Discrimination of edible oil products and quantitative determination of their iodine value by Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy

This work demonstrates the application of partial least squares (PLS) analysis as a discriminant as well as a quantitative tool in the analysis of edible fats and oils by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Edible fats and oils provided by a processor were used to calibrate a FT-NIR spectrometer to discriminate between four oil formulations and to determine iodine value (IV). Samples were premelted and analyzed in gass vials maintained at 75°C to ensure that the samples remained liquid. PLS calibrations for the prediction of IV were derived for each oil type by using a subset of the samples provided as the PLS training set. For each oil formulation (type), discrimination criteria were established based on the IV range, spectral residual, and PLS factor scores output from the PLS calibration model. It was found that all four oil types could be clearly differentiated from each other, and all the validation samples, including a set of blind validation samples provided by the processor, were correctly classified. The PLS-predicted IV for the validation samples were in good agreement with the gas chromatography IV values provided by the processor. Comparable predictive accuracy was obtained from a calibration derived by combining samples of all four oil types in the training set as well as a global IV calibration supplied by the instrument manufacturer. The results of this study demonstrate that by combining the rapid and convenient analytical capabilties of FT-NIR spectroscopy with the discriminant and predictive power of PLS, one can both identify oil type, as well as predict IV with a high degree of confidence. These combined capabilities provide processors with better control over their process.     

Seed oil determination by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance without weighing and drying seeds

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which takes about 10 sec per analysis, has been used for rapid nondestructive determination of oil in oilseeds without weighing and oven drying the seeds. This has been done by measuring the free induction decay (FID) signal of solid and liquid in oilseeds. The oil values determined by this method for mustard, sunflower, and soybean seeds have been compared with the values determined by measuring the oil signal alone in the intact seeds, which takes about 2 min per analysis. Correlation for mustard is 0.988, for sunflower 0.945, and for soybean 0.931. The reasons for better agreement for mustard and the way of improving it for sunflower and soybean have been discussed.     

高酸原油酸值测定的探讨

介绍了国内外测定石油及石油产品酸值的主要标准方法,比较了它们的特点、差别。以环烷基的高酸原油绥中36-1和石蜡基的高酸原油达尔原油为测定对象,用GB/T263(颜色法)与GB/T7304(电位滴定法)进行了对比试验,得出电位滴定法更加适合测定原油、渣油和其它石油产品的酸值。并在GB/T263(颜色法)的基础上进行了改进,改进后的方法用来测定环烷基高酸原油,测得的酸值结果与电位滴定基本一致,改进后的方法具有快速、简便、易操作的特点,有利于在实验室应用。     

The determination of neutral oil in detergent products by solid phase extraction

A column extraction technique is described for the determination of neutral oil content of sulfated or sulfonated detergent products. The advantages of this over the usual liquid/liquid extraction methods are the complete elimination of emulsion problems and the reduced time required to complete the analysis.     

Calorific value of the pyrolysis products of oil shale from the Kotsebinskoe deposit

The calorific value of the products of the thermal processing of oil shale from the Kotsebinskoe deposit in Saratov oblast was calculated with the use of calculation and experimental methods. The experimental method gives a more accurate result in terms of calorific value because it takes into account the heats of gaseous and liquid products formed upon the pyrolysis of oil shale.     

FCC重循环油选择性加氢改质-催化裂化多产高附加值产品

面对国内柴油产量过剩,汽油需求低迷新形势,降低柴汽比以及增产化工原料产品成为炼厂优选转型路线。催化裂化重循环油中含有大量多环芳烃,难以催化加工利用,成为炼厂转型升级的结构性难题。本研究从分子结构出发,提出先将重循环油进行选择性加氢,使重循环油中难以转化的多环芳烃转化为可裂化结构,然后再进行催化裂化,并根据市场需求,灵活调节装置以多产轻质油或化工原料等高附加值产品。研究表明,重循环油选择性加氢后,催化裂化转化率最高可提升至60.14%（质量分数）;与加氢前相比,汽油和柴油收率分别增加了19.16%（质量分数）和6.50%（质量分数）;汽油辛烷值最高可达95.6,此时汽油中总芳烃含量为56.8%（质量分数）,其中三苯含量为21.3%（质量分数）,约占总芳烃含量的37%;同时重油和焦炭产率大幅降低。     

Microencapsulation of hazelnut oil through spray drying

This study was performed to investigate the influence of air inlet temperature (AIT) on the microencapsulation of hazelnut oil by spray drying. Encapsulated powders were analyzed for moisture content, powder yield, surface oil, encapsulation efficiency (EE), bulk density, and particle morphology. The obtained results demonstrated that moisture content, surface oil, and bulk density decreased by 37.8, 27.5, and 33%, respectively as AIT increased from 140 to 220°C. However, powder yield and encapsulation efficiency increased considerably with the rise in AIT. Higher EEs of about 75–80% were observed in this study.     

Rapid drying cycle for corundum insulating products

Conclusions A drying cycle was developed for corundum insulating brick in metal molds directly after casting. The drying time was reduced by a factor of 7.Translated from Ogneupory, No.5, pp. 16–17, May, 1970.     

改善PVC干燥系统 提高产品质量

介绍了PVC干燥系统的设备、工艺改造情况。通过改造,减少了落底料,提高了产品合格率。     

粒状产品的真空和微波干燥技术

介绍了适用于粒状产品,特别是药品的几种典型干燥技术,如真空干燥、气流辅助真空干燥、微波-真空干燥等的特点及其应用。     

采用自动电位滴定法测定轻柴油碘值的研究

利用自动电位滴定仪建立了用一次微分终点滴定法测定轻柴油碘值的新方法。对实验条件及一些影响因素进行了必要的讨论。与SH/T0234—92轻质石油产品碘值和不饱和烃含量测定法相比,该法具有终点判断简单,操作简便,测定重复性好等优点；一次测定时间平均20 min,比SH/T0234—92法平均减少28min,试剂用量减少约1/2。     

Polymorphism of palm oil and palm oil products

Palm oil, palm stearin, hydrogenated palm oil (IV 27.5) and hydrogenated palm olein (IV 28) were crystallized at 5°C, temperature cycled between 5 and 20°C, and kept isothermally at 5°C for 36 days. The polymorphic state of the fats was monitored by X-ray diffraction analysis. Soft laser scanning of X-ray films was used to establish the increase inβ crystal content. Palm stearin was least stable in theβ′ form, followed by palm oil. The hydrogenated oils were very stable in theβ′ form. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis was used to complement the X-ray data.     

Saponification of wheat straw-g-polyacrylonitrile

Wheat straw-g-polyacrylonitrile (PAN), containing 40% PAN, was saponified with sodium hydroxide and isolated under three sets of saponification and work-up conditions. Each reaction mixture was separated into a water-soluble and a water-insoluble fraction, which were individually analyzed for percentages (by weight) of synthetic polymer (saponified PAN), cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Water solubles amounted to 14–24% of the total product and contained 70–74% synthetic polymer, the remainder being hemicellulose and lignin. Although water-insoluble fractions contained 52–54% saponified PAN, their water absorbencies were low (14–17 g H₂O/g polymer). Treatment of these fractions with the enzyme cellulase converted 55–62% of the total cellulose of glucose.     

石油化工产品中硫及其化合物的测定方法选择

通过对石化炼油企业生产过程中涉及的硫及其化合物的测定方法的总结归纳，比较了部分检测方法的精密度，对能量色散X-射线定硫法和FPD色谱法进行了重点介绍，为同行选择实用经济的分析提供一些有益参考。     

Multiphase transport modeling for vacuum drying of pharmaceutical products

Vacuum drying of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is an energy‐intensive process that is often a manufacturing bottleneck. A multiphase transport model to predict drying performance under the assumption that boiling is the dominant mechanism is developed. Laboratory scale drying experiments were performed over a range of temperatures and pressures using acetone as the solvent and glass beads of three different particle sizes to mimic APIs. A two‐phase transport model with the vapor and solid considered as one phase and the liquid treated as the second phase was capable of qualitatively reproducing the drying dynamics is found. Adjustable model parameters estimated from experimental data collected over a range of operating conditions exhibited trends that provided further insight into drying behavior. Boiling is the dominant mechanism in vacuum drying and our transport model captured the key physics of the process. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3639–3655, 2015     

Melting-point determination of fat products

A variety of methods exist for the determination of the melting point (mp) of fats. These include the Wiley mp (AOCS Method Cc 2–38), open capillary slip point, softening point and Mettler dropping point. The conditions under which the tests are performed influence the values obtained. Several of these methods were compared using a variety of fats, including margarine and soft margarine oils, lard, butter and hydrogenated Canola oils. The Mettler dropping-point values were found to coincide with the extrapolated solid fat curves obtained using wide-line NMR for all fats except butterfat. The reproducibilities of the Mettler dropping point and softening point were excellent; that of the slip point was poor. Presented at the 73rd AOCS annual meeting, Toronto, 1982.