为698.7mAh/g。Cu_3Si/Si负极在200、500、1 000mA/g电流密度下比容量分别为1 346.22、754.33和564.78mAh/g。当电流密度重新回到200mA/g时,可逆比容量仍高达1 030.58mAh/g,体现出了良好的倍率性能。     

Electroremediation of Naphthalene in Aqueous Solution Using Alternating and Direct Currents

The key objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of an alternating current (AC) for the degradation of naphthalene in spiked aqueous solutions and to investigate the effect of current density on the degradation rates of naphthalene. Direct current (DC) was also used to compare the rates of degradation. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were used as the supporting electrolytes. Degradation rates and byproducts formed were investigated when DC and AC were separately passed through naphthalene solutions. A square wave AC, having a frequency equal to 0.1?Hz was used. Naphthalene solutions having an initial concentration of about 20?mg/L ( ～ 0.15?mM) were subjected to an AC peak current density and DC density of 6?mA/cm2, using NaCl as the supporting electrolyte. An approximate 65% reduction in the concentration of naphthalene was observed after a period of 48 h when DC was applied. Degradation was almost 100% when the AC was applied during the 48-h period. The effect of current density on the electrochemical degradation rate of naphthalene in aqueous solution was also investigated at alternating and direct current densities of 1, 3, and 6?mA/cm2 using Na2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte. AC peak current densities of 1, 3, and 6?mA/cm2 resulted in overall conversions of 77, 87, and 95%, respectively, of naphthalene in solution. The corresponding values for DC application were 95% for all current densities while the initial degradation rates were greater at higher DC densities. Based on the degradation products formed, hydroxylation is believed to be the key mechanism for the degradation of naphthalene.     

Electrochemical Preparation of La—Fe Alloy Films in Dimethylsulfoxide（DMSO）

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镍掺杂介孔二氧化锰的制备及放电性能

为了提高二氧化锰在碱性锌锰电池中的放电性能,利用二氧化硅模板通过水热法合成了具有高表面积的介孔二氧化锰,并通过镍离子的掺杂进一步改进其性能。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射仪（xRD）和全自动氮吸附比表面仪对样品进行了检测,电化学结果表明：镍掺杂5％的样品放电性能最佳,其比表面积高达115．45m^2／g,平均孔径为14．26nm。在250mA／g电流密度下恒电流放电容量为359．5mAh／g,与电解二氧化锰（EMD）相比,放电性能提高244．3％。     

Phenol Degradation in a Bipolar Trickle Tower Reactor Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol was studied in a bipolar trickle tower reactor using Raschig ring shaped boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes in recirculated batch mode. The model wastewater was prepared with phenol using distilled water. The effects of initial phenol concentration, concentration of Na2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte, current density, flow rate, and initial pH on the removal efficiency were investigated. The removal of phenol of 200?mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 480?mg/L were achieved with efficiencies of 99.85 and 88.89%, respectively. In the same study, specific energy consumption of 0.676?kWh/g phenol removed was determined at the current density of 5?mA/cm2. On the other hand, for the initial phenol concentration of 500?mg/L and COD of 1,200?mg/L, 99.69 and 90.83% removal efficiencies were obtained at the current density of 5?mA/cm2, respectively. Microtox toxicity tests were performed to investigate the toxicity reduction potential of BDD anodes, and relatively good toxicity reductions were obtained with respect to the initial values. After determining optimum experimental conditions, petroleum refinery wastewater was also studied by monitoring the destruction of phenol and COD. In this study, phenol removal of 99.53% and COD removal of 96.04% were achieved at the current density of 5?mA/cm2. Chemical oxidation studies were also carried out and the results were compared with the electrochemical oxidation studies. According to the whole results, it can be said that Raschig ring shaped BDD anodes exhibited an excellent performance for the degradation of phenol and COD and for the reduction of toxicity.     

Generation of hydroxyl radicals by polymorphonuclear neutrophils during exposure to direct current and iron

Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils were exposed to direct output current of 3 or 5 mA at either 300 or 500 V for 1 h in the presence and absence of iron. The current density was 25 or 40 nA/cm2. The formation of free oxygen radicals was measured as breakdown products from deoxyribose and methional. The cells were shown to generate oxygen radicals on electrical stimulation. A physiological concentration of iron enhanced radical formation, but OH. was also formed in the absence of added iron. The most pronounced stimulation was seen at output current 5 mA and 500 V.     

烧结温度对锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12性能的影响

采用钛酸四丁酯为钛源、一水合氢氧化锂为锂源,利用水热法制备锂离子电池负极材料Li₄Ti₅O₁₂（LTO）,研究了水热后不同烧结温度对LTO相组成、微观形貌及电化学性能的影响。结果表明:当煅烧温度分别为500、550、600、650、700℃时,烧结LTO均为尖晶石型;500、550、600℃烧结LTO的微观形貌为纳米片状结构,当温度升高到650℃时,LTO出现纳米棒状结构,随着温度继续升高,LTO在700℃时生成较厚的纳米片状结构;当烧结温度为650℃时,LTO的比表面积为94.5907 m2·g-1,气孔体积为0.9663 mL·g-1,此时Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的放电比容量达到最大值240 mAh·g-1;电流密度100 mA·g-1、循环260次条件下,LTO容量保持率达96.45%,电流密度为1和2 A·g-1、循环1000次条件下,LTO容量保持率达92.97%和77.21%。     

Effect of humidity on microstructure and properties of YBCO film prepared by TFA-MOD method

Epitaxial YBCO superconducting films were deposited on the single crystal LaAlO3. (001) substrate by metal organic deposition method. All YBCO films were fired at 820 ℃ in humidity range of 2.6%-19.7% atmosphere. Microstructure of YBCO thin films was ana-lyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Superconducting properties of YBCO films were measured by four-probe method. XRD results showed that the second phase (such as BaF2)and a-axis-oriented grains existed in the films prepared at 2.6% humidity condition; a-axis-oriented grains increased in the film prepared at higher than 4.2% humidity condition; almost pure c-axias-oriented grains existed in the films fired at 4.2% humidity condition. Morphologies of the YBCO films showed that all films had a smooth and crack-free surface. YBCO film prepared at 4.2% humidity condition showed Jc value of 3.3 MA/cm2 at 77 K in self-field.