材料学者的机械强度观

首先，从系统论观点，论述了经济体制大环境及工况的微观环境对工程结构及材料的作用，并简介了材料学方法体系及优化的目标函数及限制条件，其次，从现代材料的定义，广义的结构和性能理解机械强度，第三，简介了自然过程原理，能量分析方法以及类比交叉的思维方法，最后，提出材料观和事物观的五点一诗。     

军工民品科技信息

磁应用技术及产品，多媒体LED大屏幕显示技术，应用电子技术及计算机应用，镀膜技术及微弧氧化技术，低温制冷技术，等离子体环保及化工技术。[编者按]     

鼓形齿联轴器轮齿三维有限元模型自动生成及强度计算

针对鼓形齿联轴器，提出了轮齿有限元网格及模型的自动生成方法，并开发了相应的前后处理及有限元分析程序，进行了轮齿应力应变数值分析，程序界面友好，使用方便，只需输入齿轮的基本几何参数、材料参数及力能参数，即可得到外齿轴套及内齿圈轮齿的网格、应力分布、位移场及应力场。     

市场需求与制造技术：先进制造技术学术会议国外论文介绍

介绍在中国机械工程学会成立６０周年先进制造技术学术会议上来自美国，英国，德国，日本，韩国，的学者对产品设计，先进制造技术，工程师的教育培训及认证，机械工程学科的大学本科教育，摩擦学，智能控制，表面工程及无损检测技术的认识及实践。     

设备的状态监测与工况评估

２１世纪的设备将是高速，连续，自动运行的设备，经验型的管理已经不能适应。为使设备安全，可靠地运行，以及随时了解设备的运行状况及精度保持，必须对重大设备及系统进行状态监测，工况评估，适时维修及在线诊断，离线修复等一整套科学管理。     

科学仪器的发展与基因组研究

遗传学是一门年轻的科学，但发展迅速，到了20世纪末更迎来了对某种生物的整个基因体系的结构，功能进行研究的基因组时代，遗传学及基因组学的整个研究进程中都得益于科学仪器的相应发展，特别是在某些关键阶段，例如人类全基因组测序项目之得以顺利展开及即将提前完成，就是一个得益于相应仪器的发展的良好范例，本文对在基因组及后基因组研究中科学仪器的使用及发展，从规模化测序，功能性基因组学，遗传多态性及结构基因组学等方面做了概括的介绍，并简要展望了其进一步的发展。     

岛津动态二则

新KRATOS总部及工厂开始运转英国KRATOS分析有限公司新的总部及工厂竣工，并于1996年10月4日举行开幕式。出席开幕式的有尊敬的英国DTI大臣JohnTaloy，副大臣，日本大使馆天野公使，TraffordPark发展公司主席Morgan先生，还有岛津制作所总裁藤原菊男及Kratos总裁山本裕志。建成新的总部及工厂的同时，电子探针（EPMA）及光电子光谱（ESCA）的发展与生产全部从岛津转移到Kratos。利用双方的财力完成此项工作，目的在于加强技术发展及提高效益。新的总部及工厂位于曼彻斯特Trafford公园，占地18672平米，总面4968平米的一层建筑…     

1500氧气压缩机填料密封组应用研究

本文介绍了填料密封组的尺寸及使用要求，通过对产品的结构力学分析，材料性能及工艺研究，确定了满足使用要求的材料配方，工艺及加工技术。     

快速定量包装生产线的研制

本文介绍了快速定量包装生产线在现代化企业生产中的地位及重要性，生产线的构成及称量的工艺流程，详细论述了为达到称重要求所采用的加料，称量，夹袋，撑口，输送，转向等装置，电气控制仪表的选择及程序设计，总结了该生产线安装调试的经验。     

离心泵与管路系统优化选型

通过对离心泵及管路组成的系统分析，建立了离心泵数据库和管路数据库及其管理系统，并在此基础上建立了离心泵及管路系统优化设计及优化选型数字模型，确定了求解方法，编制了计算机软件。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

基于FLUENT的液体动静压轴承的动态特性分析

应用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对超高速磨削用五腔动静压轴承进行动态特性研究,得到动静压轴承内部压力场和温度场分布;计算轴承的承载力、温度、刚度、阻尼等动态参数,分析这些动态参数与偏心率以及转速之间的关系。结果表明:在保持供油压力和轴承偏心率不变的情况下,随着转速的提高,油温上升,轴承承载力及偏位角不断增大;在保持供油压力和主轴转速不变的情况下,随着偏心率的增大,轴承流量有所减少,轴承的承载能力不断增大,偏位角基本保持不变。     

The new concepts of measurement error theory

In current measurement theory, there are various logical and philosophical troubles, and the evaluation concepts of measurement error are various and inconsistent among different schools. This paper throws away the shackle of the current measurement theories and concepts, and re-discusses basic measurement concepts. By proving a new measurement error theory that any error is a bias and follows random distribution, this paper points out the misunderstanding of traditional measurement theory, subverts the traditional error category theory, gives out a new interpretation of measurement uncertainty concept, proposes abolishing the concept system of precision, trueness, and accuracy, and thereby achieves the united measurement concept system across all the disciplines, including geodesy, geomatics, metrology, instrumentation, and so on.     

Effects of polydatin on the proliferation,migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer

To investigate the effects of polydatin on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer, the change of proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of human ovarian cancer cell OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 was detected by using polydatin and up-regulating PI3K. The anticancer activity and mechanism of polydatin in ovarian cancer were analyzed. Polydatin could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910, and inhibit the expression of PI3K protein. After the expression level of PI3K protein was up-regulated, the inhibitory effect of polydatin on the proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 significantly decreased, suggesting that PI3K was the target of polydatin. Therefore, we concluded that polydatin could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of PI3K protein, which provides an experimental basis for polydatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer.     

生物轻质高强结构及其在吸能结构中的仿生应用

在长期进化过程中，自然界中的多种动物、植物形成了独特的轻质、高强结构，以此来抵抗外界的复杂冲击载荷，保护自身完整，满足生存需要。生物轻质高强结构的优越性，启发了科研和工程人员采用结构仿生学的方法来对管状和板状两大类吸能结构进行设计优化和改进。对竹子、茎秆/树干、羽轴、骨骼四类管状生物结构和甲虫鞘翅、贝壳、柚子皮、龟壳四类板状生物结构进行综述，阐述了分层、多孔、螺旋、中空等多种结构与轻质高强特性之间的关系。在此基础上，对比和分析了相应的结构元素在单胞管、多胞管、嵌套管、波纹管等管状吸能结构和蜂窝夹芯板、复合材料板、混合结构板等板状吸能机构中起到的作用。进一步对当前仿生吸能领域存在的结构复杂、质量大、缺乏普适性的机理和过渡“桥梁”等问题做出了分析；最后对仿生吸能技术的形式简单化、结构轻量化、理论通用化、“形神兼备”化发展趋势做出展望。     

砂轮修整技术研究现状与展望

砂轮修整在高速高效磨削、精密超精密磨削、成形磨削过程中具有至关重要的作用。磨削过程中主要是砂轮与工件表面相互作用，砂轮随着磨削的进行逐渐磨钝难以有效磨削。为了保证磨削质量和精度，需对砂轮定期修整。砂轮修整自提出以来，国内外学者对其不断改进和创新，取得大量开创性和突破性研究成果，但日益提高的高精度、高效率、高性能生产要求对砂轮修整技术提出挑战。为了推动砂轮修整技术的不断进步，总结分析了目前修整方法的发展现状、基本原理、主要特点以及发展瓶颈，概述了砂轮修整亟需解决的问题，并对砂轮修整探究方向进行了展望。     

Localization of sarcoglycan, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin molecules in normal skeletal myofiber: triple immunogold labeling electron microscopy.

In order to investigate the mode of existence of the sarcoglycan complex, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin in the normal skeletal myofiber, we examined the ultrastructural localization and mutual spatial relationship of nNOS, beta-dystroglycan, dystrophin, and the individual components of the sarcoglycan complex by using triple immunogold labeling electron microscopy. Each molecule of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-sarcoglycans is located intracellularly or extracellularly near the muscle plasma membrane mostly in accordance with the sarcoglycan antigenic sites against which the antibodies were generated. The association of different two and/or three sarcoglycan molecules out of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-sarcoglycan molecules was frequently observed. Each molecule of nNOS, beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin was ultrastructurally noted along the cell surface of normal skeletal myofibers. Moreover, the close relation of a sarcoglycan molecule with beta-dystroglycan and dystrophin, and the association of nNOS with dystrophin were also confirmed ultrastructurally. Thus, this study demonstrated that the constituting molecules of the sarcoglycan complex, nNOS, beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin existed in the form of a cluster at the normal muscle plasma membrane. The association of nNOS with dystrophin and its associated glycoproteins may form a macromolecular signaling complex at the muscle plasma membrane.     

Review on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens: Methodologies and applications

In recent years, microbial metabolomics, a new field that has attracted wide attention, provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts. Many microorganisms are found in the human intestine, oral cavity, vagina, etc. Probiotics could maintain the good health of the host, while pathogens and an imbalance of bacterial flora lead to a series of diseases of the body and mind. Metabolomics is a science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites in an organism or biological system, which could provide key information to understand the related metabolic pathways and associated changes. This approach analyzes the final products of cellular regulatory processes, the level of which can be regarded as the ultimate response of the biological system to genetic or environmental changes. Microbial metabolomics has been widely used in different research fields, such as microbial phenotypic classification, mutant screening, metabolic pathways, microbial metabolic engineering, fermentation engineering monitoring and optimization, microbial environmental pollution, and so on. However, there are only a few reviews on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens. This review summarizes the main methodologies, including sample preparation, identification of metabolites, data processing, and analysis. Recent applications in microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens are also described. This paper first summarized the research progress and application of microbial metabolomics from two aspects: probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics and pathogenic bacteria do not exist independently most of the time; hence, these were reviewed in the research field of coexistence of probiotics and pathogenic bacteria, which was subdivided into important microbial research fields closely related to human health, including the human gut, oral cavity, food, and nutrition-related microorganisms. Then, the main problems and trends associated with microbial metabolomics are discussed.     

可控式增压复合油缸设计及其性能分析

针对大压力、小压力行程的重型液压设备的结构尺寸大、油泵功率大、利用系数低、液压系统复杂等问题,提出一种压力随机可调、工作效率高、结构紧凑、性能稳定可靠的复合式高增压油缸结构。对比分析了复合缸液压机和普通单缸液压机的工作过程;论述了复合缸液压机的运行原理和设计要求;介绍了可控式增压复合油缸性能及应用。结果表明:通过增压缸将液压系统提供的压力油转换为增压油提供给主油缸,使其产生大的压力输出,可有效地减小设备主机尺寸;通过控制缸随时进行高低压转换,各阶段速度压力按需配置,实现成形工艺的最优搭配,成形周期缩短;可以提高油泵的利用系数,减小泵站装机容量;液压系统工作负荷低,性能稳定可靠,寿命长。     

救助打捞装备现状与发展

救助打捞是国家应急保障体系的重要组成部分,承担着我国海上人命、财产、环境救助、沉船沉物打捞及其他对海上运输和海上资源开发提供安全保障等多项任务。加强救助打捞装备技术研究,是提高救助打捞综合能力的根本,是国家发展战略的重要构成。救助打捞装备专业性强,具有在高海况和大深度条件下工作可靠的适应性特点,同时又是诸多陆上装备向海上和水下发展的延伸,存在相通之处。救助打捞装备交叉机械、电气、流体、微电子、材料等多学科,其关键共性技术又不仅仅局限于救助打捞领域,在海上运输、海洋油气开发、海洋勘探、军事等领域均有应用。以救助船舶、救助飞机、海上搜寻装备、溢油处置装备等代表性的救助装备和打捞工程船、攻千斤装备、水下作业装备、饱和潜水装备、起浮装备等代表性的打捞装备为对象,分析该领域国内外发展现状和趋势,提出救助打捞装备面临的关键技术问题,为我国救助打捞装备的发展战略研究提供参考。